Interactome Analysis of 11-Dehydrosinulariolide-Treated Oral Carcinoma Cell Lines Such as Ca9-22 and CAL-27 and Melanoma Cell Line

authors:

avatar Ali Asghar Peyvandi 1 , avatar Shahrokh Khoshsirat 1 , avatar Akram Safaei 2 , avatar Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani ORCID 2 , * , avatar Mona Azodi-Zamanian 2

Hearing Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran

how to cite: Peyvandi A A, Khoshsirat S, Safaei A, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Azodi-Zamanian M. Interactome Analysis of 11-Dehydrosinulariolide-Treated Oral Carcinoma Cell Lines Such as Ca9-22 and CAL-27 and Melanoma Cell Line. Int J Cancer Manag. 2017;10(7):e10096. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm.10096.

Abstract

Background:

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in head and neck. The patients usually have a poor prognosis because they do not understand the significance of early symptoms. Then, the timely treatment may be lost. In recent years, network analysis is growing in the target identification concepts and can provide opportunities in pathway analysis. These could provide valuable information for drug development and progression monitoring of cancers such as OSCC.

Methods:

PubMed Database was used as the main source and “Oral cancer” and “11-dehydrosinulariolide” and “Proteomics” were the keywords for the search process. We focused on articles that studied the differentially expressed proteins of cell lines of OSCC (Ca9-22 and CAL-27) and melanoma cell line (A2058) after 11-dehydrosinulariolideon treatment. The topological features of differentially expressed proteins were analyzed using Cytoscape Version 3.4.0. Module selection of the protein-protein interactions (PPI) networks was done using MCODE plug-in. In addition, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of modules in related PPI networks was assessed.

Results:

Network analysis show that UBC, HSPA5 and GAPDH are the common central proteins between the three treated cell lines. The GO terms of the gene list of each of the correlated modules of networks are mostly related to four functions such as protein folding and assembly, metabolic processes, translation, and apoptotic pathways.

Conclusions:

Despite introduction of different protein panels related to the effect of 11-dehydrosinulariolide on cancerous cell lines in the previous studies, here a common biomarker panel is represented.

1. Background

Oral squamous cell carcinoma that is one of the most common malignancies in head and neck can be treated by chemotherapy, surgical operation, radiotherapy or combinations of the treatments. The patients usually have poor prognosis and survival rate in 5 years is about 50% (1, 2). The most important risk factors for OSCC are drinking alcohol, use of tobacco, diet low in fruits and vegetables and infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) (3). OSCC is most frequently diagnosed late in the course of the disease because patients do not understand the significance of early signs and symptoms (4). In Western countries, OSCC affects the floor of the mouth in 15% - 20% of the cases and the tongue in 20% - 40% of cases and together these sites account for about 50% of all cases of OSCC (5). Introducing the early diagnosis biomarkers of oral cancer is essential in obtaining a better prognosis and quality of life of affected patients (6). Several researchers have investigated the molecular aspects of OSCC such as genomics and proteomics studies (7, 8). HMGB1 polymorphism 1177G/C (7), CTLA-4 gene polymorphism (9) and CYP1A1 exon 7 containing G allele (10) were at increased risk for OSCC. Tropomyosin 2, myosin light chain 1, alpha B- crystallin, heat shock protein 27, stratifin and flavin reductase have significantly been reported over-expressed in OSCC (11). Melanoma is a malignant tumor of cutaneous melanocytes. Incidence of melanoma is usually lower than other skin cancers such as basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer. However, melanoma is more invasive and has a higher lethality than other skin cancers such as Squamous cell carcinoma skin (12). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC or SqCC), also known as squamous cell cancer, is cancer that begins from squamous cells, a type of skin cell. Cancers that involve head and neck such as oral cancer, are most often squamous cell cancers (13). Despite the various previous studies in this filed, yet special prognostic biomarkers are to be introduced, which could be used in diagnostics and, consequently, in the selection of the most effective treatment (14). A main challenge of cancer study is to organize the selection of cancer drug targets (15) but with advances in PPI discovery targeting agents. In clinical settings the importance of PPI study as an anticancer strategy has become a reality concept (16). Recently PPI network analysis of many diseases and disorders has attracted growing attention of scientist in medicine (17-19). Molecular biology plays a principal role in validation of target identification, concepts and pathway studies. Network science not only can elevate our view of cell biology (20) but also it is one of the mechanisms that can clear the aspects of pathogenesis (21-26). We want to reveal 11-dehydrosinulariolide effect on oral cancer with squamous cell carcinoma origin and melanoma cancer with different origin of Squamous cell carcinoma. It can provide the opportunity to investigate the similarities and differences of response to same treatment in cancers with different origins. In this study, a PPI network analysis was performed to investigate the effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolideon (anti-cancer drug) on oral cancer cells (Ca9-22 and CAL-27) and melanoma cells (A2058 Cell line). Overall, these results can provide clues for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide on the mentioned cancer cells and could provide valuable information for drug development and OSCC treatment timely.

