Abstract
Keywords
Corynebacterium urealyticum Urinary Tract Infections Prostate Cancer
1. Introduction
Corynebacterium urealyticum (known as coryneform CDC 79 group D2) is a Gram-positive, slow-growing, multidrug-resistant, and urease positive microorganism with a potent urease activity (1). C. urealyticum, as an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, causes various diseases such as acute cystitis, pyelonephritis, encrusted cystitis, encrusted pyelitis, and alkaline encrusted cystitis. Infection with C. urealyticum mostly occurs in patients with chronic urological diseases and sometimes leads to bacteremia (2, 3). Its strong urease activity results in prominent urinary tract infections (UTIs) (4). Additionally, it causes infrequent non-urinary infections such as pneumonia, peritonitis, cardiac valve infection, osteomyelitis, postoperative wounds, and soft tissue necrosis (5). Infection by C. urealyticum is associated with several risk factors, including prolonged hospitalization, immunodeficiency diseases, urological procedures, and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (1, 6, 7). We report a rare case of an 80-year-old Iranian man who had developed nosocomial infection and hematuria associated with multidrug-resistant C. urealyticum after prostate cancer surgery.
2. Case Presentation
An 80-year-old Iranian man, who was diagnosed with prostate cancer, was subjected to prostatectomy whose prostate was removed and he was discharged. He was accidentally fallen at home 4 days after the operation that resulted in a femur fracture. He was then hospitalized for hip surgery. He suffered from leg edema, hematuria, and dysuria after 2 days of hospitalization. Initial symptoms included chills and rapid breathing. Primary diagnosis was venous thrombus in the deep veins of the leg (DVT) and clot in the lungs due to pulmonary embolism. In the clinical examinations, blood pressure of 98/70 mmHg, heart rate of 72 beats/min, respiratory rate of 33 breaths/min, and body temperature of 38˚C were recorded. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, liver enzymes, and CT chest were normal.
Treatment started with antibiotics, including imipenem, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin. He also had acute hematuria because of prostatectomy in addition to receiving chemotherapy and hormone therapy. In the emergency room, fever and the temporary loss of consciousness associated with hematuria and acute aggravation of chronic renal failure were considered due to the relapse of the prostate cancer. Meanwhile, his temperature was increasing with hematuria. The results of urine and blood tests are shown in Table 1. Urine culture yielded 100,000 colonies/mL of Gram-positive bacilli after 4 days of incubation, which was identified as C. urealyticum.
Characteristic of the Patient’s Clinical and Laboratory Data
| Variables | Value |
|---|---|
| Characteristic of the Patient | |
| Age, y | 80 |
| Predisposing conditions | |
| Prostate cancer | Yes |
| Prostatectomy | Yes |
| DVT | Yes |
| Prolonged hospitalization | Yes |
| Outcome death | |
| Recovery | Yes |
| Laboratory Data | |
| RBC | 3.61 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 9.3 |
| HCT, % | 29.5 |
| MCV, µm3 | 81.7 |
| MCH, fmol/cell | 25.8 |
| MCHC, mmol Hb/L | 31.5 |
| Platelets, /L | 345000 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 21 |
| Sodium, meq/L | 139 |
| Potassium, meq/L | 4.27 |
| Urine Analysis | |
| Color | Red |
| Specific gravity | 1010 |
| Glucose | Negative |
| Ketones | None |
| Nitrites | Negative |
| Leukocyte esterase | Negative |
| Clarity | Cloudy |
| pH | 8 |
| Bilirubin | Negative |
| Urobilirubin | Negative |
| Blood | +4 |
| Protein | Negative |
| RBCs | Many |
| WBCs | 6 |
| Bacteria | Many |
Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted by disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton blood agar and broth microdilution with vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin (10 mg), cephalothin (30 mg), erythromycin (15 mg), gentamicin, imipenem (10 mg), tetracycline (30 mg), rifampicin (5 mg), ciprofloxacin (5 mg), and ofloxacin (5 mg) (8). Results showed that the bacterial isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone, erythromycin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and co-trimoxazole but sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Vancomycin was prescribed for 10 days and the fever subsided gradually and the patient was then discharged. There was no recurrence of bacteremia and hematuria during the follow-up. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient.
3. Discussion
Corynebacterium urealyticum is an emerging multidrug-resistant, potentially pathogenic microorganism that causes nosocomial and urinary tract infections in patients with advanced and severe urological disorders. It causes different diseases, which arise from prolonged use of a urinary catheter, long periods of hospitalization, compromised immune system, kidney transplantation, urological procedure, chronic debilitating disease, broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, and cytotoxic drug usage (9). Our results suggest that in addition to the aforementioned factors, prostatectomy in prostate cancer should also be considered one of the risk factors for contracting the infection by C. urealyticum.
This patient had a long-term recovery for over 10 days, which could be due to an improper choice of antibiotics (ceftriaxone and imipenem) until he took vancomycin and then his recovery was completed. Consistent with our report, there was a patient who was treated by vancomycin (1). In most cases, the majority of patients receiving sufficient doses of antibiotics are cured, whereas only a few cases of C. urealyticum (mostly with acute cystitis) are not easily cured even when treated with multiple antibiotics. Glycopeptides, mainly vancomycin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones are the best drugs of choice in the treatment and have been used with great effects on many patients with UTIs (5). A previous study reported 6 bacteremic patients infected with multidrug-resistant strains of C. urealyticum. The patients were cured with an antibiotic, such as vancomycin that was in vitro active against C. urealyticum (10). In agreement with our study, the results of several studies emphasize the emergence of multidrug-resistant C. urealyticum with susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin as the drugs of choice.
Based on MIC results, most antibiotics are effective in chronic, device-related, urological infections (10). A number of studies have shown that patients with isolated multidrug-resistant C. urealyticum are treated by vancomycin and teicoplanin (8). Many strains of C. urealyticum have been shown to be resistant to ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin as we found in the current study. Salem et al. (1) demonstrated that only 20.3% of C. urealyticum isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Our results showed that our isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin as well as ceftriaxone. As a result, our recommendation is to stop their prescription in multidrug-resistant bacteria. Surprisingly, we then found other patients in the ward infected by C. urealyticum proposing the ability of the microorganism for cross-contamination and transmission. This highlighted the importance of non-diphtheria corynebacterium species in hospital infections, particularly for clinicians and microbiologists. Thus accurate identification of clinical isolates is important to determine the role of non-diphtheria corynebacterium. It is noteworthy that presenting the sign of UTIs, such as high urine pH, bladder stones, recent urological surgeries, negative routine urine culture, aging, and antibiotic resistance found in UTIs may indicate the infection of C. urealyticum. In order to inhibit bacterial transmission from infected patients, hand washing, using gloves, and avoiding unnecessary catheterization should be applied. Diagnostic laboratories should not ignore diphtheroid shaped microorganisms, particularly in pure cultures of elderly and immunocompromised patient samples (10).
These bacteria should be considered common etiological causes of nosocomial infections.In conclusion, nosocomial infections are usually associated with high morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. C. urealyticum is an opportunistic pathogen, causing different diseases, particularly UTIs (11). Sufficient knowledge of emerging pathogens and their resistance profile are critical for the treatment of nosocomial infections (12,13).
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