Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies
Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies

article information

Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies: Vol.6, issue 3; e89813
published online: July 8, 2019
article type: Brief Report
received: January 23, 2019
revised: May 26, 2019
accepted: June 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh.89813
Crossmark

The Effects of Yoga and Medial Thrust Gait Training and Conventional Physiotherapy on Gait Biomechanics, Pain, and Function in Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol Study

authors:

avatar Hamid Reza Bokaeian 1 , avatar Fateme Esfandiarpour 1 , 2 , avatar Shahla Zahednejad 1 , * , avatar Hosein Kouhzad Mohammadi ORCID 1 , avatar Farzam Farahmand 3

Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Research Center of Intelligent Neuro-Rehabilitation Technologies, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

how to cite: Bokaeian H R, Esfandiarpour F , Zahednejad S, Kouhzad Mohammadi H, Farahmand F . The Effects of Yoga and Medial Thrust Gait Training and Conventional Physiotherapy on Gait Biomechanics, Pain, and Function in Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol Study. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2019;6(3):e89813. https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh.89813.

Abstract

Background:

Literatures indicate a strong association between biomechanical factors, i.e., increased knee adduction moment (KAM) and knee osteoarthritis. Laboratory studies showed that yoga exercises and medial thrust (MT) gait pattern could reduce the KAM. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence to support their efficacy compared to current exercise therapy regimens.

Objectives:

This randomized control trial will compare the effects of combined yoga and the MT gait training and conventional knee exercises on gait biomechanics, pain, and function in people with knee OA.

Methods:

Forty patients with knee OA will be randomly allocated to two treatment groups: (1) the yoga and MT gait group (YogaMT), and (2) the conventional physiotherapy group. Exercise therapy for the YogaMT group includes the MT gait training, and the yoga exercises, and for the conventional physiotherapy group, conventional knee strengthening exercises. The amount of KAM during gait, pain severity, and the functional score will be assessed at baseline, two days and one month after 12 sessions of treatment.

Conclusions:

Physiotherapists should explore etiology-based interventions targeting the contributing factors to the development and progression of OA. The results of this RCT may help suggest a more effective treatment for patients with knee OA.

1. Background

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease, with an estimated prevalence of about 12.2% - 33% in the general population (1-3). Patients with knee OA suffer from a variety of clinical symptoms such as pain, joint stiffness, progressive muscle atrophy, and joint instability, which seriously impact patients’ quality of life (3). The principal pathological feature of knee OA is progressive cartilage degradation (3), which its exact mechanism not known yet. However, according to biomechanical theory, subchondral microfractures resulting from repetitive impulsive joint loading might engender cartilage depletion in knee OA (4). Accordingly, evaluation of knee joint forces during the activities of daily living has always been the focus of biomechanical investigations of knee OA.

Though in-vivo measurement of joint forces is not possible due to ethical concerns, research reveals that the knee adduction moment (KAM) represents the amount of the load imposed on the medial knee compartment with acceptable accuracy (5-7). The KAM significantly correlates with medial compartment force (5, 6), medial to lateral cartilage thickness ratio in both the femur and the tibia (8), severity of knee OA (9, 10), and the risk factors of OA such as age, sex, and obesity (11-13). These findings support a hypothesis that treatment interventions, which can reduce the KAM, may detain the progression of knee OA, and improve patients’ symptoms (14).

Exercise therapy plays an essential role in the non-pharmacologic conservative treatment of knee OA (15). The results of randomized clinical trials indicate that exercise therapy is effective in improving muscle strength, the range of motion, joint proprioception, balance, and cardiovascular function in patients with knee OA (16-18). There are different methods of exercise therapy for knee OA. However, there is a lack of evidence to support the superior efficacy of any of these practices over others (18, 19). In addition, there is no study to suggest that these exercise therapy regimens may reduce the KAM in patients with knee OA (14). For instance, Foroughi et al., and Bennell et al., showed that strengthening and neuromuscular exercises could not reduce the KAM in patients with knee OA (20, 21).

