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1 Erythrocyte Alterations and Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Renal Failure https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55539 10.5812/numonthly.45866 1 Patients suffering from chronic renal failure have a higher burden of cardiovascular events, which increases in a dose-dependent fashion as renal function worsens. Increased cardiovascular risk in these patients is thought to be mediated by the simultaneous presence of both traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the latter being associated with renal impairment. Red blood cells are usually considered as carries of nutrients for tissues and respiratory gases, less so as compartments essential to vascular integrity. However, erythrocyte number, size, and integrity seem to severely affect cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as established in recent clinical studies with large patient cohorts. In particular, the role of red blood cells in chronic renal failure tends only to be considered exclusively in relation to a change in their number. However, these cells in the uremic milieu are prone to many alterations, which may adversely affect the cardiovascular system. In this review, we highlight the main qualitative erythrocyte alterations that may have a pathophysiologic role in the elevated cardiovascular risk of chronic renal failure. 1 9 Mario Bonomini Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, Chieti, Italy Italy m.bonomini@nephro.unich.it Assunta Pandolfi Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine CeSI-MeT, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy Italy Vittorio Sirolli Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, “SS. 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1 Fate of Abstracts Presented at the First International Congress of Nephrology and Urology, Tehran, Iran, 2015 https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55532 10.5812/numonthly.42541 1 Objectives :The publication rate of abstracts presented at a scientific congress is considered as an indicator of congress’s scientific quality. This rate is in range of 11% to 78% with an average of 45% in international medical congresses. The current survey aimed to determine the publication rate of the presented abstracts at the first international congress of nephrology and urology (ICNU) in 2015. Methods :Data of oral and poster presentations including abstracts’ titles and authors were gathered from the proceeding of the first ICNU, Tehran, Iran, 2015. The presented abstracts were searched in Scopus, PubMed, and ISC (for Persian language published papers). All the abstracts were categorized based on presentation type (oral or poster presentation), topic, study type and design, publication status, time interval between the presentation and the publication date, and the journal publishing the full text of the abstracts. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS (version 18, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results :The total number of abstracts accepted at the first ICNU was 210 (63 as oral and 147 as poster). The results showed that 49 out of 210 abstracts were published as full-text articles in indexed journals, giving the overall publication rate of 23.3%. 6 out of 49 published papers were in Persian Language. In this survey, the rate of publication was 41.3% for oral presentations. The abstracts of prospective studies and original articles were more likely to be published in journals. The median time to publication was 5.3 months (range 1 - 12 months). Conclusions :Novel ideas and innovative approaches were discussed at the first ICNU, Tehran, Iran, 2015. The 23.3% publication rate found in the current study was lower than the mean publication rate of previous medical congresses. If the presented abstracts in a congress are not published as papers to be available to all, it would be waste of effort and time. 1 6 Seyed-Mostafa Hosseini-Zijoud Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Farnaz Barzi Department of Nephrology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Aidin Lotfiazar Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Behzad Einollahi Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran behzad.einollahi@gmail.com No Keyword 2.pdf [0]Peng PH, Wasserman JM, Rosenfeld RM.Factors influencing publication of abstracts presented at the AAO-HNS Annual Meeting. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135(2):197-203. [PubMed ID: 16890067]. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.006.##[1]Sawatsky AP, Beckman TJ, Edakkanambeth Varayil J, Mandrekar JN, Reed DA, Wang AT.Association Between Study Quality and Publication Rates of Medical Education Abstracts Presented at the Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(8):1172-7. [PubMed ID: 25814265]. doi: 10.1007/s11606-015-3269-7.##[2]van der Steen LP, Hage JJ, Loonen MP, Kon M.Full publication of papers presented at the 1995 through 1999 European Association of Plastic Surgeons annual scientific meetings: a systemic bibliometric analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(1):113-20. [PubMed ID: 15220578].##[3]Beker-Acay M, Fidan N, Unlu E, Katirag A, Ulker H, Acay A, et al.The fate of abstracts presented at Turkish national radiology congresses in 2010-2012. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2015;21(4):322-6. [PubMed ID: 26133322]. doi: 10.5152/dir.2015.14451.##[4]Tambuscio S, Boghossian E, Sauvageau A.From abstract to publication: the fate of research presented at an annual forensic meeting. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(6):1494-8. [PubMed ID: 20666914]. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01504.x.##[5]Hoag CC, Elterman DS, Macneily AE.Abstracts presented at the American Urological Association Annual Meeting: determinants of subsequent peer reviewed publication. J Urol. 2006;176(6 Pt 1):2624-9. discussion 2629. [PubMed ID: 17085176]. