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1 Food and Nutrition in Emergencies and Crises https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/164481 10.5812/healthscope-164481 1 This article has no abstract regards to the type of article 1 2 Zinat Mortazavi Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran zimoiran@yahoo.com No Keyword 1.pdf [0]World Health Organization.Meeting on nutrition in emergencies in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. East Mediterr Health J. 2024;30(5):390-1. doi: 10.26719/2024.30.5.390.##[1]Garcia Bravo M.[The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]. Agroalimentaria. 2024;30(58):192-8.ES. doi: 10.53766/Agroalim/2024.30.58.10.##[2]United Nations Children's Fund.Nutrition in emergencies. New York, USA: UNICEF; 2018. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/media/97011/file/Nutrition-in-emergencies-Saving-Lives-Today-Strengthening-Systems-for-Tomorrow.pdf.##[3]World Health Organization.Food and nutrition needs in emergencies. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/68660/a83743.pdf.##[4]Mortazavi Z, Dorosty AR, Eshraghian MR, Ghaffari M, Ansari-Moghaddam AR.Household Food Insecurity and Its Association with Self-reported Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Among Household Mothers in Southeast of Iran. Health Scope. 2017;In Press(In Press). doi: 10.5812/jhealthscope.15125.##[5]Global Nutrition Cluster.A Toolkit for Addressing Nutrition in Emergency Situations. New York, USA: IASC Global Nutrition Cluster, UNICEF; 2008. Available from: https://cvoed.imss.gob.mx/COED/home/normativos/DPM/archivos/HDRM/health_topics/nutrition/a_toolkit_nutrition_in_emergency_situations.pdf.##[6]Thompson Thow AM.Protecting nutrition in a food crisis. Bull World Health Organ. 2024;102(11):813-9. [PubMed ID: 39464842]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC11500255]. doi: 10.2471/BLT.24.291393.##[7]Chauhan G, Devi OA, Rawat A, Kumar RA, Rani KS.Advanced in community nutrition. Ahuri, India: BS Global Publication House; 2023.##[8]Sphere Project.The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Geneva, Switzerland: Sphere Association; 2018. Available from: https://spherestandards.org/wp-content/uploads/Sphere-Handbook-2018-EN.pdf.##[9]World Health Organization; United Nations Children's Fund; World Food Programme.Guidelines for Integrating Nutrition into Emergency Response: Emphasizes maintaining local food systems, vulnerable populations, integration, and cultural appropriateness. Food and Agriculture Organization; 2019. Available from: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/16480532-17e9-4b61-b388-1d6d86414470/content.##

1 Managing Inappropriate Hospital Admissions in Iran’s Public Hospitals: Policy Recommendations https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/161223 10.5812/healthscope-161223 1 This article has no abstract regards to the type of article 1 3 Mohammad Khammarnia Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran m_khammar1985@yahoo.com Tahereh Rigi Library of Ali Ibn-Abi Taleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran rigi66t@gmail.com Bita Moudi Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran bita.moudi@yahoo.com No Keyword 2.pdf [0]Soltani S, Hoseini Kasnavieh M, Shaker H, Abbasian A, Amanollahi A, Tahmasebi A.Evaluation of Inappropriate Admission and Hospitalization According to Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol and Estimation of Direct Financial Burden. Shiraz E-Med J. 2019;20(12). doi: 10.5812/semj.87870.##[1]Arab-Zozani M, Pezeshki MZ, Khodayari-Zarnaq R, Janati A.Inappropriate Rate of Admission and Hospitalization in the Iranian Hospitals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Value Health Reg Issues. 2020;21:105-12. [PubMed ID: 31704488]. doi: 10.1016/j.vhri.2019.07.011.##[2]Khamarnia M, Payandeh A, Keshtkaran A, Ramezani F.[Inappropriate hospital admission rates after the implementation of the health system transformation plan: A cross-sectional study in southeastern Iran]. Payesh. 2022;21(4):343-54.FA. doi: 10.52547/payesh.21.4.343.##[3]Kermani B, Gharsi M, Ghanbari B, Sarabi Asiabar A, Atefi Manesh P, Baniasadi A, et al.[The Relationship between the Levels of Patient Care and Length of Stay in Hospital]. Neurosci J Shefaye Khatam. 2015;3(S1):32-40.FA. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.shefa.3.3.32.##[4]Setoodehzadeh F, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Khammarnia M, Barahouei FB.The Impact of the Health Transformation Plan on Hospital Performance Indicators: A Meta-analysis Study in an EMRO Region Country. Int J Prev Med. 2024;15:24. [PubMed ID: 39239300]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC11376520]. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_69_23.##[5]Miri Bonjar M, Khammarnia M, Bakhshi M, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Okati-Aliabad H, Mohammadi M.Impact of the Health Transformation Plan on the Number of Surgical Operations and Their Cancelation. Inquiry. 2019;56:46958019846385. [PubMed ID: 31587603]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6778997]. doi: 10.1177/0046958019846385.##[6]Ranjbar M, Bazyar M, Jafari H, Pakdaman M, Pirasteh V.Investigating the effect of health transformation plan on the public hospitals performance indicators; a case study from Iran. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):1133. [PubMed ID: 34674684]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8532262]. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-07164-y.##[7]Piroozi B, Rashidian A, Takian A, Amerzadeh M, Sakha MA, Faraji O, et al.The impact of health transformation plan on hospitalization rates in Iran: An interrupted time series. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2019;34(1):e264-73. [PubMed ID: 30207409]. doi: 10.1002/hpm.2645.