2. Methods

Data collection: We used the PubMed Database as the main source for literature search by “Oral cancer”, “11-dehydrosinulariolide” and “Proteomics” as key words. The inclusion criteria were the studies on the effect of 11-dehydrosinulariolide on the cancerous cell line such as oral cancer cells (Ca9-22 and CAL-27) and melanoma cells (A2058 Cells). In fact, cancer cell lines cultured in vitro are considered as valuable resources. The studies involved in the comparison between the treated mentioned cancer cell lines versus non-treated ones are also taken into consideration. Exclusion criteria were literature reviews and studies on samples of biological fluids, including serum, plasma, urine and plasma after treatment, and studies only involved in tumor and normal ones. We manually carried out the evaluation of publications in line with the above conditions. The proteins of oral cancer cells are identified by LC-MS/MS (27, 28) and for melanoma cells (29) it used western blot. The extracted proteins were collected in Table 1. Between the three treated cell lines, there is only one common differentially expressed protein named GRP 78 (see Table 1).

Table 1.

Differentially Changed Expression Proteins in Oral Cancer Cells (Ca9-22 and CAL-27) and Melanoma Cell (A2058) After Treatment by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide in Comparison with Untreated Cells Are Presented

Proteins
Ca9-22
Nucleophosmin (NPM)Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta78 kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor (GRP 78)Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenaseAlpha-enolase
Calreticulin precursorTransitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (TER ATPase)94 kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor (GRP 94)Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1ATP synthase subunit alpha
Protein disulfide-isomerase precursorHeat shock cognate 71 kDa proteinProtein disulfide-isomerase A3 precursorLeukocyte elastase inhibitorFructose-bisphosphatealdolase A
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2APyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1T-complex protein 1 subunit betaBrain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1Annexin A2
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2
CAL-27
Reticulocalbin-160 kDa heat shock proteinPeptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase AXaa-Pro dipeptidase40S ribosomal protein SA
Protein SET (Phosphatase 2A inhibitor I2PP2A)Actin-like protein 6AProtein disulfide-isomerase A3 precursorSPFH domain-containing protein 2 precursorNascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha
78 kDa glucose-regulated protein precursorProteasome subunit beta type 4 precursorPurine nucleoside phosphorylase60S acidic ribosomal protein P0Nucleolin
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein FF-actin capping protein subunit betaUPF0160 protein MYG1Ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase complex core protein 1Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase
Lactoylglutathione lyaseTranslationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP)Inorganic pyrophosphataseProtein DJ-1Prohibitin
Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB precursorIsocitrate dehydrogenase subunit alphaFructose-bisphosphate aldolase A
A2058
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1Procaspase 3Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2Heat shock protein 90 kDa beta member 1
Procaspase 9C/EBP homologous proteinEukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3Protein disulfide-isomeraseApoptosis regulator BAX
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4CalenxinCalreticulin78 kDa glucose-regulated proteinCytochrome c

2.1. Construction and Topological Analysis of the PPI Network

To avoid the loss of protein interactions, we used a combination of multiple databases to construct the network. We made use of the Cytoscape (30) bioinformatics tool to form the PPI networks. The nodes represent the proteins and the edge identifies the relationship between proteins. In this study, degree and betweenness centrality (BC) are considered as analysis parameters. There are two important concepts in the PPI network studies (31). The degree is the number of links that connect to a node and The BC value is a function of the number of shortest paths that pass through each node in a network (18). In this study, we considered 10% of total nodes with high degree as hub and the hub with BC value ≥ 0.01 was considered as Hub-bottleneck protein.