More recent studies showed that voluntary changes in gait pattern, including toe-out gait (22, 23), relatively slow walking (24), increasing mediolateral trunk sway (22, 25) and medial thrust (MT) gait (26-28) may decrease the KAM in knee OA. MT gait, walking with knee internal rotation, is preferable to other gait modifications because it resembles the normal gait, and causes a higher reduction of the first and second peaks of KAM when compared with other gait modification techniques in vitro study (28). Recent research also found that some yoga exercises, the warrior lunge, and the goddess squat, can reduce the KAM (29, 30). The warrior lunge and goddess squat are the modified versions of the squat and lunge exercises with a particular alignment in the lower limbs, which can increase muscle strength, improve balance, and significantly produce less KAM when compared with traditional squat and lunge exercises (29, 30).

An increased KAM is considered as a primary risk factor for development and progression of knee OA (31). However, the clinical efficacy of the exercises, which potentially influence the KAM, has not been examined yet.

2. Objectives

In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), we aim to examine the effectiveness of the MT gait training, and yoga exercises on the amount of KAM, pain, and function in people with knee OA, in comparison to the routine resistive knee extension/flexion exercises.

3. Methods

3.1. Study Design

Double-blinded (data analyst and assessor), parallel design randomized controlled trial, which conforms to CONSORT guidelines for non-pharmacological studies (Figure 1).

Flow diagram of study protocol
Flow diagram of study protocol
Figure 1.

Flow diagram of study protocol

3.2. Setting

This trial will be conducted in the Mowafaghian Research Centre of Intelligent Neuro-Rehabilitation Technologies.

3.3. Participant

Patients with unilateral and bilateral knee osteoarthritis will be recruited from rheumatology clinics located in downtown Tehran, near the research center. They will be examined by an experienced physical therapist for inclusion/exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria will include the age of 45 - 76 years, pain severity of greater than 30 based on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), a history of symptoms for more than a month, ability to walk without assistive devices, and mild to moderate (grade 1 - 3) tibiofemoral joint osteoarthritis, according to the Kellgren and Lawrance classification system (32).

The exclusion criteria will include a history of systemic arthritis, diabetes, neuromuscular diseases, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, surgery or injection in the lower extremity joints in the last six months, prior hip or knee joint replacement or tibial osteotomy surgery, symptomatic hip OA, recent (last month) trauma to the knee joint, and extreme physical weakness. We will also exclude patients who take oral corticosteroid treatment and those who have taken other nonpharmacologic treatment within the past six months.

3.4. Procedure

Patients with knee OA will be recruited from public and private rheumatology clinics located in downtown Tehran. The office staffs at the clinics to be invited into the study will contact them.

Eligibility for volunteers first will be assessed by telephone screening. An experienced physiotherapist will then screen prospective participants for eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and knee X-ray findings. Eligible participants will receive information about the study and sign a written consent if they agree to participate. This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (IR.AJUMS.REC.1396.317) and is registered in the Iranian Registry for Clinical Trial (IRCT201702222793N4).

Patients will be assessed for the outcome measures at the baseline (pre-intervention), one-day and one month after the interventions. An assessor, blinded to group allocation, will conduct baseline and follow-up assessment at Mowafaghian Research Centre of Intelligent Neuro-Rehabilitation Technologies. After the baseline assessment, participants will be randomly allocated to the YogaMT and the conventional physiotherapy group. Participants in both groups will receive 12 sessions of physiotherapy, three sessions per week for four weeks, with at least 24 hours between the sessions.

3.5. Randomization and Allocation Concealment

Covariate adaptive randomization technique (33) will be used to allocate participants to either the YogaMT and the conventional physiotherapy group. First, 10 participants will be randomly assigned to the treatment groups using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes, which will be selected by a third party who has no other role in the RCT. Then, Taves method will be used to assign other participants to the groups (34). The envelopes will be kept in a locked drawer and will only be accessible to the person responsible for randomization. The tibiofemoral joint osteoarthritis severity and pain severity will be matched in both groups.

3.6. Outcome Measures and Measurements

Participant’s characteristics including age, gender, height, and weight, will be recorded at the first visit. The outcome measures are the amount of KAM, pain severity, and functional level, which will be assessed as follow.

3.6.1. Pain

Patients will be asked to rate the severity of their pain using a visual analog scale (VAS) and the short type of WOMAC scale. VAS is a 100-millimeter line graded from 0 (no pain at all) to 100 (the most severe pain that I can imagine) (35). The short WOMAC scale consisted of eight questions about the patient’s assessment of his pain severity in daily activities. Each question is graded from zero (no problem) to four (severe problem). Higher scores indicate higher pain in daily activities (36).

