1 Preparation and Evaluation of a <i>Dracocephalum kotschyi</i> Herbal Cough Syrup: Formulation, Physicochemical Characterization, and Microbial Quality Assessment https://brieflands.com/journals/jjnpp/articles/173421 10.5812/jjnpp-173421 1 Background :Acute sore throat (pharyngitis) is a common condition, and its clinical symptoms, including cough, affect many individuals annually. Dracocephalum kotschyi, a plant endemic to Iran, has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Laboratory studies have confirmed its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, particularly cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. Given patient preference for syrups and the need to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, this study aimed to formulate an herbal cough syrup derived from D. kotschyi. Objectives :This study aimed to develop and evaluate two herbal cough remedies derived from D. kotschyi, including a simple syrup and a formulation suitable for patients with diabetes. Methods :A hydroalcoholic extract of the plant was prepared, and its phenolic compound content was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The extract was then standardized. Two syrup formulations were prepared: a sucrose-based simple syrup and a stevia-based sugar-free syrup suitable for patients with diabetes. The syrups were evaluated for stability, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, and microbial limits in accordance with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards. Results :The syrups exhibited acceptable pH, specific gravity, and viscosity values of approximately 100 - 120 cP, supporting local efficacy in the throat region. Microbial limit testing was performed in accordance with USP standards, including enumeration of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, expressed as CFU/mL. The results were within normal limits. The absence of Escherichia coli further indicated compliance with the required USP quality-control standards for oral syrups. Conclusions :These findings suggest that the formulated syrups may be promising therapeutic options for managing inflammation and symptoms associated with acute sore throat and cough. 1 9 Pouria Momeni Nanotechnology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran porya.momeni@gmail.com Masood Fereidoonnezhad Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran fereidoonnezhad-m@ajums.ac.ir Parsa Bayati Nanotechnology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran parsa.bayati12@yahoo.com Aye Savarizadeh Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran aye.savarizadeh@gmail.com Eskandar Moghimipour Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran moghimipour@yahoo.com Fatemeh Kiashi Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Iran kiashi-f@ajums.ac.ir No Keyword 1.pdf [0]Miller KM, Carapetis JR, Van Beneden CA, Cadarette D, Daw JN, Moore HC, et al.The global burden of sore throat and group A Streptococcus pharyngitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 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1 Eicosapentaenoic Acid as a Bioactive Liquid Lipid in Methotrexate-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers https://brieflands.com/journals/jjnpp/articles/173185 10.5812/jjnpp-173185 1 Background :Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are promising vehicles for the topical delivery of poorly permeable drugs such as methotrexate (MTX). In conventional NLCs, the liquid lipid serves primarily as a structural component, whereas incorporating a bioactive natural liquid lipid may provide additional formulation benefits for the resulting carrier. Objectives :This study aimed to design and physicochemically characterize MTX-loaded NLCs using eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a natural omega-3 fatty acid, as a bioactive liquid lipid, and to identify an optimal formulation through a systematic two-level formulation design. Methods :Eight formulations were prepared by hot emulsification followed by sonication, with varying amounts of solid lipid (stearic acid), liquid lipid (EPA), and surfactant (soya lecithin). The MTX assay was validated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, selectivity, and matrix-matched recovery. The formulations were characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE%), drug loading (DL%), and in vitro release. The release kinetics of the optimal formulation were evaluated using four models (zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas), and physical stability was monitored for three months. Results :The HPLC method was linear over 1 - 20 µg/mL (R2 = 0.9981), with LOD and LOQ of 1.56 and 4.72 µg/mL, respectively, and precision of RSD ≤ 2%. Particle size ranged from 88.92 to 160.7 nm, and PDI ranged from 0.252 to 0.405. The optimal formulation (F5; stearic acid 200 mg, EPA 20 mg, lecithin 40 mg) showed a particle size of 88.92 nm, a PDI of 0.284, a zeta potential of ‒18.5 mV, an EE% of 88.40%, and a DL% of 7.89%. Its 24 h cumulative release reached 88.03%; among the tested models, the release best fit the Korsmeyer-Peppas (R2 = 0.987; n = 1.12) and first-order (R2 = 0.977) models, indicating a coupled diffusion–relaxation mechanism. All formulations remained physically stable over three months. Conclusions :EPA can serve as a bioactive liquid lipid in NLCs, producing nanoscale carriers with high entrapment, adequate drug loading, and sustained release. These findings provide a robust physicochemical basis for topical MTX carriers; however, biological and skin-delivery validation is required before any therapeutic benefit of EPA can be claimed. 1 12 Eskandar Moghimipour Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Iran moghimipour@ajums.ac.ir Anayatollah Salimi Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Iran anayatsalimi2003@yahoo.com Somayeh Handali Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran handali_s81@yahoo.com Dian Dayer Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. 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