2.2. Identification of Densely Connected Regions in the PPI Network

Biological networks containe several subnetworks that contribute to various biological processes. A subnetwork may have crucial impact on the global network (14). Therefore, we used MCODE (a plug-in for Cytoscape) to cluster the whole network to identify densely connected regions (modules). Node score cut-off, 0.2, degree cut-off, 2; k-core, 2; and max depth, 100 were the parameters for creating modules. After identification of modules in the PPI networks, Gene Ontology was performed. ClueGO integrates GO terms and creates a functionally organized GO/pathway term network. It can analyze genes and comprehensively visualized functionally grouped terms (32). Kappa statistic ≥ 0.4, enrichment and Bonferroni step down method were used for probability value correction (33).

3. Results

3.1. Gene Network and Hubs

We used Cytoscape, version 3.4 (30) to obtain three networks of differentially expressed proteins: for CAL-27 and Ca9-22 as OSCC cell lines and A2058 as melanoma cell line as treatment cells by 11-dehydrosinulariolide in comparison with the untreated cell lines (Figures 1 - 3). Topological analyses of the networks showed that there are seven, eight and six hub-bottleneck nodes for Ca9-22, CAL-27 and A2058 cells networks respectively (see Table 2). In Figure 4, the key proteins of the three analyzed networks are represented schematically.

PPI Network Analysis of Ca9-22 Cell Line After Treatment by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide and the Modules (Clusters) of Each PPI Addition to Gene Ontology Enrichment Include of BP, CC and MF
The yellow cycle in modules correspond to the relative seed. In PPI network, the larger circles refer to the highest degree and blue to brown color refers to increment of BC. The PPI network contains 70 nodes and 1221 edges.
PPI Network Analysis of CAL-27 Cell Line After Treatment by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide and Its Modules (Clusters) Addition to Gene Ontology Enrichment Include of BP, CC and MF
The yellow cycle in modules correspond to the relative seed. In each PPI network, the larger circles refer to the highest degree and blue to brown color refers to increment of BC. The network includes 77 nodes and 1176 edges.
PPI Network Analysis of A2058 Cell Line of Melanoma After Treatment by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide and the Modules (Clusters) of Network Addition to Gene Ontology Enrichment Include of BP, CC and MF
The yellow cycle in modules correspond to the relative seed. The larger circles refer to the highest degree and blue to brown color refers to increment of BC. PPI network contains 60 nodes and 1116 edges.
Table 2.

The Key (Hub-Bottleneck) Proteins of Each PPI Network of the Studied Cell Linesa

Proteins
IDDegreeBCIDDegreeBC
Ca9-22
UCB680.07HSPA8590.02
HSP90AA1660.03GAPDH570.02
HSP90AB1640.02HSP90B1550.01
HSPA5590.02---
CAL-27
UBC760.19RPSA480.01
HSPA8540.03HSPA5470.02
EEF2510.01GAPDH470.01
UBB500.01RPS3460.00
A2058
HSPA5550.02UBC530.02
GAPDH540.02TP53530.02
BCL2530.01HSP90AA1510.02
The Special and Common Key Proteins in PPI Networks of 11-Dehydrosinulariolide-Treated Oral Carcinoma Cells (Ca9-22 and CAL-27) and Melanoma Cells (A2058 Cell Line) are Shown.
The Special and Common Key Proteins in PPI Networks of 11-Dehydrosinulariolide-Treated Oral Carcinoma Cells (Ca9-22 and CAL-27) and Melanoma Cells (A2058 Cell Line) are Shown.

