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1 Pregnancy-associated Breast Cancer: A Review of Imaging Modalities https://brieflands.com/journals/ijcm/articles/65444 10.5812/ijcm.65444 1 Context :The most common cancer and cause of cancer-related death in pregnant and breastfeeding patients is breast cancer. In the world, the incidence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer (P.A.B.C) is increasing, which is due to the fact that women delay their pregnancy up to the middle ages. According to the definition of P.A.B.C, a pregnancy-associated breast cancer is a case of breast cancer that occurs during pregnancy or up to 1 year after delivery. The aim of this paper is to review the clinical findings and novel imaging methods and findings, which help to diagnose pregnancy-associated breast cancer early. Evidence Acquisition :We reviewed the papers with subjects of PABC and imaging modalities in PABC by searching the medical and health databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as clinical trials. Results :The most frequent manifestation is a painless mass sensation. The most prevalent pathology of PABC is high-grade ductal carcinoma. The first diagnostic tool and most sensitive modality of imaging in this disease is ultrasound. Mammography during pregnancy and lactation is a safe method, which performs in symptomatic patients or in patients with positive ultrasound findings. MRI is not recommended during pregnancy, but it is completely harmless in breastfeeding patients and it is usually used as the complementary modality. Conclusions :Timely diagnosis of PABC requires complete knowledge of clinical symptoms and accurate interpreting of the images in different diagnostic modalities including mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. It should be noted that delay in diagnosis of PABC is the most common cause of low survival rate and bad prognosis. 1 6 Maryam Jafari Breast Diseases Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran maryjafarimd@gmail.com Masoumeh Gity Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran p_gity@yahoo.com Asiie Olfatbakhsh Breast Diseases Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran folfatbakhsh@yahoo.com Kiara Rezaei-Kalantari Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran rkkiara@gmail.com Esmat Alsadat Hashemi Breast Diseases Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran No Keyword 1.pdf [0]Movahedi M, Haghighat S, Khayamzadeh M, Moradi A, Ghanbari-Motlagh A, Mirzaei H, et al.Survival rate of breast cancer based on geographical variation in iran, a national study. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(12):798-804. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.3631. [PubMed: 23483369]. [PubMed Central: PMC3587870].##[1]Gemignani ML, Petrek JA.Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment. Breast J. 2000;6(1):68-73. [PubMed: 11348338].##[2]Hogge JP, De Paredes ES, Magnant CM, Lage J.Imaging and Management of Breast Masses During Pregnancy and Lactation. Breast J. 1999;5(4):272-83. [PubMed: 11348301].##[3]Ahn BY, Kim HH, Moon WK, Pisano ED, Kim HS, Cha ES, et al.Pregnancy- and lactation-associated breast cancer: mammographic and sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 2003;22(5):491-7. quiz 498-9. [PubMed: 12751860].##[4]Wallack MK, Wolf JJ, Bedwinek J, Denes AE, Glasgow G, Kumar B, et al.Gestational carcinoma of the female breast. Curr Probl Cancer. 1983;7(9):1-58. [PubMed: 6303698].##[5]Crosby CH, Barclay TH.Carcinoma of the breast: surgical management of patients with special conditions. Cancer. 1971;28(6):1628-36. [PubMed: 5127810].##[6]Barnes DM, Newman LA.Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a literature review. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87(2):417-30. x. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2007.01.008. [PubMed: 17498535].##[7]Amant F, Deckers S, Van Calsteren K, Loibl S, Halaska M, Brepoels L, et al.Breast cancer in pregnancy: recommendations of an international consensus meeting. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(18):3158-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.010. [PubMed: 20932740].##[8]Robbins J, Jeffries D, Roubidoux M, Helvie M.Accuracy of diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasound during pregnancy and lactation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(3):716-22. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.3662. [PubMed: 21343518].##[9]Liberman L, Giess CS, Dershaw DD, Deutch BM, Petrek JA.Imaging of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Radiology. 1994;191(1):245-8. doi: 10.1148/radiology.191.1.8134581. [PubMed: 8134581].##[10]Yang WT, Dryden MJ, Gwyn K, Whitman GJ, Theriault R.Imaging of breast cancer diagnosed and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy. Radiology. 2006;239(1):52-60. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2391050083. [PubMed: 16484353].