##[8]Kouhestan SM, Hashempour R, Raei B, Chivaee D, Safari H.Prevalence and determinants of inappropriate admission and hospitalization in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2020;34:2. [PubMed ID: 32284926]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7139265]. doi: 10.34171/mjiri.34.2.##[9]Ghods AA, Khabiri R, Raeisdana N, Ansari M, Hoshmand Motlagh N, Sadeghi M, et al.Predictors of inappropriate hospital stay: experience from Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;7(3):82-9. [PubMed ID: 25948427]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4802064]. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n3p82.##[10]Hatam N, Askarian M, Sarikhani Y, Ghaem H.Necessity of admissions in selected teaching university affiliated and private hospitals during 2007 in Shiraz, Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2010;13(3):230-4. [PubMed ID: 20433228].##[11]Pourreza A, Kavosi Z, Khabiri R, Salimzadeh H.Inappropriate admission and hospitalization in teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Pak J Med Sci. 2008;24(2):301-5.##

1 Investigating the Role of Future Hospitals in Health Promotion: Global Evidence and Experiences https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/157316 10.5812/healthscope-157316 1 Context :The changing role of hospitals in the distant future and the urgent need for long-term and medium-term planning for necessary changes in the structure of hospitals are undeniable necessities. Objectives :The present study was conducted to examine global evidence in the field of future hospitals, emphasizing the pressing need for transformation. Materials :A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O’Malley framework in March 2024. Information was collected from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase, and Google Scholar search engines, without time limits, but limited to the English language. A manual search of several specialized journals related to the scope of the subject and a review of the list of sources of the finalized articles were conducted manually. The resulting information was analyzed and reported using the content analysis method. Results :From the 1817 articles extracted from the databases, 10 were finally included in the study after screening. About 40% of the final studies were descriptive. The global experiences and evidence of the final articles regarding future hospitals were examined, divided, and reported in four categories: Designing the physical space in future hospitals, training in the space of future hospitals, providing services in future hospitals, and technology and technologies in future hospitals. The challenges in implementing these initiatives and proposed solutions were also evaluated. Conclusions :Based on global experiences, policymakers will face challenges in implementing future hospitals, including challenges in information resources, financial resources, human resources, communication, and management. Strategies such as creating a committed attitude and accompanying managers with the project, using successful steering groups to facilitate and create opportunities for strategic communication to continue progress and movement, effective lobbying at the state level, and developing various national policies and guidelines are required. 1 12 Fereidoun Eskandari School of Health Services Management, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran feskandari2@gmail.com Seyed Jamaladin Tabibi Department of Health Services Management, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran sjtabibi@yahoo.com Leila Riahi Department of Health Services Management, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran l.riahi@srbiau.ac.ir Leila Nazarimanesh Department of Health Services Management, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran l_nazary@yahoo.com No Keyword 3.pdf [0]Rayatdoost E, Kalani N, Abiri Jahromi S, Rahmanian Z, Karami Shirazi N, Rahmanian M, et al.[Identifying and explaining the main components of the operation process of an educational-therapeutic hospital: with a qualitative approach, the case study of Seyyed al-Shohada Jahrom Hospital]. Navid No. 2023;26(87):11-25.FA.##[1]Mosadeghrad A.[Essentials of healthcare organization and management]. Tehran, Iran; 2015.FA.##[2]Patterson JA, Holdford DA, Harpe SE.Patient preferences for objective quality metrics during community pharmacy selection: A discrete choice experiment. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15(6):641-9. [PubMed ID: 30143466]. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.08.002.##[3]Wang Y, Lai F, Vespa P.Enabling technologies facilitate new healthcare delivery models for acute stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(6):1076-8. [PubMed ID: 20498451]. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.587261.##[4]Delgoshaei B, Asefpour-Vakilian M, Meleki MR, Nasiripour AA.[Change management in Iranian hospitals: social factors model]. Alborz Univ Med J. 2012;1(1):13-22.FA. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.aums.1.1.13.##[5]Barber SL, Borowitz M, Bekedam H, Ma J.The hospital of the future in China: China's reform of public hospitals and trends from industrialized countries. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(3):367-78. [PubMed ID: 23612847]. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czt023.##[6]Broom A, Kenny K, Kirby E, Davis M, Dodds S, Post J, et al.The modern hospital executive, micro improvements, and the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Soc Sci Med. 2021;285:114298. [PubMed ID: 34390979]. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114298.##[7]Brouwers J, Cox B, Van Wilder A, Claessens F, Bruyneel L, De Ridder D, et al.The future of hospital quality of care policy: A multi-stakeholder discrete choice experiment in Flanders, Belgium. Health Policy. 2021;125(12):1565-73. [PubMed ID: 34689980]. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.10.008.##[8]Hanafizadeh P, Arabi SM, Hashemi A.[Robust Strategic Planning: Using Scenario Planning and Fuzzy Inference System]. Manag Res Iran. 2021;10(20):137-70.FA.