Module and GO analysis: Modules were obtained based on the MCODE analysis according to default parameters that are mentioned in material and method session. Nine modules including three modules for each network were obtained using the default criteria. PDIA3, CDK2 and CANX are the seeds of the three clusters of Ca9-22 network. RPS 4X, GAPDH and NME1 are the seeds of three clusters of CAL-27 PPI network and for melanoma cells network the seeds are ALB, CASP12 and DDIT3 (in Figures 1 - 3; yellow cycle in clusters indicate the seeds). Functional analysis was done using GO enrichment analysis for biological processes (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF) of obtained modules (the findings are presented in Figures 1 - 3).

4. Discussion

Protein-protein interaction network analysis has an important role in cancer studies to determine therapeutic targets and early diagnostic biomarkers. It can introduce proteins that are critical for initiation and maintaining characteristics of cancer cells (16). Obtained data from PPI network analysis could provide clues for the investigation of the effects of the drug treatment and further understanding of the mechanisms at the molecular level (34). As it is depicted in Table 1, the numbers of 21, 28 and 15 changed expression proteins are introduced for Ca9-22, CAL-27 and A2058 cell lines after treatment with 11-dehydrosinulariolide respectively. There are limited common proteins related to the three studied cell lines; however, the large number of proteins is introduced. On the other hand, it is not clear which proteins play crucial roles corresponding to the effect of drug. Construction and analysis of PPI networks for the introduced proteins relative to each cell line can provide useful information. As it is shown in Figures 1 - 3, PPI network of Ca9-22 and CAL-27 cell lines of OSSC are constructed with 70 nodes and 1221 edges and 77 nodes and 1176 edges respectively. The network of A2058 cell line of Melanoma contains 60 nodes and 1116 edges. There are 17, 15 and 19 links per node for Ca9-22, CAL-27 and A2058 cell lines networks respectively. Topological analysis of the network is a useful tool for ranking and screening of the nodes (35). One analytical criteria in PPI network analysis is the degree which can be introduced as the main central parameter (36). So the top 10% of the nodes based on degree values selected as hub proteins (see Table 2). Betweenness, the other central parameter was chosen for more resolution. The nodes with betweenness value ≥ 0.01 are considered as bottleneck proteins. The proteins that are hub and bottleneck nodes are introduced as hub-bottleneck proteins. Experience shows that the hub-bottleneck proteins play crucial roles in the network (31). As it is represented in Table 2, there are 7, 8 and 6 hub-bottleneck proteins for Ca9-22, CAL-27 and A2058 cell lines networks respectively. Interestingly, in the networks of Ca9-22 and CAL-27 cell lines the highest score of degree and BC belong to UBC. The top hub-bottleneck node in PPI network of A2058 cell line of Melanoma is HSPA5 (see Table 2). Since in this network amounts of betweenness for UBC and HSPA5 nodes are equal and difference in degree values is less than 4%, UBC can be considered as top hub-bottleneck node in PPI network of A2058 cell line. Despite major differences between the three treated cell lines based on the kind of the introduced proteins (see Table 1), there are common hub-bottleneck nodes between them. As it is shown in figure 2, UBC, HSPA5 and GAPDH are the common central proteins between the networks. BCL2 and TP53 are central nodes of A2058 cell line; in a way that EEF2, UBB, RPSA and RPS3 for CAL 27 are special nodes. UBC as the major central protein in the three networks is included during stress and provides extra ubiquitin necessary to remove damaged/unfolded proteins (37). The other common hub-bottleneck protein between three cell lines with the same treatment is HSPA5. It probably plays a role in assembling protein complexes inside the endoplasmic reticulum and also involves in the degradation of misfolded proteins and correct folding of proteins (38). GAPDH is the other common hub-bottleneck in PPI network analysis of OSCC and melanoma cell lines after treatment by 11-dehydrosinulariolide. GAPDH, in addition to metabolic function, has a role in apoptosis induction (39). Various groups of proteins were obtained after PPI network analysis as key proteins in the mentioned cell lines after treatment by 11-dehydrosinulariolide. Stress related proteins such as molecular chaperones (HSPs) and UBC and the other apoptosis and ribosomal proteins (BCL2, TP53, RPSA and RPS3) are highlighted.