##[11]Saber A, Dardik H, Ibrahim IM, Wolodiger F.The milk rejection sign: a natural tumor marker. Am Surg. 1996;62(12):998-9. [PubMed: 8955234].##[12]Goldsmith HS.Milk-rejection sign of breast cancer. Am J Surg. 1974;127(3):280-1. [PubMed: 4359859].##[13]Middleton LP, Amin M, Gwyn K, Theriault R, Sahin A.Breast carcinoma in pregnant women: assessment of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features. Cancer. 2003;98(5):1055-60. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11614. [PubMed: 12942575].##[14]Gwyn K, Theriault R.Breast cancer during pregnancy. Oncology. 2001;15(1):39-45.##[15]Navrozoglou I, Vrekoussis T, Kontostolis E, Dousias V, Zervoudis S, Stathopoulos EN, et al.Breast cancer during pregnancy: a mini-review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008;34(8):837-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2008.01.029. [PubMed: 18343083].##[16]Treves N, Holleb AI.A report of 549 cases of breast cancer in women 35 years of age or younger. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1958;107(3):271-83. [PubMed: 13580771].##[17]Woo JC, Yu T, Hurd TC.Breast cancer in pregnancy: a literature review. Arch Surg. 2003;138(1):91-8. discussion 99. [PubMed: 12511159].##[18]Espinosa LA, Daniel BL, Vidarsson L, Zakhour M, Ikeda DM, Herfkens RJ.The lactating breast: contrast-enhanced MR imaging of normal tissue and cancer. Radiology. 2005;237(2):429-36. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2372040837. [PubMed: 16244250].##[19]Sechopoulos I, Suryanarayanan S, Vedantham S, D'Orsi CJ, Karellas A.Radiation dose to organs and tissues from mammography: Monte Carlo and phantom study. Radiology. 2008;246(2):434-43. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2462070256. [PubMed: 18056857]. [PubMed Central: PMC2430752].##[20]American College of Radiology.ACR practice guideline for imaging pregnant or potentially pregnant adolescents and women with ionizing radiation. 2015.##[21]Beadle BM, Woodward WA, Middleton LP, Tereffe W, Strom EA, Litton JK, et al.The impact of pregnancy on breast cancer outcomes in women<or=35 years. Cancer. 2009;115(6):1174-84. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24165. [PubMed: 19204903]. [PubMed Central: PMC3063387].##[22]Vashi R, Hooley R, Butler R, Geisel J, Philpotts L.Breast imaging of the pregnant and lactating patient: imaging modalities and pregnancy-associated breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(2):321-8. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9814. [PubMed: 23345353].##[23]Sabate JM, Clotet M, Torrubia S, Gomez A, Guerrero R, de las Heras P, et al.Radiologic evaluation of breast disorders related to pregnancy and lactation. Radiographics. 2007;27 Suppl 1:S101-24. doi: 10.1148/rg.27si075505. [PubMed: 18180221].##[24]Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Members of Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital R.The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol. 2005;15(6):1234-40. doi: 10.1007/s00330-004-2583-y. [PubMed: 15609057].##[25]American College of Radiology.ACR manual on contrast media. 20‏12. Available from: www.acr.org/~/media/ACRDocuments/PDF/QualitySafety/Resources/Contrast%20Manual/FullManual.pdf.##[26]Patenaude Y, Pugash D, Lim K, Morin L, Diagnostic Imaging C, Lim K, et al.The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the obstetric patient. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(4):349-63. [PubMed: 24798674].##[27]Talele AC, Slanetz PJ, Edmister WB, Yeh ED, Kopans DB.The lactating breast: MRI findings and literature review. Breast J. 2003;9(3):237-40. [PubMed: 12752635].##[28]Nettleton J, Long J, Kuban D, Wu R, Shaefffer J, El-Mahdi A.Breast cancer during pregnancy: quantifying the risk of treatment delay. 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1 Studying the Relation between Mental Adjustment to Cancer and Health-Related Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients https://brieflands.com/journals/ijcm/articles/8407 10.5812/ijcm.8407 1 Background :Health-related quality of life in cancer patients has been interested to researchers in the domain of health in recent decades. Mental adjustment to cancer is a concept known as an important indicator of life quality, well-being and health of cancer patients. The aim of this paper is to examine the relation between mental adjustment to cancer and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among some women with breast cancer. Methods :100 patients were non-randomly selected from hospitals and oncology clinics in Kermanshah and Shiraz cities, Iran. These patients completed the functional assessment of cancer treatment-breast (FACT-B) in order to measure HRQoL and mini-mental adjustment to cancer questionnaire (Mini-MAC). Data were analyzed by using correlation and regression. Results :The results show that helplessness/hopelessness (58%), fighting spirit (40%), fatalism (33%) and preoccupation anxiety (18%) explain the variance of HRQoL. Conclusions :According to the findings, there is no relation between cognitive avoidance styles and HRQoL, and it can be concluded that coping styles helplessness/hopelessness and fighting spirit are the best predictors of HRQoL in patients with breast cancer. Consequently, the evaluation of the coping styles and emergency interventions in order to enhance coping with illness in cancer patients, decrease the sense of helplessness/hopelessness and anxiety are recommended, which in turn are accompanied by increasing HRQoL. 