##[9]Khan K, Kunz R, Kleijnen J, Antes G.Systematic reviews to support evidence-based medicine, 2nd edition. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 2011. doi: 10.1201/b13411.##[10]Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al.PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160. [PubMed ID: 33781993]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8005925]. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n160.##[11]Grbich C.Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. Australian J Adult Learn. 2010;50(1):193-207.##[12]Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N.Qualitative research in health care. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 2000;320(7227):114-6. [PubMed ID: 10625273]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC1117368]. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114.##[13]Savedoff WD, Smith AL.Achieving universal health coverage: learning from Chile, Japan, Malaysia and Sweden. Washington, DC: Results for Development Institute. 2011. Available from: https://www.r4d.org/wp-content/uploads/Transitions20in20Health20Financing20-20Achieving20Universal20Health20Coverage1.pdf.##[14]Kumar A, Dhanagopal R, Albreem MA, Le D.A comprehensive study on the role of advanced technologies in 5G based smart hospital. Alexandria Engin J. 2021;60(6):5527-36. doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.04.016.##[15]de Grey S.Designing the future hospital: an architect's perspective. Future Hosp J. 2015;2(1):15-8. [PubMed ID: 31098071]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6465867]. doi: 10.7861/futurehosp.2-1-15.##[16]Chu P, Pai P.A new great wall: commissioning a new hospital in China. Future Hosp J. 2015;2(1):28-33. [PubMed ID: 31098074]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6465881]. doi: 10.7861/futurehosp.2-1-28.##[17]Hanada E, Tsumoto S, Kobayashi S. A ”Ubiquitous Environment” through Wireless Voice/Data Communication and a Fully Computerized Hospital Information System in a University Hospital.In: Takeda H, editor. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer; 2010. p. 160-8.##[18]Dieser RB, Mobily K.Haun’s Ecological Ideology in Modern Day Healthcare Environments: Case Examples of Mayo Clinic and University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics/Stead Family Children’s Hospital. Therapeutic Recreation J. 2019;53(4):415-26. doi: 10.18666/trj-2019-v53-i4-9703.##[19]Guo XH, Tian XY, Pan YS, Yang XH, Wu SY, Wang W, et al.Managerial attitudes on the development of health promoting hospitals in Beijing. Health Promot Int. 2007;22(3):182-90. [PubMed ID: 17495993]. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dam010.##[20]Lee CB, Chen MS, Powell M, Chu CM.Achieving organizational change: findings from a case study of health promoting hospitals in Taiwan. Health Promot Int. 2014;29(2):296-305. [PubMed ID: 23035039]. doi: 10.1093/heapro/das056.##[21]Chias P, Abad T.Green hospitals, green healthcare. Int J Energy Product Manag. 2017;2(2):196-205. doi: 10.2495/eq-v2-n2-196-205.##[22]Whitelaw S, Graham N, Black D, Coburn J, Renwick L.Developing capacity and achieving sustainable implementation in healthy 'settings': insights from NHS Health Scotland's Health Promoting Health Service project. Health Promot Int. 2012;27(1):127-37. [PubMed ID: 21680598]. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dar038.##[23]Hanada E, Kudou T, Tsumoto S.Installation of secure, always available wireless LAN systems as a component of the hospital communication infrastructure. J Med Syst. 2013;37(3):9939. [PubMed ID: 23519703]. doi: 10.1007/s10916-013-9939-2.##[24]Phiri M.Health Building Note 00-01 General design guidance for healthcare buildings. UK Government. 2014. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/HBN_00-01-2.pdf.##[25]Lattanzio S, Stefanizzi P, D'Ambrosio M, Cuscianna E, Riformato G, Migliore G, et al.Waste Management and the Perspective of a Green Hospital-A Systematic Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23). [PubMed ID: 36497884]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC9738387]. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315812.##[26]Ramos MC, Ratliff C.The development and implementation of an integrated multidisciplinary clinical pathway. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 1997;24(2):66-71. [PubMed ID: 9204854]. doi: 10.1016/s1071-5754(97)90074-7.##[27]Nabors L, Liddle M.Perceptions of Hospitalization by Children with Chronic Illnesses and Siblings. J Child Fam Stud. 2017;26(6):1681-91. doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0688-6.##[28]Shirvani Shiri M, Emamgholipour Sefiddashti S, Daroudi R, Tatary M, Kazemi Z, Karami H.Hospitalization Expenses and Influencing Factors for Inpatients with Ischemic Heart Disease in Iran: A Retrospective Study. Health Scope. 2022;11(1). doi: 10.5812/jhealthscope.117711.##[29]Vatankhoh S, Chopani A, Aghdam ET, Tavakoli ME, Joudyian N, Nafar H.Investigating the Prolonged Discharge Process in Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Tehran, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study. Res Square. 2021;Preprint. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1038665/v1.##[30]Seyedin H, Moghimi M, Goharinezhad S, Azmal M, Kalhor R.The Hospital Cost Reduction Strategies from the Managers’ Point of View: A Qualitative Study in Iran. Health Scope. 2024;13(1). doi: 10.5812/healthscope-137620.##[31]Daemmrich A.The political economy of healthcare reform in China: negotiating public and private. Springerplus. 2013;2:448. [PubMed ID: 24052932]. 