According to GO analysis, three clusters are identified in each network (see Figures 1 - 3). For network of Ca9-22 cell line, the genes in most significant module (cluster1) were mainly enriched in response to unfolded protein (P = 2.2E-19) and most significant CC and MF were melanosome (P = 2.2E-15) and unfolded protein binding (P = 1.2E-7), respectively. For CAL -27 cell line network, the genes in the most significant module (cluster1) were mainly enriched in selenocystein metabolic process (P = 2.0E-32) and most significant CC and MF were cytosolic ribosome (P = 4.5E-32) and rRNA binding (P=1.5E-14), respectively. Positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process (P = 7.1E-11) was the biological process of the enriched genes in most significant module for melanoma cell line. Also in cluster 1, the nuclear euchromatin (P = 2.3E-3) and BH domain binding (P = 1.6E-6) have the most significant score for CC and MF, respectively.

After analyzing the networks of treated cell lines to explore the potential molecular mechanism of 11-dehydrosinulariolide, GO functional and pathway enrichment analysis were performed. The GO terms that appeared enriched in the gene list of each of the correlated module of networks are mostly related to four functions such as protein folding and assembly, metabolic processes, translation, and apoptotic pathway. Despite the differences in cellular component between three cell lines with the same treatment assay, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the common place (Figures 1 - 3). ER is an essential cellular compartment for protein synthesis and folding. Recent studies emphasize that ER, a subcellular compartment, participates in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and sending signals to the nucleus for the unfolded protein response (40, 41). The biological process of modules in three cancer cell lines also suggests that the response to unfolded proteins in ER may be altered through 11-dehydrosinulaeriolide treatment. In addition, the molecular functions of involved proteins in clusters are different.

4.1. Conclusions

In the body of literature, there are different protein panels related to the effect of 11-dehydrosinulariolide on cancerous cell lines. In the present study, a common protein biomarker panel including UBC, HSPA5 and GAPDH is suggested for effect of 11-dehydrosinulariolide on OSCC cell lines (Ca9-22 and CAL-27) and melanoma cells (A2058). However, more investigation in the field is required for validation of the finding.

Acknowledgements

References

  • 1.

    Liao CT, Chang JT, Wang HM, Ng SH, Hsueh C, Lee LY, et al. Analysis of risk factors of predictive local tumor control in oral cavity cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(3):915-22. [PubMed ID: 18165878]. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-007-9761-5.

  • 2.

    Liao CT, Kang CJ, Chang JT, Wang HM, Ng SH, Hsueh C, et al. Survival of second and multiple primary tumors in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in the betel quid chewing area. Oral Oncol. 2007;43(8):811-9. [PubMed ID: 17174143]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.10.003.

  • 3.

    Petti S. Lifestyle risk factors for oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4-5):340-50. [PubMed ID: 18674956]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.018.

  • 4.

    Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4-5):309-16. [PubMed ID: 18804401]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002.

  • 5.

    Bagan J, Sarrion G, Jimenez Y. Oral cancer: clinical features. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):414-7. [PubMed ID: 20400366]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.009.

  • 6.

    Gallo C, Ciavarella D, Santarelli A, Ranieri E, Colella G, Lo Muzio L, et al. Potential Salivary Proteomic Markers of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2016;13(1):55-61. [PubMed ID: 26708599].

  • 7.

    Supic G, Kozomara R, Zeljic K, Stanimirovic D, Magic M, Surbatovic M, et al. HMGB1 genetic polymorphisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral lichen planus patients. Oral Dis. 2015;21(4):536-43. [PubMed ID: 25639284]. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12318.

  • 8.

    Ni YH, Ding L, Hu QG, Hua ZC. Potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma: proteomics discovery and clinical validation. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2015;9(1-2):86-97. [PubMed ID: 25431113]. https://doi.org/10.1002/prca.201400091.

  • 9.