3.6.2. Function

The 2-minute walk test (2MWT) will be employed to assess patients’ functional ability.

Participants will be instructed to “walk as quickly and safely as they can for 2 min, back and forth along a well-lit 25-m tiled hallway. The total distance traveled for 2 min will be recorded (37). Participants will practice walking before the actual test; however, to prevent fatigue, the complete 2MWT will not be practiced.

3.6.3. The KAM

For evaluating the first maximum external knee adduction moment during gait, motion and the ground reaction force data will be recorded while participants walk barefoot along a 10-m pathway at a self-selected speed. A Vicon motion analysis system (Vicon Oxford, Oxford, UK), with 12 cameras at a sampling frequency of 120 HZ will be used to record the motion data. The ground reaction force data will be collected by two Kistler force plate systems (Kistler Force Plate, Winterthur, CH) at a sampling rate of 1200 Hz. Walking speed will be measured by a photoelectric beam sensor.

Three-dimensional reflective landmarks will be bonded bilaterally on the acromioclavicular joint, medial epicondyle of the humerus and distal ulnar head, the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), the lower lateral 1/3 surface of the thigh, the lateral epicondyle of the knee, the lateral malleolus, and second metatarsal head (38).

Participants will perform two familiarization trials, and five test trials of walking with a 30-second rest interval between the trials. The 3D marker positions will be filtered using a low-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 6 Hz. The KAM will be determined using inverse dynamics via the Plug-in-Gait model, programmed in Vicon Nexus 2.6 software (Vicon Oxford, Oxford, UK) (38). The recorded KAM for each patient will be averaged of all trials.

3.7. Intervention

3.7.1. The YogaMT Group

The exercise therapy in the YogaMT group comprises medial thrust gait training, goddess squat, and warrior lunge training. MT gait pattern is defined as walking with internal rotation of the hip (about 18º) and slightly knee flexion (to about 19º - 20º) (28). Participants in this group will receive instruction about MT gait pattern in a separate session before the beginning of treatment. They will practice walking with MT pattern at their selected speed for 20 minutes in each treatment session. When necessary, the participant receives verbal feedbacks during training. Participants will be asked to wear the same comfortable pairs of shoes during the assessment, training and treatment sessions.

They also perform the goddess and warrior exercises, three times each with the least rest interval of 40 seconds. For the goddess exercise, participants will be asked to stand bilaterally, with the feet in about 45º externally rotated position and slightly greater than shoulder width apart, and hands on the pelvis. Then, they will squat down to about 30º of knee flexion while maintaining the pelvic and torso upright, and sustain this posture for 30 s. For the warrior exercise, participants will be asked to step forward with the right/left leg while looking forward and keeping their torso and pelvis straight, then bend the right/left knee until their thigh is parallel to the floor and the thigh and shank are perpendicular to one another (Figure 2).

In the warrior lunge exercise subject stand bilaterally, with the feet in about 45º externally rotated position and slightly greater than shoulder width apart, and hands on the pelvis (left) and in goddess squat exercises subject squat down to about 30º of knee flexion while maintaining the pelvic and torso upright (right).
In the warrior lunge exercise subject stand bilaterally, with the feet in about 45º externally rotated position and slightly greater than shoulder width apart, and hands on the pelvis (left) and in goddess squat exercises subject squat down to about 30º of knee flexion while maintaining the pelvic and torso upright (right).
Figure 2.

In the warrior lunge exercise subject stand bilaterally, with the feet in about 45º externally rotated position and slightly greater than shoulder width apart, and hands on the pelvis (left) and in goddess squat exercises subject squat down to about 30º of knee flexion while maintaining the pelvic and torso upright (right).

Table 1 showed progression levels of goddess and warrior exercises (29). The level of difficulty of the goddess and warrior exercises will be adjusted based on the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale (29). When the intensity of physical activity during the yoga exercises falls below 5 (moderate sweating and easy talking), the exercise will be upgraded to the next level (39) .If the participant feels pain (VAS ≥ 5), the duration of practice will be reduced, and the exercise will be downgraded to the previous level if needed.