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1 Conversational Agents for Managing Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/163131 10.5812/healthscope-163131 1 Context :Chronic medical conditions (CMCs) are the major causes of universal morbidity and mortality. Conversational agents (CAs) are promising solutions for managing these conditions. Objectives :This study aimed to examine the clinical and technical insights of CAs in managing CMCs. Data Sources :We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, utilizing the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, IEEE databases, and the Google Scholar search engine to find articles published until June 17, 2025, with the keywords "Conversational agents" and "chronic diseases", along with their synonyms. Study Selection :The studies were assessed for quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) in its 2018 version. Data Extraction :We collected clinical and technical insights regarding CAs for the management of CMCs. Results :After reviewing 1035 articles, 22 ultimately met the inclusion criteria. The quality scores of the articles varied from 60 (moderate, n = 4, 18.2%) to 100 (high, n = 18, 81.8%) according to the MMAT. Among the studies, diabetes mellitus was the most commonly targeted condition, self-management was the most frequently applied approach, and usability was the most commonly measured outcome. Improvement of clinical outcomes (n = 11, 50%), usability (n = 12, 54.5%), and user satisfaction (n = 5, 22.7%) were the most frequent key findings of CAs. Most of the studies used the Android platform (n = 12, 54.5%), and English language (n = 14, 63.6%), and generating responses using artificial intelligence (AI; n = 14, 63.6%) was the most frequent technical insight. In most studies, the CAs took on the role of starting the conversation (n = 12, 54.5%), and most of the dialogues were text-based (n = 11, 50%). Various software (e.g., Python, RASA toolkit, Flutter, and React Native) were used to design CAs. The small sample size was the most frequent limitation in the reviewed studies (n = 6, 27.3%). Conclusions :This review highlights the potential of CAs to revolutionize chronic disease management by improving communication, enhancing patient engagement, and facilitating personalized care. However, it is important to acknowledge the significant heterogeneity between studies, which may affect the reliability of the findings. Despite these advancements, challenges such as privacy concerns, data security, and technological accessibility persist, necessitating the development of appropriate solutions. Future research and development should focus on addressing challenges and creating standard frameworks for maximizing the benefits of these technologies. 1 9 Somayyeh Zakerabasali Department of Health Information Management, Clinical Education Research Center, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran zakerabasi@gmail.com Parastoo Amiri Department of Health Information Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Iran parastu.amirii1@gmail.com Jahanpour Alipour Department of Health Information Management, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran jahanpour.alipour@gmail.com No Keyword 4.pdf [0]Hacker K.The Burden of Chronic Disease. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2024;8(1):112-9. [PubMed ID: 38304166]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10830426]. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2023.08.005.##[1]Voss S, Hoyer A, Landwehr S, Pavkov ME, Gregg E, Brinks R.Estimation of mortality rate ratios for chronic conditions with misclassification of disease status at death. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2024;24(1):2. [PubMed ID: 38172688]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10765798]. doi: 10.1186/s12874-023-02111-3.##[2]Hayavi-Haghighi MH, Alipour J.Applications, opportunities, and challenges in using Telehealth for burn injury management: A systematic review. Burns. 2023;49(6):1237-48. [PubMed ID: 37537108]. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.07.001.##[3]Mahumud RA, Sultana M, Kundu S, Rahman MA, Mistry SK, Kamara JK, et al.The burden of chronic diseases and patients' preference for healthcare services among adult patients suffering from chronic diseases in Bangladesh. Health Expect. 2022;25(6):3259-73. [PubMed ID: 36263949]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC9700186]. doi: 10.1111/hex.13634.##[4]Barrientos K, Arango JP, Moncada MS, Placido J, Patino J, Macias SL, et al.Carbon dot-based biosensors for the detection of communicable and non -communicable diseases. Talanta. 2023;251:123791. [PubMed ID: 35987023]. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123791.##[5]World Health Organization.Noncommunicable diseases. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases.##[6]Boscart V, Crutchlow LE, Sheiban Taucar L, Johnson K, Heyer M, Davey M, et al.Chronic disease management models in nursing homes: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2). e032316. [PubMed ID: 32029485]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7044889]. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032316.##[7]Erfannia L, Alipour J.How does cloud computing improve cancer information management? A systematic review. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2022;33. doi: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101095.##[8]Fallahi A, Valiee S, Chan SW.Needs of Women with Osteoporosis in Disease Self-Management: A Qualitative Study. Health Scope. 2019;8(2). doi: 10.5812/jhealthscope.57234.##[9]Mobasseri K, Matlabi H, Allahverdipour H, Pashazadeh F, Kousha A.Structure and Organization of Home-Based Care for Older Adults in Different Countries: A Scoping Review. Health Scope. 2023;12(3). doi: 10.5812/healthscope-136546.##[10]Shahraki-Mohammadi A, Aliabadi A, Karimi A.Clinical Application of Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Literature Review. Health Scope. 2025;14(2). doi: 10.5812/healthscope-158492.##[11]Zaroushani V, Khajehnasiri F.Application of Intelligent Technologies on Response to Covid-19 and Occupational Safety in Healthcare Workers. 