    Wong YK, Chang KW, Cheng CY, Liu CJ. Association of CTLA-4 gene polymorphism with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(1):51-4. [PubMed ID: 16393254]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00377.x.

  • 10.

    Kao SY, Wu CH, Lin SC, Yap SK, Chang CS, Wong YK, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P4501A1 and susceptibility to oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral precancer lesions associated with smoking/betel use. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002;31(9):505-11. [PubMed ID: 12269988].

  • 11.

    Lo WY, Tsai MH, Tsai Y, Hua CH, Tsai FJ, Huang SY, et al. Identification of over-expressed proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients by clinical proteomic analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;376(1-2):101-7. [PubMed ID: 16889763]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.06.030.

  • 12.

    Jerant AF, Johnson JT, Sheridan CD, Caffrey TJ. Early detection and treatment of skin cancer. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(2):357-68-381-2. [PubMed ID: 10929700].

  • 13.

    Dictionary of cancer terms. 2007.

  • 14.

    Ayala FR, Rocha RM, Carvalho KC, Carvalho AL, da Cunha IW, Lourenco SV, et al. GLUT1 and GLUT3 as potential prognostic markers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Molecules. 2010;15(4):2374-87. [PubMed ID: 20428049]. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042374.

  • 15.

    Jeon J, Nim S, Teyra J, Datti A, Wrana JL, Sidhu SS, et al. A systematic approach to identify novel cancer drug targets using machine learning, inhibitor design and high-throughput screening. Genome Med. 2014;6(7):57. [PubMed ID: 25165489]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-014-0057-7.

  • 16.

    Ivanov AA, Khuri FR, Fu H. Targeting protein-protein interactions as an anticancer strategy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013;34(7):393-400. [PubMed ID: 23725674]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2013.04.007.

  • 17.

    Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S, et al. Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes. J Diabetes. 2017;9(8):764-77. [PubMed ID: 27625010]. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12483.

  • 18.

    Zamanian Azodi M, Peyvandi H, Rostami-Nejad M, Safaei A, Rostami K, Vafaee R, et al. Protein-protein interaction network of celiac disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2016;9(4):268-77. [PubMed ID: 27895852].

  • 19.

    Safari-Alighiarloo N, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Namaki S. Network-based analysis of differentially expressed genes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood reveals new candidate genes for multiple sclerosis. PeerJ. 2016;4. e2775. [PubMed ID: 28028462]. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2775.

  • 20.

    Barabasi AL, Oltvai ZN. Network biology: understanding the cell's functional organization. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(2):101-13. [PubMed ID: 14735121]. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1272.

  • 21.

    von Mering C, Krause R, Snel B, Cornell M, Oliver SG, Fields S, et al. Comparative assessment of large-scale data sets of protein-protein interactions. Nature. 2002;417(6887):399-403. [PubMed ID: 12000970]. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature750.

  • 22.

    Safaei A, Rezaei Tavirani M, Arefi Oskouei A, Zamanian Azodi M, Mohebbi SR, Nikzamir AR. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of cirrhosis liver disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2016;9(2):114-23. [PubMed ID: 27099671].

  • 23.

    Zamanian-Azodi M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rahmati-Rad S, Hasanzadeh H, Rezaei Tavirani M, Seyyedi SS. Protein-Protein Interaction Network could reveal the relationship between the breast and colon cancer. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015;8(3):215-24. [PubMed ID: 26328044].

  • 24.

    Jafari M, Sadeghi M, Mirzaie M, Marashi SA, Rezaei-Tavirani M. Evolutionarily conserved motifs and modules in mitochondrial protein-protein interaction networks. Mitochondrion. 2013;13(6):668-75. [PubMed ID: 24080200]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2013.09.006.

  • 25.

    Rezaei-Tavirani M, Zamanian-Azodi M, Rajabi S, Masoudi-Nejad A, Rostami-Nejad M, Rahmatirad S. Protein Clustering and Interactome Analysis in Parkinson and Alzheimer's Diseases. Arch Iran Med. 2016;19(2):101-9. [PubMed ID: 26838080].

  • 26.