1 6 Mozhgan Patoo PhD Student in Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran m.ptoo@yahoo.com Abbas Ali Allahyari Assistant Professor of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Ali Reza Moradi Professor of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Mehrdad Payandeh Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah, IR Iran IR Iran md.payandeh@yahoo.com Leila Hassani School Counselor at Fars Education Organization, Shiraz, IR Iran IR Iran hassanileila@hotmail.com No Keyword 2.pdf [0]Ferrans CE.Definitions and conceptual models of quality of life. In: Lipscomb J, Gotay CC, Snyder C, editors. Outcomes assessment in cancer. England: Cambridge University; 2005. p. 14-30.##[1]Jacobsen PB, Jim HS.Consideration of quality of life in cancer survivorship research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(10):2035-41. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0563. [PubMed: 21980011].##[2]Watson M, Greer S, Young J, Inayat Q, Burgess C, Robertson B.Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to cancer: the MAC scale. Psychol Med. 1988;18(1):203-9. [PubMed: 3363039].##[3]Watson M, Greer S.Personality and coping. In: Holland JC, editor. Psycho-oncology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988.##[4]Ferrero J, Barreto MP, Toledo M.Mental adjustment to cancer and quality of life in breast cancer patients: An exploratory study. Psycho-Oncol. 1994;3(3):223-32. doi: 10.1002/pon.2960030309.##[5]Wagner MK, Armstrong D, Laughlin JE.Cognitive determinants of quality of life after onset of cancer. Psychol Rep. 1995;77(1):147-54. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1995.77.1.147. [PubMed: 7501754].##[6]Greer S, Moorey S, Watson M.Patients' adjustment to cancer: the Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) scale vs clinical ratings. J Psychosom Res. 1989;33(3):373-7. [PubMed: 2795510].##[7]Ho SM, Fung WK, Chan CL, Watson M, Tsui YK.Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MINI-MAC) scale. Psycho-Oncology. 2003;12(6):547-56. doi: 10.1002/pon.672. [PubMed: 12923795].##[8]Kang JI, Chung HC, Kim SJ, Choi HJ, Ahn JB, Jeung HC, et al.Standardization of the Korean version of Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (K-Mini-MAC) scale: factor structure, reliability and validity. Psycho-Oncology. 2008;17(6):592-7. doi: 10.1002/pon.1277. [PubMed: 17957732].##[9]Watson M, Law MG, Santos MD, Greer S, Baruch J, Bliss J.The Mini-MAC: further development of the mental adjustment to cancer scale. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology. 1994;12(3):33-46.##[10]Bredal IS.The Norwegian version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale: factor structure and psychometric properties. Psycho-Oncology. 2010;19(2):216-21. doi: 10.1002/pon.1564. [PubMed: 19378351].##[11]Hulbert-Williams NJ, Hulbert-Williams L, Morrison V, Neal RD, Wilkinson C.The mini-mental adjustment to cancer scale: re-analysis of its psychometric properties in a sample of 160 mixed cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology. 2012;21(7):792-7. doi: 10.1002/pon.1994. [PubMed: 21656607].##[12]Wang WT, Tu PC, Liu TJ, Yeh DC, Hsu WY.Mental adjustment at different phases in breast cancer trajectory: re-examination of factor structure of the Mini-MAC and its correlation with distress. Psycho-Oncology. 2013;22(4):768-74. doi: 10.1002/pon.3065. [PubMed: 22419539].##[13]Burgess C, Morris T, Pettingale KW.Psychological response to cancer diagnosis--II. Evidence for coping styles (coping styles and cancer diagnosis). J Psychosom Res. 1988;32(3):263-72. [PubMed: 3184015].##[14]Friedman LC, Baer PE, Lewy A, Lane M, Smith FE.Predictors of psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer. J Psychosoc Oncol. 1989;6(1-2):75-94.##[15]Watson M, Greer S, Rowden L, Gorman C, Robertson B, Bliss JM, et al.Relationships between emotional control, adjustment to cancer and depression and anxiety in breast cancer patients. Psychol Med. 1991;21(1):51-7. [PubMed: 2047505].##[16]Costa-Requena G, Arnal RB, Gil F.The influence of coping response and health-related quality of life on perceived social support during cancer treatment. Palliative Support Care. 2015;13(3):683-9.