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1 Causes of Medical Errors and Their Relative Importance: Systematic Review https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/162224 10.5812/healthscope-162224 1 Context :Recently, many health systems worldwide have renewed their interest in identifying the dimensions, causes, and contributing factors of medical errors (MEs), as well as strategies to reduce the associated risks. Objectives :The present study aimed to identify the underlying reasons for MEs and assess the relative importance of their occurrence. Data Sources :A comprehensive search was conducted in Iranian (SID) and international databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) to identify studies on MEs worldwide. The search included manuscripts published from 2000 to May 2025. Study Selection :The review included articles published in English and Persian, considering various document types such as original articles, book chapters, and clinical guidelines. Review articles, editorials, letters, commentaries, and conference abstracts were excluded. Only full-text studies were eligible for inclusion. Data Extraction :The study utilized the PRISMA 2020 statement for reporting systematic reviews and assessed the quality of the included research studies using the Joanna Briggs tool. The findings were qualitatively synthesized by organizing the identified causes of MEs into thematic categories. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to the heterogeneity of study designs and reported outcomes. Results :Of the 3339 publications screened, 42 were included for data extraction. The causes of MEs were categorized into eight groups: Patient, team, task, drug, equipment, organization, healthcare service provider, and work environment. Among the included studies, eight were conducted in Iran, with common causes related to healthcare providers, particularly insufficient knowledge and communication issues. In studies from other countries, knowledge deficits were more frequent in low-income settings, whereas interpersonal communication failures were prominent in high-income settings. Conclusions :The study highlights the diverse causes of MEs across different settings, emphasizing the need for targeted strategies to address specific issues related to healthcare providers, communication, and knowledge deficits. 1 11 Fatemeh Leyci Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran fatemehleyci@yahoo.com Faramarz Pourasghar Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran pourasgharf@tbzmed.ac.ir No Keyword 5.pdf [0]Raeissi P, Aryankhesal A, Shahidi Sadeghi N, Kalantari H.Root Cause Analysis (RCA) of Adverse Events in One of the Biggest Western Iranian General Hospitals: Short Communication. 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1 Healthcare Financing for the Elderly: A Comparative Study https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/162140 10.5812/healthscope-162140 1 Context :The increase in life expectancy has resulted in a growing elderly population, presenting numerous challenges, particularly in the healthcare sector. Accordingly, this study aimed to adapt a health financing model for the aging population in Iran based on the experiences of selected countries of the world. Evidence Acquisition :This comparative study was conducted in 2025 to examine elderly care policies across selected countries. Using keywords such as “elderly”, “financing”, “health system”, “health services”, and “management”, targeted searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. English-language studies published up to 2025 and comparable to Iran’s elderly care system were included. Using the PRISMA guideline and health financing-based tool, 39 studies from seven countries focusing on insurance-based models were analyzed. Results :This study examined the policies and programs of Germany, Japan, China, South Korea, France, Ghana, India, and Iran concerning elderly care. It was revealed that long-term care (LTC) is a significant component of the healthcare strategies in all these countries, implemented through various approaches. Moreover, health systems in the studied countries are mainly financed by a combination of public and private health insurance. Conclusions :This study showed that Iran should prioritize creating long-term care insurance (LTCI) to secure sustainable funding for elderly healthcare, while also enhancing public-private partnerships and ensuring fair access to quality care for older adults. 1 10 Mina Jahanpour Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran mina.jahanpoor93@gmail.com Ali Zackery Department of Industrial Engineering and Futures Studies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran a.zackery@ast.ui.ac.ir Hojjat Rahmani Department of Health Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran hojjatrahmani@yahoo.com Alireza Jabbari Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran drjabbaria2014@gmail.com No Keyword 6.pdf [0]Borhaninejad VR, NaghibzadehTahami A, Nabavi H, Rashedi V, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V.[The utilization of health services and its influences among elderly people in Kerman-2014]. 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Arch Rehabil. 2023;24(1):96-113.FA. doi: 10.32598/rj.24.1.3582.1.##[13]Ghasemyani S, Jafari M, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Fadayevatan R.Components of Elderly Long-term Care System in Iran and Selected Countries: A Comparative Study. Health Scope. 2021;10(3). doi: 10.5812/jhealthscope.109140.##[14]Amini R, Chee KH, Keya S, Ingman SR.Elder Care in Iran: A Case with a Unique Demographic Profile. J Aging Soc Policy. 2021;33(6):611-25. [PubMed ID: 31992153]. doi: 10.1080/08959420.2020.1722896.##[15]Mosadeghrad AM, Abbasi M, Abbasi M, Heidari M.[Sustainable Health Financing Methods in Developing Countries: A Scoping Review]. J Sch Public Health Institute Public Health Res. 2023;20(4):358-78.FA.##[16]Barouni M, Behzadi A, Fatahpour A.Strategic Purchasing Solutions in Line with Sustainable Financing of the Health System: A Scoping Review. 