Table 1.

Progression Levels of the Goddess Squat and Warrior Lunge Exercises

Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4
Goddess squat Hands on hips, knees flexion to 30ºHands on hips, knees flexion to 60º Shoulders flex to 90º, elbows straight, knee flex to 60º Arms overhead, knee flex to 80º
Warrior lungeHands on hipsShoulders flex to 90º with elbows straightArms overheadArms overhead, look up to the ceiling for added challenge

3.7.2. Conventional Physiotherapy Group

Treatment in the conventional physiotherapy group consists of three sets of resistive knee extension/flexion exercises with two minutes interval using the quadriceps chair. In the first session of each week, the maximum load that each participant can lift to complete ten Repetition Max (10 RM) without pain will be determined to adjust the amount load for each exercise. The amount of resistive load will be progressively increased from 60% - 65% of 10 RM in the first set to 70% - 75% of 10 RM in the second set and 80% - 85% of 10 RM in the third set (40, 41). If participants report pain during exercise (VAS ≥ 5), they will be instructed to perform the exercise only in a pain-free range. If the pain still persists, the load will be reduced (42).

Participants in both groups will also receive a five minute continuous ultrasound (1 MHz, 1-1.5 W/cm2) on the front of the knee, TENS for 20 minutes (100 Hz, 50 µs pulse duration), thermotherapy with a hot pack for 20 minutes. They will be instructed to avoid sitting in a cross-legged position, kneeling, and prolonged standing.

3.8. Sample Size

Twenty patients will be recruited to a pilot study. After the intervention, the number of participants in each group will be calculated by sample-size power analysis (β = 0.20 and α = 0.5) based on the mean changes of the peak KAM during the stance phase of walking.

3.9. Statistical Analysis

For each outcome variable, a 2-by-3 (intervention by time) mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a repeated factor of time will be performed to determine whether the mean difference of the outcome variable differ between the groups across the times of evaluation. The pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments will be used to locate significant differences when appropriate. We use IBM SPSS Statistics 22 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) for statistical analysis. Significance levels will be set at P < 0.05.

4. Discussion

Exercise therapy is an essential element for the treatment of knee OA (15). However, research showed only short-term improvement of clinical symptoms using routine exercise therapy regimens (14). For a more efficient treatment of knee OA, physiotherapists should explore exercise therapy protocols, which may reduce the progression rate of the disease by targeting potential predictive factors to OA. Research indicates that increased KAM may contribute to the initiation of knee OA and the disease progression (9). A combined exercise therapy protocol including yoga exercises and medial thrust gait training may introduce a more powerful tool with longstanding treatment outcomes. In addition, YogaMT program is an inexpensive treatment that can be performed at any place and time. We expect the results of this RCT help to find a more effective treatment for patients with knee OA.

References

  • 1.

    Quintana JM, Arostegui I, Escobar A, Azkarate J, Goenaga JI, Lafuente I. Prevalence of knee and hip osteoarthritis and the appropriateness of joint replacement in an older population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(14):1576-84. [PubMed ID: 18663171]. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.14.1576.

  • 2.

    Turkiewicz A, Gerhardsson de Verdier M, Engstrom G, Nilsson PM, Mellstrom C, Lohmander LS, et al. Prevalence of knee pain and knee OA in southern Sweden and the proportion that seeks medical care. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(5):827-35. [PubMed ID: 25313145]. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu409.

  • 3.

    Bijlsma JW, Berenbaum F, Lafeber FP. Osteoarthritis: An update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2115-26. [PubMed ID: 21684382]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60243-2.

  • 4.

    Cucchiarini M, de Girolamo L, Filardo G, Oliveira JM, Orth P, Pape D, et al. Basic science of osteoarthritis. J Exp Orthop. 2016;3(1):22. [PubMed ID: 27624438]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5021646]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-016-0060-6.

  • 5.

    Zhao D, Banks SA, Mitchell KH, D'Lima DD, Colwell CJ, Fregly BJ. Correlation between the knee adduction torque and medial contact force for a variety of gait patterns. J Orthop Res. 2007;25(6):789-97. [PubMed ID: 17343285]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20379.

  • 6.