##[17]Johansson M, Ryden A, Finizia C.Mental adjustment to cancer and its relation to anxiety, depression, HRQL and survival in patients with laryngeal cancer-A longitudinal study. Bmc Cancer. 2011;11(1):283.##[18]Lampic C, Wennberg A, Schill JE, Glimelius B, Brodin O, Sjoden PO.Coping, psychosocial well-being and anxiety in cancer patients at follow-up visits. Acta Oncol. 1994;33(8):887-94. [PubMed: 7818920].##[19]Schou I, Ekeberg O, Ruland CM.The mediating role of appraisal and coping in the relationship between optimism-pessimism and quality of life. Psycho-Oncology. 2005;14(9):718-27. doi: 10.1002/pon.896. [PubMed: 15669084].##[20]Whitford HS, Olver IN, Peterson MJ.Spirituality as a core domain in the assessment of quality of life in oncology. Psycho-Oncology. 2008;17(11):1121-8. doi: 10.1002/pon.1322. [PubMed: 18322902].##[21]Anagnostopoulos F, Slater J, Fitzsimmons D.Intrusive thoughts and psychological adjustment to breast cancer: exploring the moderating and mediating role of global meaning and emotional expressivity. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2010;17(2):137-49. doi: 10.1007/s10880-010-9191-6. [PubMed: 20376541].##[22]Anagnostopoulos F, Kolokotroni P, Spanea E, Chryssochoou M.The Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale: construct validation with a Greek sample of breast cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology. 2006;15(1):79-89. doi: 10.1002/pon.924. [PubMed: 15880660].##[23]Rottmann N, Dalton SO, Christensen J, Frederiksen K, Johansen C.Self-efficacy, adjustment style and well-being in breast cancer patients: a longitudinal study. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(6):827-36. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9653-1. [PubMed: 20401551].##[24]Patoo M, Allahyari AA, Moradi AR, Payandeh M.Iranian Version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2015;33(6):675-85. doi: 10.1080/07347332.2015.1082169. [PubMed: 26600241].##[25]Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, Sarafian B, Linn E, Bonomi A, et al.The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. 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1 Explaining the Meaning of Cancer Stigma from the Point of View of Iranian Stakeholders: A Qualitative Study https://brieflands.com/journals/ijcm/articles/61165 10.5812/ijcm.61165 1 Background :Chronic diseases such as cancer are associated with many psychosocial issues that affect the various aspects of the health of individuals and families. Stigma is one of the problems in cancer that has devastating outcomes. Objectives :The aim of this study is to explain the meaning of stigma and its effect on patients with cancer from the point of view of Iranian stakeholders. Methods :This qualitative study was carried out with the participation of 14 people including individuals with cancer, their families, and cancer therapeutic team members by purposive sampling method and semi - structured interviews at Shohada Tajrish, and Imam Hossein (AS) Hospitals, Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan, from February to April 2017. The number of interviews was determined by data saturation. A conventional content analysis method was used. To ensure the accuracy of the qualitative data, the Lincoln and Guba criteria were considered. Results :From the data analysis, 4 main themes were obtained: (1) cancer as a terrible and pitiful disease, (2) communication breakdown, (3) concealing the disease, (4) identity crisis. Conclusions :Stigma in cancer is the negative beliefs, superstitions, and cultural stereotypes that result from unawareness. The consequences of stigma influence the patients and their families; more broadly, it leads to the failure of screening and early detection programs, which requires careful attention from policymakers and healthcare providers. 1 8 Fatemeh Hasan Shiri Student Research Committee, School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran hasanshiri7@gmail.com Jamileh Mohtashami Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran j_mohtashami@sbmu.ac.ir Houman Manoochehri Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran dr.houmanmanoochehri@gmail.com Camelia Rohani Community Health Department, School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran cameliarohani@ki.se No Keyword 3.pdf [0]Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T, et al.Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. 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BMC Cancer. 2014;14:285. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-285. [PubMed: 24758482]. [PubMed Central: PMC4021096].##[6]Akbari ME.Cancer and Emotion; the Scope of Psycho‐Socio‐Oncology. Iran J Canc Prev. 2010;3(2).##[7]Soroush M, Hejazi E, Shoakazemi M, Gheranpayeh L.[Body Image Psychological Characteristics and Hope in Women with Breast Cancer]. Iran Q J Breast Dis. 2015;7(4):52-63. Persian.