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1 The Association Between Non-medical Social Needs and the 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Population-based Study in Southeast of Iran https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/164264 10.5812/healthscope-164264 1 Background :Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading global cause of mortality, with social determinants of health (SDH) significantly influencing outcomes. Non-medical social needs remain understudied in CVD risk assessment, particularly in underserved populations. Objectives :This study examines the association between non-medical social needs and 10-year CVD risk among middle-aged adults in Zahedan, Iran. Methods :A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 with 315 participants (aged 30 - 59) attending educational clinics of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the World Health Organization (WHO) CVD Risk Prediction Chart and the WellRx Questionnaire (assessing social determinants). Logistic regression (Backward Model) analysis identified predictors of elevated CVD risk. Results :In the analysis, four non-medical social determinants independently predicted high 10-year CVD risk (≥ 20%): Trouble paying transportation costs [odds ratio (OR) = 4.54, 95% CI: 2.24 - 9.21, P < 0.001], reduction in food consumption (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.57 - 6.37, P = 0.001), unsustainable job (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.36 - 4.95, P = 0.004), and addiction (self or family member) (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.11 - 3.69, P = 0.022). Conclusions :Non-medical social needs strongly correlate with CVD risk in Zahedan. Targeted interventions — improving transportation, job security, reducing food insecurity, and expanding addiction support — could mitigate CVD burden. These findings advocate for integrating SDH into cardiovascular prevention strategies to advance health equity. 1 8 Narjes Sargolzaei Community Medicine Department, Medical School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran sargolzaeinarges@gmail.com Saeedeh Sarhadi Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran dr.sarhadi93@gmail.com Niloofar Zouripour Medical School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran niloufarzouripour@gmail.com Hashem Maleki Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran hashemmaleki13770707@gmail.com No Keyword 7.pdf [0]World Health Organization DJ.Global health estimates 2020: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2019. Who Geneva; 2020. 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1 Spatial Distribution Analysis of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (hrHPV) Infection Rates in Guizhou Province, 2023 - 2024: A Population-Based Study of 1.35 Million Individuals https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/163343 10.5812/healthscope-163343 1 Background :The present study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection prevalence among cervical cancer screening participants aged 35 - 64 in Guizhou province, providing evidence for optimizing cervical cancer screening and prevention strategies. Methods :A total of 1,355,148 cases from free cervical cancer screenings conducted between 2023 and 2024 were included. ArcGIS 10.2 was utilized to map the geographical distribution of hrHPV infection rates. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed, followed by space-time scan analysis using SatScan 9.1. Results :The hrHPV positivity rate was 13.10% (177,466/1,355,148). Spatial autocorrelation was observed in 2023 (Moran’s I = 0.334, P < 0.05), while no significant clustering was detected in 2024 (Moran’s I = 0.080, P > 0.05). The high-value-high-value aggregation area in 2023 included 2 counties under the jurisdiction of Qianxinan prefecture, 1 county under the jurisdiction of Qiandongnan prefecture, and 2 counties under the jurisdiction of Qiannan prefecture; the high-value-high-value aggregation area in 2024 included 2 counties under the jurisdiction of Qianxinan prefecture. Space-time scan analysis revealed three significant clusters (covering 29 counties) during 2023 - 2024: (1) A primary cluster in south-central Guizhou (11 counties, 2023); (2) a secondary cluster in central Guizhou (6 counties, 2024); and (3) a tertiary cluster in northeastern Guizhou (12 counties, 2023). Conclusions :During 2023 - 2024, the overall infection rate of hrHPV in Guizhou province exhibited an upward trend, with significant spatiotemporal clustering. Consequently, areas identified as potential clusters, particularly certain districts and counties within Qiandongnan autonomous prefecture, Qianxinan Buyei and Miao autonomous prefecture, and Qiannan Buyei and Miao autonomous prefecture, warrant heightened attention. These areas should adjust and optimize regional prevention and control strategies for cervical cancer screening programs based on the spatial distribution characteristics of the epidemic. 1 9 Lei He Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 1139325648@qq.com Xingjing Luo Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 1109631730@qq.com Fan Qi Guiyang Second People's Hospital, Guiyang, China China 18856569404@163.com Ying Chen Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 834016090@qq.com Sihan Liu Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 81294061@qq.com Fei Zhang Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 737248059@qq.com Bing Liu Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 100530666@qq.com Honghong Zhang Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 1210202996@qq.com Yan Ma Guizhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guizhou, China China 52927201@qq.com No Keyword 8.pdf [0]Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al.Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229-63. [PubMed ID: 38572751]. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834.