    Zali H, Rezaei Tavirani M. Meningioma protein-protein interaction network. Arch Iran Med. 2014;17(4):262-72. [PubMed ID: 24724603].

  • 27.

    Liu CI, Chen CC, Chen JC, Su JH, Huang HH, Chen JY, et al. Proteomic analysis of anti-tumor effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide on CAL-27 cells. Mar Drugs. 2011;9(7):1254-72. [PubMed ID: 21822415]. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9071254.

  • 28.

    Liu CI, Wang RY, Lin JJ, Su JH, Chiu CC, Chen JC, et al. Proteomic profiling of the 11-dehydrosinulariolide-treated oral carcinoma cells Ca9-22: effects on the cell apoptosis through mitochondrial-related and ER stress pathway. J Proteomics. 2012;75(18):5578-89. [PubMed ID: 22885288]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.037.

  • 29.

    Su TR, Tsai FJ, Lin JJ, Huang HH, Chiu CC, Su JH, et al. Induction of apoptosis by 11-dehydrosinulariolide via mitochondrial dysregulation and ER stress pathways in human melanoma cells. Mar Drugs. 2012;10(8):1883-98. [PubMed ID: 23015779]. https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081883.

  • 30.

    Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, Baliga NS, Wang JT, Ramage D, et al. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 2003;13(11):2498-504. [PubMed ID: 14597658]. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1239303.

  • 31.

    Yu H, Kim PM, Sprecher E, Trifonov V, Gerstein M. The importance of bottlenecks in protein networks: correlation with gene essentiality and expression dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol. 2007;3(4). e59. [PubMed ID: 17447836]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030059.

  • 32.

    Bindea G, Mlecnik B, Hackl H, Charoentong P, Tosolini M, Kirilovsky A, et al. ClueGO: a Cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(8):1091-3. [PubMed ID: 19237447]. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101.

  • 33.

    Rivera CG, Vakil R, Bader JS. NeMo: Network Module identification in Cytoscape. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010;11 Suppl 1. S61. [PubMed ID: 20122237]. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-S1-S61.

  • 34.

    Zhang Y, Xiaodong G, Danhua W, Ruisheng L, Xiaojuan LI, Ying XU, et al. A systems biology-based investigation into the therapeutic effects of Gansui Banxia Tang on reversing the imbalanced network of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2014;4.

  • 35.

    Zhuang DY, Jiang L, He QQ, Zhou P, Yue T. Identification of hub subnetwork based on topological features of genes in breast cancer. Int J Mol Med. 2015;35(3):664-74. [PubMed ID: 25573623]. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.2057.

  • 36.

    Jeong H, Mason SP, Barabasi AL, Oltvai ZN. Lethality and centrality in protein networks. Nature. 2001;411(6833):41-2. [PubMed ID: 11333967]. https://doi.org/10.1038/35075138.

  • 37.

    Ryu KY, Maehr R, Gilchrist CA, Long MA, Bouley DM, Mueller B, et al. The mouse polyubiquitin gene UbC is essential for fetal liver development, cell-cycle progression and stress tolerance. EMBO J. 2007;26(11):2693-706. [PubMed ID: 17491588]. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601722.

  • 38.

    Dana RC, Welch WJ, Deftos LJ. Heat shock proteins bind calcitonin. Endocrinology. 1990;126(1):672-4. [PubMed ID: 2294010]. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-126-1-672.

  • 39.

    Hara MR, Agrawal N, Kim SF, Cascio MB, Fujimuro M, Ozeki Y, et al. S-nitrosylated GAPDH initiates apoptotic cell death by nuclear translocation following Siah1 binding. Nat Cell Biol. 2005;7(7):665-74. [PubMed ID: 15951807]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1268.

  • 40.

    Rutkowski DT, Kaufman RJ. A trip to the ER: coping with stress. Trends Cell Biol. 2004;14(1):20-8. [PubMed ID: 14729177].

  • 41.

    Lee AS. GRP78 induction in cancer: therapeutic and prognostic implications. Cancer Res. 2007;67(8):3496-9. [PubMed ID: 17440054]. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0325.