##[8]Parsa P, Kandiah M, Abdul Rahman H, Zulkefli NM.Barriers for breast cancer screening among Asian women: a mini literature review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2006;7(4):509-14. [PubMed: 17250418].##[9]Wagstaff A.Stigma: breaking the vicious circle. Cancer World; 2013, [cited July-August]. Available from: http://www.cancerworld.org/Articles/Issues/55/July-August-2013/.##[10]Jarrett LA. Health-related Stigma in Advanced Lung Cancer. Vanderbilt University; 2015.##[11]Heijnders M, Van Der Meij S.The fight against stigma: an overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):353-63. doi: 10.1080/13548500600595327. [PubMed: 17130071].##[12]Meacham EG. Exploring Stigma as a Barrier to Cancer Service Engagement: Illness Narratives of Breast Cancer Survivors in Kampala, Uganda. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing: University of Washington; 2015.##[13]Holland JC, Kelly BJ, Weinberger MI.Why psychosocial care is difficult to integrate into routine cancer care: stigma is the elephant in the room. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010;8(4):362-6. [PubMed: 20410331].##[14]Graneheim UH, Lundman B.Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001. [PubMed: 14769454].##[15]Polit DF, Beck CT.Designing and conducting quantitative studies to generate evidence for nursing. Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. 226 p.##[16]Karbani G, Lim JN, Hewison J, Atkin K, Horgan K, Lansdown M, et al.Culture, attitude and knowledge about breast cancer and preventive measures: a qualitative study of South Asian breast cancer patients in the UK. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(6):1619-26. [PubMed: 22126509].##[17]Wilson K, Luker KA.At home in hospital? Interaction and stigma in people affected by cancer. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(7):1616-27. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.053. [PubMed: 16198466].##[18]Waljee JF, Ubel PA, Atisha DM, Hu ES, Alderman AK.The choice for breast cancer surgery: can women accurately predict postoperative quality of life and disease-related stigma? Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(9):2477-82. doi: 10.1245/s10434-011-1582-x. [PubMed: 21347791].##[19]Else-Quest NM, LoConte NK, Schiller JH, Hyde JS.Perceived stigma, self-blame, and adjustment among lung, breast and prostate cancer patients. 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1 Effect of Colonoscopy on Prostate-Specific Antigen; New Words about an Old Subject https://brieflands.com/journals/ijcm/articles/68919 10.5812/ijcm.68919 1 Background :The increasing in prostate specific antigen (PSA) level not only causes concern for the patiens, but also leads to unnecessary investigation of these patients. The age of these patients is generaly high and may require colonoscopy for various reasons. The results of a few recent studies on the effect of colonoscopy on PSA level were controversial. Objectives :Therefore, we decided to study the effect of colonoscopy on PSA level in Iran and compare these results with the results of previous study in other countries. This was the first study in Iran to report such finding. Methods :Forthy-two patients between 40 to 70 years included in a prospective study, before and after study in Imam Reza hospital in Tehran, Iran from 2016 to 2017. Colonoscopy was performed in all of patients and the PSA level was measured before and 72 hours after colonoscopy. The result was analyzed with paired t test and ANOVAs test and the level of significant was 0.05. Results :The mean of total PSA before colonoscopy was 1.87 ng/mL with standard deviation (SD) 1.04 ng/mL and total PSA after colonoscopy was 2.02 ng/mL with standard deviation 1.13 ng/mL that was statistically significant (P = 0.01). Conclusions :According to the finding of the present research, colonoscopy increases the PSA level. Another finding of the present study was that these changes are particularly significant in older than 50 years. In patients with high levels of PSA, before performing any other diagnostic procedure, it is necessary to question for a colonoscopy before measuring PSA. If this is done, the PSA should be repeated for 7 to 14 days after colonoscopy. 1 5 Soheila Sirousbakht Trauma Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Bijan Rezakhaniha Department of Urology, Imam Reza Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran reza.bijan@yahoo.com No Keyword 4.pdf [0]Costa P, Ben Naoum K, Boukaram M, Wagner L, Louis JF.[Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): prevalence in general practice and practical approach of French general practitioners. Results of a study based on 17,953 patients]. Prog Urol. 2004;14(1):33-9. French. [PubMed: 15098749].##[1]Verhamme KM, Dieleman JP, Bleumink GS, van der Lei J, Sturkenboom MC, Artibani W, et al.Incidence and prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in primary care--the Triumph project. Eur Urol. 2002;42(4):323-8. [PubMed: 12361895].