##[1]Wang S, Yan H, Ren W, Zhao F, Qiao Y.Progress in cervical cancer prevention and control in China. Chin J Prevent Med. 2023;24(12):1366-70. doi: 10.16506/j.1009-6639.2023.12.017.##[2]El Masri J, Phadke S.Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Contemporary Breast Cancer Care: A Review of the Literature and Clinical Applications. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2022;65(3):461-81. [PubMed ID: 35703213]. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000721.##[3]IARC A.Review of Human Carcinogens. Part F. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. 2012;100(Pt B):1-441.##[4]Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos M, Bosch F, Kummer J, Shah KV, et al.Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathology. 1999;189(1):12-9. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::Aid-path431>3.0.Co;2-f.##[5]Hu S, Zhao X, Zhang Y.[Interpretation of "WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention]. National Medical J China. 2021;101(34):2653-7.ZH. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210719-01609.##[6]Zhao YX, Ma L, Ren WH, Song B, Wang LH, Di JL, et al.[Analysis of the reported data of National Cervical Cancer Screening Program in Rural Areas in China from 2009 to 2018]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2021;101:1863-8.ZH. [PubMed ID: 34192844]. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210111-00075.##[7]World Health Organization.WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention. 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030824.##[8]Division of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, China Healthy Birth Science Association, Gynecology Oncology Group, Chinese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese Medical Association; Professional Committee of Gynecologic Oncology, et al.Chinese guidelines for cervical cancer screening (I). J Multidisciplinary Cancer Manage. 2023;9(3):41-8. doi: 10.12151/JMCM.2023.03-08.##[9]YUAN F, LIU L, LIU X.[Application of spatial statistical analysis in AIDS research]. J Preventive Med Info. 2019;35(12):1450-4.ZH.##[10]Shi W, Ouyang Y, Liang J.[Cluster analysis of mercury poisoning in Hunan Province based on spatial autocorrelation and spatiotemporal scan statistics]. Chinese J Health Statistics. 2017;34(4):225-31.ZH.##[11]Shu T, Lan Z, Wu X.[Status and influencing factors of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women undergoing cervical cancer screening: based on a 450,000-population study in Chengdu]. Chinese General Practice. 2025;28(2):213-9.ZH.##[12]DOU Q, HUANG C, CAO X.Screening report on high-risk human papillomavirus infection, cervical cancer and precancerous lesions among women in Hainan Province (2019-2022). Chinese J Nosocomiol. 2025;34(8):1210-6.ZH.##[13]Liu K, Li XL, Shao ZJ.[Spatial epidemiology plays an important role in control and prevention of diseases]. Chinese J Epidemiol. 2018;39(9):1143-5.FA.##[14]Chen Z, Li Q, Huang Q, Liu H, Jiang H, Chen Z, et al.Characteristics of human papillomaviruses distribution in Guizhou Province, China. Virol J. 2019;16(1):123. [PubMed ID: 31665045]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6819633]. doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1239-0.##[15]Li H, Li P, Huang L, Sun L, Ren H, Li P.Prevalence characteristics of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the Zhoupu District, Shanghai City, China. Virol J. 2020;17(1):84. [PubMed ID: 32586352]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7318542]. doi: 10.1186/s12985-020-01352-8.##[16]Hu JP, Wang JL, Li Y, Feng Y, Tian CQ, Zhang GH, et al.Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among 66000 women from 2014 to 2023 in the plateau region of Southwest China. Virol J. 2024;21(1):176. [PubMed ID: 39107796]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC11305045]. doi: 10.1186/s12985-024-02447-2.##[17]National Bureau Statistics of China.Guizhou Statistical Yearbook. 2024. Available from: https://hgk.guizhou.gov.cn/publish/tj/2024/zk/indexch.htm.##[18]Zhou M, Zhang Q, Feng Y.[Disparities in health resource allocation and service utilization in ethnic minority areas of Guizhou Province]. Chinese Health Economics. 2019;38(6):45-8.FA.##[19]Zhang Aifeng HN, Yuling HU.Investigation on the subtype distribution, infection status and risk factors of HPV in women in Tongzhou, Beijing. 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1 Redesign of Pharmaceutical Pictograms for Enhanced Comprehensibility: A Participatory Multi-Step Approach https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/162783 10.5812/healthscope-162783 1 Background :Understanding and remembering medication instructions is challenging for many people, particularly older adults and those with low literacy. Since non-adherence to medication is both harmful and costly, pictorial instructions have been proposed as a solution. However, the optimal design features that best align with the mental schemas of prospective users remain under investigation. Objectives :The aim of this study was to optimize the design of pharmaceutical pictograms by focusing on the opinions of Iranian prospective users in the details of the plan. Methods :A cross-sectional study was designed in which an iterative, multi-step, participatory approach was applied. Eight poorly understandable pictograms for Iranian users were selected from the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with Farsi-speaking adults over 40 years old with low literacy, followed by draw-it sessions. Findings were scrutinized by four experts to form the base of the design. Final pictogram designs were approved through consensus after several panel meetings. Results :Data saturation was achieved with 22 participants. Through the draw-it sessions, participants created 34 images and provided feedback on how to improve the comprehensibility of the pharmaceutical instructions. These suggestions were reviewed during two expert meetings. Ultimately, eight culturally relevant pharmaceutical pictograms were developed for Iranian users. Conclusions :This study demonstrates the usability of human factors methods in the field of medication and pharmacy. The study anticipates that this approach will lead to improved medication adherence and patient safety. The redesigned pharmaceutical pictograms could serve as viable alternatives to their corresponding existing USPs. Future research should assess the comprehensibility and effectiveness of these pictograms in broader or different populations. 