    Kutzner I, Trepczynski A, Heller MO, Bergmann G. Knee adduction moment and medial contact force--facts about their correlation during gait. PLoS One. 2013;8(12). e81036. [PubMed ID: 24312522]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3847086]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081036.

  • 7.

    Schipplein OD, Andriacchi TP. Interaction between active and passive knee stabilizers during level walking. J Orthop Res. 1991;9(1):113-9. [PubMed ID: 1984041]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100090114.

  • 8.

    Koo S, Andriacchi TP. A comparison of the influence of global functional loads vs. local contact anatomy on articular cartilage thickness at the knee. J Biomech. 2007;40(13):2961-6. [PubMed ID: 17418219]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2358971]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.02.005.

  • 9.

    Sharma L, Hurwitz DE, Thonar EJ, Sum JA, Lenz ME, Dunlop DD, et al. Knee adduction moment, serum hyaluronan level, and disease severity in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(7):1233-40. [PubMed ID: 9663481]. https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1233::AID-ART14>3.0.CO;2-L.

  • 10.

    Miyazaki T, Wada M, Kawahara H, Sato M, Baba H, Shimada S. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(7):617-22. [PubMed ID: 12079903]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC1754164]. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.61.7.617.

  • 11.

    Blazek K, Asay JL, Erhart-Hledik J, Andriacchi T. Adduction moment increases with age in healthy obese individuals. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(9):1414-22. [PubMed ID: 23737249]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.22390.

  • 12.

    Segal NA, Yack HJ, Khole P. Weight, rather than obesity distribution, explains peak external knee adduction moment during level gait. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;88(3):180-8. quiz 189-91, 246. [PubMed ID: 19847127]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2913172]. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318198b51b.

  • 13.

    Webster KE, McClelland JA, Palazzolo SE, Santamaria LJ, Feller JA. Gender differences in the knee adduction moment after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(5):355-9. [PubMed ID: 21508075]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.080770.

  • 14.

    Ferreira GE, Robinson CC, Wiebusch M, Viero CC, da Rosa LH, Silva MF. The effect of exercise therapy on knee adduction moment in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015;30(6):521-7. [PubMed ID: 25896448]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.028.

  • 15.

    Fransen M, McConnell S, Harmer AR, Van der Esch M, Simic M, Bennell KL. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: A Cochrane systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(24):1554-7. [PubMed ID: 26405113]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095424.

  • 16.

    Lange AK, Vanwanseele B, Fiatarone Singh MA. Strength training for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(10):1488-94. [PubMed ID: 18821647]. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24118.

  • 17.

    Duman I, Taskaynatan MA, Mohur H, Tan AK. Assessment of the impact of proprioceptive exercises on balance and proprioception in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(12):3793-8. [PubMed ID: 22187058]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-011-2272-5.

  • 18.

    Juhl C, Christensen R, Roos EM, Zhang W, Lund H. Impact of exercise type and dose on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(3):622-36. [PubMed ID: 24574223]. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38290.

  • 19.

    Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M. Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(4):544-8. [PubMed ID: 15769914]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC1755453]. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.028746.

  • 20.

    Bennell KL, Kyriakides M, Metcalf B, Egerton T, Wrigley TV, Hodges PW, et al. Neuromuscular versus quadriceps strengthening exercise in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis and varus malalignment: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(4):950-9. [PubMed ID: 24757146]. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38317.

  • 21.

    Foroughi N, Smith RM, Lange AK, Baker MK, Fiatarone Singh MA, Vanwanseele B. Lower limb muscle strengthening does not change frontal plane moments in women with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2011;26(2):167-74. [PubMed ID: 20888096]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.011.

  • 22.

    Simic M, Hinman RS, Wrigley TV, Bennell KL, Hunt MA. Gait modification strategies for altering medial knee joint load: A systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(3):405-26. [PubMed ID: 20981808]. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20380.

  • 23.

    Hunt MA, Takacs J. Effects of a 10-week toe-out gait modification intervention in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: A pilot, feasibility study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(7):904-11. [PubMed ID: 24836210]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.007.

  • 24.

    Mundermann A, Dyrby CO, Hurwitz DE, Sharma L, Andriacchi TP. Potential strategies to reduce medial compartment loading in patients with knee osteoarthritis of varying severity: Reduced walking speed. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(4):1172-8. [PubMed ID: 15077299]. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20132.