##[2]Rezakhaniha B, Siroosbakht S.Differential survey of observation during cystoscopy in patients with first diagnosis of BPH, from 2005 to 2007 at military hospital 501 in Tehran, Iran. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev. 2014;2(6):155-61.##[3]Tsang KK, Garraway WM.Prostatism and the burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia on elderly men. Age Ageing. 1994;23(5):360-4. [PubMed: 7529959].##[4]Rezakhaniha B, Arianpour N, Siroosbakhat S.Efficacy of desmopressin in treatment of nocturia in elderly men. J Res Med Sci. 2011;16(4):516-23. [PubMed: 22091268]. [PubMed Central: PMC3214357].##[5]Lepor H.Evaluating men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rev Urol. 2004;6 Suppl 1:S8-S15. [PubMed: 16985855]. [PubMed Central: PMC1472850].##[6]McVary KT.Clinical evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rev Urol. 2003;5 Suppl 5:S3-S11. [PubMed: 16985968]. [PubMed Central: PMC1502362].##[7]Emberton M, Cornel EB, Bassi PF, Fourcade RO, Gomez JM, Castro R.Benign prostatic hyperplasia as a progressive disease: a guide to the risk factors and options for medical management. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(7):1076-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01785.x. [PubMed: 18479366]. [PubMed Central: PMC2440415].##[8]Nickel JC, Elhilali M, Vallancien G; Alf-One Study Group.Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis: prevalence of painful ejaculation in men with clinical BPH. BJU Int. 2005;95(4):571-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05341.x. [PubMed: 15705082].##[9]Neal DE Jr, Clejan S, Sarma D, Moon TD.Prostate specific antigen and prostatitis. I. Effect of prostatitis on serum PSA in the human and nonhuman primate. Prostate. 1992;20(2):105-11. [PubMed: 1372426].##[10]Rezakhaniha B, Arianpour N, Sirousbakht S.Effect of cystoscopy on prostate-specific antigen, new words about old subject. IJCP. 2010;3(4):193-8.##[11]Oesterling JE, Rice DC, Glenski WJ, Bergstralh EJ.Effect of cystoscopy, prostate biopsy, and transurethral resection of prostate on serum prostate-specific antigen concentration. Urology. 1993;42(3):276-82. [PubMed: 7691013].##[12]Klomp ML, Hendrikx AJ, Keyzer JJ.The effect of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) including digital rectal examination (DRE) of the prostate on the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Br J Urol. 1994;73(1):71-4. [PubMed: 7507784].##[13]Breul J, Binder K, Block T, Hartung R.Effect of digital rectal examination on serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen. Eur Urol. 1992;21(3):195-9. [PubMed: 1379926].##[14]Barbatzas C, Dellis A, Grivas I, Trakas N, Ekonomou A, Kostakopoulos A.Colonoscopy effects on serum prostate specific antigen levels. Int Urol Nephrol. 2004;36(2):203-6. [PubMed: 15368693].##[15]Cetinkaya ZA, Sezikli M, Guzelbulut F, Sezikli H, Ozcaglayan A, Sengor F, et al.Serum levels of prostate specific antigen are elevated after colonoscopy. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;222(3):183-6. [PubMed: 21041992].##[16]Schwartz BF, Faught J, Jezior JR.The effect of colonoscopy on serum prostate specific antigen levels. BJU Int. 1999;84(3):302-4. [PubMed: 10468726].##[17]Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A.Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(1):7-30. doi: 10.3322/caac.21442. [PubMed: 29313949].##

1 MiR-206 Target Prediction in Breast Cancer Subtypes by Bioinformatics Tools https://brieflands.com/journals/ijcm/articles/69554 10.5812/ijcm.69554 1 Background :MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs with fundamental roles in the regulation of protein expression that is involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers including breast cancer. Among them is miR-206, whose role as a tumor suppressor gene has been demonstrated in breast cancer. Consequently, the identification of its putative target in breast cancer is of practical value. Methods :In the present study, we have suggested a new approach for the identification of miR-206 target genes with possible role in breast cancer pathogenesis. We used 15 online tools for the prediction of miR-206 target genes as well as gene expression data produced by DNA microarray technology. Results :By combining these two sets of data, we suggested a list of miR-206 target genes with possible involvement in breast cancer. In addition, we depicted an interaction network including miR-206 and its putative targets. Conclusions :Considering the complexity of miR-206 interactions with several targets, such in silico analyses would considerably lessen the work load of laboratory experiments. 