1 12 Yeganeh Jami Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran jamiyeganeh@gmail.com Bayram Nejati Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AjA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran bayram_nejati@ajaums.ac.ir Pegah Salimi Pormehr Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran pegah.salimi7394@gmail.com Davoud Khorasani Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Iran Sweden davoud.khorasani@sbmu.ac.ir Mahnaz Saremi Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Iran m.saremi@sbmu.ac.ir No Keyword 9.pdf [0]Cutler RL, Fernandez-Llimos F, Frommer M, Benrimoj C, Garcia-Cardenas V.Economic impact of medication non-adherence by disease groups: a systematic review. 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1 Association Between <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection and Preterm Labor in Iranian Women: A Case-Control Study https://brieflands.com/journals/healthscope/articles/164536 10.5812/healthscope-164536 1 Background :Recent studies suggest a possible link between Helicobacter pylori infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia, miscarriage, and preterm labor. Objectives :The present study aimed to investigate the association between H. pylori infection and preterm labor in pregnant women admitted to Ali Ibn Abi Talib Hospital in Zahedan. Methods :A case-control study was conducted among 120 pregnant women (60 with preterm labor and 60 with term deliveries) between 2020 and 2022. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires, and H. pylori infection was assessed via stool antigen testing. Results :The prevalence of H. pylori infection was similar in preterm (65.0%) and term (61.7%) delivery groups (P = 0.705). Stratified analyses suggested potential differences in infection rates among women with low education levels (P = 0.013) and poor financial status (P = 0.008); however, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to small subgroup sizes. Multivariate logistic regression indicated maternal education level as an independent factor associated with preterm labor (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.10 - 0.60, P = 0.001). Conclusions :Although no overall significant difference was found in H. pylori infection prevalence between preterm and term deliveries, subgroup analyses suggest that sociodemographic factors, such as low education and poor financial status, may increase the risk of preterm labor associated with H. pylori infection. 1 5 Ashraf Moradi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran mradyashrf550@gmail.com Shahla Pouya Moghaddam Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran pouyamoghaddam80@gmail.com Maryam Razavi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran Iran dr.razavi351@gmail.com No Keyword 10.pdf [0]Etil T, Opio B, Odur B, Lwanga C, Atuhaire L.Risk factors associated with preterm birth among mothers delivered at Lira Regional Referral Hospital. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2023;23(1):814.##[1]Huang J, Liu Y, Xu D, Chen M, Xie Q, Chen J, et al.Causal associations between Helicobacter pylori infection and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1343499. [PubMed ID: 38558850]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10979540]. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1343499.##[2]Shabana AA, Amin EA, Ibrahim MF, Anter ME, Omar TA.Correlation of maternal Helicobacter pylori infection during pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Menoufia Med J. 2022;35(4):1955-63. doi: 10.4103/mmj.mmj_320_22.##[3]Galan R, Pembrey L, Bustamante M, Aguilar R, Mason D, Vidal M, et al.The association of Helicobacter pylori with adverse pregnancy outcomes in three European birth cohorts. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):745. [PubMed ID: 39533217]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC11558891]. doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06901-5.##[4]Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou M, Kazakos E, Orovou E, Andronikidi PE, Kyrailidi F, Mouratidou MC, et al.The Role of Helicobacter pylori and Metabolic Syndrome-Related Mast Cell Activation Pathologies and Their Potential Impact on Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes. J Clin Med. 2024;13(8):2360. [PubMed ID: 38673633]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC11050948]. doi: 10.3390/jcm13082360.##[5]Mohamed WEA, Abo Elwan Y, Nosser WS, El-Behedy EM.Helicobacter Pylori Infection among Pregnant Women with Different Obstetric Problems. Zagazig Univ Med J. 2024;30(1.6):2962-71.##[6]Moosazadeh M, Lankarani KB, Afshari M.Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection among Children and Adults of Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7(1):48. [PubMed ID: 27076886]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4809131]. doi: 10.4103/2008-7802.177893.##[7]Tang Y, Yang Y, Lv Z.Adverse pregnancy outcomes andHelicobacter pyloriinfection: A meta‐analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(10). e14588. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.14588.##[8]Kohnepoushi P, Mansouri R, Moghaddam AB, Soheili M, Kohan HG, Moradi Y.The association between the Helicobacter pylori infection and the occurrence of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Popul Nutr. 2024;43(1):136. [PubMed ID: 39217374]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC11366142]. doi: 10.1186/s41043-024-00630-3.##