  • 25.

    Mundermann A, Asay JL, Mundermann L, Andriacchi TP. Implications of increased medio-lateral trunk sway for ambulatory mechanics. J Biomech. 2008;41(1):165-70. [PubMed ID: 17678933]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.07.001.

  • 26.

    Ferrigno C, Wimmer MA, Trombley RM, Lundberg HJ, Shakoor N, Thorp LE. A reduction in the knee adduction moment with medial thrust gait is associated with a medial shift in center of plantar pressure. Med Eng Phys. 2016;38(7):615-21. [PubMed ID: 27158051]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.03.008.

  • 27.

    Fregly BJ, Reinbolt JA, Rooney KL, Mitchell KH, Chmielewski TL. Design of patient-specific gait modifications for knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2007;54(9):1687-95. [PubMed ID: 17867361]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2040055]. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2007.907637.

  • 28.

    Fregly BJ, D'Lima DD, Colwell CJ. Effective gait patterns for offloading the medial compartment of the knee. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(8):1016-21. [PubMed ID: 19148939]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2719763]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20843.

  • 29.

    Brenneman EC, Kuntz AB, Wiebenga EG, Maly MR. A yoga strengthening program designed to minimize the knee adduction moment for women with knee osteoarthritis: A proof-of-principle cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(9). e0136854. [PubMed ID: 26367862]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4569287]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136854.

  • 30.

    Longpre HS, Brenneman EC, Johnson AL, Maly MR. Identifying yoga-based knee strengthening exercises using the knee adduction moment. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015;30(8):820-6. [PubMed ID: 26094136]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.007.

  • 31.

    Amin S, Luepongsak N, McGibbon CA, LaValley MP, Krebs DE, Felson DT. Knee adduction moment and development of chronic knee pain in elders. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51(3):371-6. [PubMed ID: 15188321]. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20396.

  • 32.

    Kohn MD, Sassoon AA, Fernando ND. Classifications in brief: Kellgren-Lawrence classification of osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(8):1886-93. [PubMed ID: 26872913]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4925407]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4732-4.

  • 33.

    Suresh K. An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):8-11. [PubMed ID: 21772732]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3136079]. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352.

  • 34.

    Jensen CV. A computer program for randomizing patients with near-even distribution of important parameters. Comput Biomed Res. 1991;24(5):429-34. [PubMed ID: 1743004].

  • 35.

    Carlsson AM. Assessment of chronic pain. I. Aspects of the reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale. Pain. 1983;16(1):87-101. [PubMed ID: 6602967].

  • 36.

    Ebrahimzadeh MH, Makhmalbaf H, Birjandinejad A, Keshtan FG, Hoseini HA, Mazloumi SM. The Western Ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) in Persian speaking patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2014;2(1):57-62. [PubMed ID: 25207315]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4151432].

  • 37.

    Bohannon RW, Wang YC, Gershon RC. Two-minute walk test performance by adults 18 to 85 years: Normative values, reliability, and responsiveness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3):472-7. [PubMed ID: 25450135]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.006.

  • 38.

    Vicon Motion Systems. Vicon Motion Systems. 2019. Available from: www.docs.vicon.com.

  • 39.

    Day ML, McGuigan MR, Brice G, Foster C. Monitoring exercise intensity during resistance training using the session RPE scale. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(2):353-8. [PubMed ID: 15142026]. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-13113.1.

  • 40.

    McQuade KJ, de Oliveira AS. Effects of progressive resistance strength training on knee biomechanics during single leg step-up in persons with mild knee osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2011;26(7):741-8. [PubMed ID: 21514018]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3138879]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.03.006.

  • 41.

    Bokaeian HR, Bakhtiary AH, Mirmohammadkhani M, Moghimi J. The effect of adding whole body vibration training to strengthening training in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2016;20(2):334-40. [PubMed ID: 27210851]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.005.

  • 42.

    Petersen SG, Beyer N, Hansen M, Holm L, Aagaard P, Mackey AL, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or glucosamine reduced pain and improved muscle strength with resistance training in a randomized controlled trial of knee osteoarthritis patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(8):1185-93. [PubMed ID: 21807137]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.03.009.