1 9 Mahnaz Seifi-Alan Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran m_seifi2012@yahoo.com Roshanak Shamsi Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran shams.rosha.86@gmail.com Ali Behmanesh Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran ali.behmanesh@yahoo.com Reza Mirfakhraie Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran reza_mirfakhraie@yahoo.com Mir Davood Omrani Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran davood_omrani@yahoo.co.uk Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran s.ghafourifard@sbmu.ac.ir No Keyword 5.pdf [0]Ghafouri-Fard S, Shamsi R, Seifi-Alan M, Javaheri M, Tabarestani S.Cancer-testis genes as candidates for immunotherapy in breast cancer. Immunotherapy. 2014;6(2):165-79. doi: 10.2217/imt.13.165. [PubMed: 24491090].##[1]Dianatpour M, Mehdipour P, Nayernia K, Mobasheri MB, Ghafouri-Fard S, Savad S, et al.Expression of Testis Specific Genes TSGA10, TEX101 and ODF3 in Breast Cancer. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(11):722-6. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.3611. [PubMed: 23396665]. [PubMed Central: PMC3560543].##[2]Iranpour M, Soudyab M, Geranpayeh L, Mirfakhraie R, Azargashb E, Movafagh A, et al.Expression analysis of four long noncoding RNAs in breast cancer. Tumour Biol. 2016;37(3):2933-40. doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-4135-2. [PubMed: 26409453].##[3]Kazemi-Oula G, Ghafouri-Fard S, Mobasheri MB, Geranpayeh L, Modarressi MH.Upregulation of RHOXF2 and ODF4 Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues. Cell J. 2015;17(3):471-7. [PubMed: 26464818]. [PubMed Central: PMC4601867].##[4]Sarrafzadeh S, Geranpayeh L, Tasharrofi B, Soudyab M, Nikpayam E, Iranpour M, et al.Expression Study and Clinical Correlations of MYC and CCAT2 in Breast Cancer Patients. Iran Biomed J. 2017;21(5):303-11. [PubMed: 28480695]. [PubMed Central: PMC5548962].##[5]Tasharrofi B, Soudyab M, Nikpayam E, Iranpour M, Mirfakhraie R, Sarrafzadeh S, et al.Comparative expression analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha and its natural occurring antisense in breast cancer tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. Cell Biochem Funct. 2016;34(8):572-8. doi: 10.1002/cbf.3230. [PubMed: 27862063].##[6]Soudyab M, Iranpour M, Ghafouri-Fard S.The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer. Arch Iran Med. 2016;19(7):508-17. [PubMed: 27362246].##[7]Taherian-Esfahani Z, Abedin-Do A, Nouri Z, Mirfakhraie R, Ghafouri-Fard S, Motevaseli E.Lactobacilli Differentially Modulate mTOR and Wnt/ beta-Catenin Pathways in Different Cancer Cell Lines. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2016;9(3). e5369. doi: 10.17795/ijcp-5369. [PubMed: 27703648]. [PubMed Central: PMC5038836].##[8]Esfandiary A, Taherian-Esfahani Z, Abedin-Do A, Mirfakhraie R, Shirzad M, Ghafouri-Fard S, et al.Lactobacilli Modulate Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 Regulatory Pathway in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line. Cell J. 2016;18(2):237-44. [PubMed: 27540529]. [PubMed Central: PMC4988423].##[9]Fu Y, Shao ZM, He QZ, Jiang BQ, Wu Y, Zhuang ZG.Hsa-miR-206 represses the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells by targeting Cx43. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(11):2091-104. [PubMed: 26125274].##[10]Zhou J, Tian Y, Li J, Lu B, Sun M, Zou Y, et al.miR-206 is down-regulated in breast cancer and inhibits cell proliferation through the up-regulation of cyclinD2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;433(2):207-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.084. [PubMed: 23466356].##[11]Muniategui A, Pey J, Planes FJ, Rubio A.Joint analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression data. Brief Bioinform. 2013;14(3):263-78. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbs028. 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1 Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ziziphus Jujube in Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Lines (C643) https://brieflands.com/journals/ijcm/articles/65820 10.5812/ijcm.65820 1 Background :Ziziphus jujuba, which is known as “Annab” or “Onnab” in Iran, is an effective compound against some cancer cell lines. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-mutagenic and anticancer effects of the aqueous extract of Z. jujuba on C643 human thyroid carcinoma cells. Methods :C643 cells were cultured in (Roswell Park memorial institute) RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, and L-glutamine. After incubating the cultures at 37ºC with 5% CO2, MTT assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect of Z. jujuba on cell proliferation. Cell cycle progression was monitored by sub-G1 apoptosis assay using flow cytometry. Finally, anti-mutagenicity properties of the extract were evaluated using a standard reverse mutation assay (Ames test), which was performed with a histidine auxotroph strain of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) and exposure to a carcinogenic substance (sodium azide). Results :The aqueous extract of Z. jujuba inhibited the growth of C643 cells in a concentration range of 0.5 - 2 mg/mL and exhibited cytotoxic effects on C643 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50: 1.671 mg/mL). The mechanism of action was the induction of apoptosis in the cells. The results of Ames test indicated a significant difference in the anti-mutagenic effects of Z. jujuba aqueous extract and controls (distilled water and sodium azide) (1.671 mg/mL) (P < 0.01). In addition, the herbal extract prevented reverted mutations and the hindrance percent was 87.97%. Conclusions :According to the results, the aqueous extract of Z. jujuba fruit exerted anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on C643 thyroid carcinoma cell lines and may be potentially useful as an anticancer agent. 1 7 Fataneh Hashem Dabaghian Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran School of Traditional Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran Azita Hassani Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, IR Iran IR Iran hasani.a@yahoo.com Navid Nayeri Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran nayeri_navid1368@yahoo.com Asie Shojaii Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran School of Traditional Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran shojaii.a@iums.ac.ir Maliheh Entezari Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran mentezari@iautmu.ac.ir No Keyword 6.pdf [0]Sadjadi A, Nouraie M, Mohagheghi MA, Mousavi-Jarrahi A, Malekezadeh R, Parkin DM.Cancer occurrence in Iran in 2002, an international perspective. 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[PubMed: 23480594].##[6]Plastina P, Bonofiglio D, Vizza D, Fazio A, Rovito D, Giordano C, et al.Identification of bioactive constituents of Ziziphus jujube fruit extracts exerting antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in human breast cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;140(2):325-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.022. [PubMed: 22301448].##[7]Hoshyar R, Mohaghegh Z, Torabi N, Abolghasemi A.Antitumor activity of aqueous extract of Ziziphus jujube fruit in breast cancer: An in vitro and in vivo study. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2015;4(2):116-22. doi: 10.1016/s2305-0500(15)30007-5.##[8]Abedini MR, Erfanian N, Nazem H, Jamali S, Hoshyar R.Anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of Ziziphus Jujube on cervical and breast cancer cells. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6(2):142-8. [PubMed: 27222827]. [PubMed Central: PMC4877962].##[9]Huang X, Kojima-Yuasa A, Norikura T, Kennedy DO, Hasuma T, Matsui-Yuasa I.Mechanism of the anti-cancer activity of Zizyphus jujuba in HepG2 cells. 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1 Combination of Metformin and Chemotherapy Decreases the Recurrence Rates of Epithelial Ovarian Cancers: A Randomized Clinical Trial https://brieflands.com/journals/ijcm/articles/11621 10.5812/ijcm.11621 1 Background :The mainstay of treatment for ovarian cancers is surgical resection and post-operative chemotherapy to minimize the chance for recurrence. Metformin has been evidenced to increase the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy in malignant cells and tissues by altering several gene expression pathways. Objectives :This study evaluated clinical efficacy of adding metformin to chemotherapy regimen for patients with ovarian cancers. Methods :The patients were divided in two groups; the study group received 500 mg metformin 3 times a day in addition to standard chemotherapy sessions after surgical resection of the primary ovarian cancer. The control group received only the standard chemotherapeutic agents after surgery. The patients were followed for up to 4 years and recurrence rate and their disease free survival after surgical resection statistically were compared between two groups. Results :The recurrence of the primary malignancy occurred in 13.3% of the study cases versus 67.5% in control group. Disease free survival was 48 months in the study group, which was significantly longer than the control group (25.7 months). Conclusions :The results of this study demonstrate that adding metformin to the chemotherapy regimen of patients undergoing surgery for ovarian cancer can clinically improve the outcome of treatment by decreasing the overall rate of recurrence and prolonging the disease free survival in these patients. 1 7 Bahareh Hamedi Oncology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran bahareh_hamedi@yahoo.com Azadeh Khalili Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran azadehkhalili80@yahoo.com Shohreh Roozmeh Oncology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran shohrehroozmeh@gmail.com Golnaz Namazi Oncology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Zahra Saraf Oncology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran No Keyword 7.pdf [0]Cho KR, Shih I-M.Ovarian Cancer. 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