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.021.##[6]Kocaaslan R, Kayali Y, Tok A, Tepeler A.Publication rates of full-text journal articles converted from abstracts presented during the 22(nd) Turkish National Urology Congress. Turk J Urol. 2016;42(1):16-20. [PubMed ID: 27011876]. doi: 10.5152/tud.2016.75233.##[7]Ng L, Hersey K, Fleshner N.Publication rate of abstracts presented at the annual meeting of the American Urological Association. BJU Int. 2004;94(1):79-81. [PubMed ID: 15217436]. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04905.x.##[8]Weber EJ, Callaham ML, Wears RL, Barton C, Young G.Unpublished research from a medical specialty meeting: why investigators fail to publish. JAMA. 1998;280(3):257-9. [PubMed ID: 9676674].##[9]Smith WA, Cancel QV, Tseng TY, Sultan S, Vieweg J, Dahm P.Factors associated with the full publication of studies presented in abstract form at the annual meeting of the American Urological Association. J Urol. 2007;177(3):1084-8. discussion 1088-9. [PubMed ID: 17296415]. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.10.029.##[10]Rao AR, Beatty JD, Laniado M, Motiwala HG, Karim OM.Publication rate of abstracts presented at the British Association of Urological Surgeons Annual Meeting. BJU Int. 2006;97(2):306-9. [PubMed ID: 16430635]. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.05863.x.##[11]Autorino R, Quarto G, Di Lorenzo G, De Sio M, Damiano R.Are abstracts presented at the EAU meeting followed by publication in peer-reviewed journals? A critical analysis. Eur Urol. 2007;51(3):833-40. discussion 840. [PubMed ID: 17084516]. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.10.024.##[12]Harel Z, Wald R, Juda A, Bell CM.Frequency and factors influencing publication of abstracts presented at three major nephrology meetings. Int Arch Med. 2011;4(1):40. [PubMed ID: 22145917]. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-4-40.##[13]Rubin HR, Redelmeier DA, Wu AW, Steinberg EP.How reliable is peer review of scientific abstracts? Looking back at the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 1993;8(5):255-8. [PubMed ID: 8505684].##[14]Cartwright R, Khoo AK, Cardozo L.Publish or be damned? The fate of abstracts presented at the International Continence Society Meeting 2003. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(2):154-7. [PubMed ID: 17252602]. doi: 10.1002/nau.20391.##[15]Balasubramanian SP, Kumar ID, Wyld L, Reed MW.Publication of surgical abstracts in full text: a retrospective cohort study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006;88(1):57-61. [PubMed ID: 16482660]. doi: 10.1308/003588406X82961.##[16]Scherer RW, Langenberg P, von Elm E.Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):MR000005. [PubMed ID: 17443628]. doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000005.pub3.##[17]Sprague S, Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, Tornetta P3, Cook DJ, et al.Barriers to full-text publication following presentation of abstracts at annual orthopaedic meetings. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A(1):158-63. [PubMed ID: 12533587].##[18]Dossett LA, Fox EE, del Junco DJ, Zaydfudim V, Kauffmann R, Shelton J, et al.Don't forget the posters! Quality and content variables associated with accepted abstracts at a national trauma meeting. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(5):1429-34. [PubMed ID: 22673278]. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182479c9b.##[19]Yoon PD, Chalasani V, Woo HH.Conversion rates of abstracts presented at the Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand (USANZ) Annual Scientific Meeting into full-text journal articles. BJU Int. 2012;110(4):485-9. [PubMed ID: 22300438]. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10879.x.##[20]Chand V, Rosenfeldt FL, Pepe S.The publication rate and impact of abstracts presented at the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (1999-2005). Heart Lung Circ. 2008;17(5):375-9. [PubMed ID: 18514027]. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2008.02.005.##[21]Rollin L, Darmoni S, Caillard JF, Gehanno JF.Fate of abstracts presented at an International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) congress--followed by publication in peer-reviewed journals? Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009;35(6):461-5. [PubMed ID: 19851699].##

1 Factors Contributing to Erythropoietin Hyporesponsiveness Among Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55534 10.5812/numonthly.45003 1 Background :Anemia resistant to erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) is a risk factor for all-cause mortality. Determining the etiologies of hyporesponsiveness may help overcome the resistance. We investigated the contributing factors in a population of hemodialysis patients. Methods :In a multicenter cross-sectional study, from January 2015 to May 2015, point-prevalent hemodialysis patients from 22 dialysis centers in Tehran, Iran, were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and drug history were recorded. ESA hyporesponsiveness index (EHRI) was calculated by dividing weekly ESA dose per kilogram of body weight (IU/Kg/W) by hemoglobin level (g/dL). Patients with EHRI ≥ 16.49 (4th quartile) were compared with those with EHRI < 16.49 with respect to influential factors. Results :A total of 1224 patients were enrolled among whom, 306 (25%) had an EHRI ≥ 16.49 with a mean hemoglobin level of 9.8 ± 1.4 g/dL. There was no age, gender, or dialysis vintage difference within the groups. Iron status, parathormone, CRP, and diabetes were also similar. Hyporesponsive patients had lower body mass index (BMI) and lower serum albumin (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients who were treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in hyporesponsive patients. In multivariate analysis, high doses of Venofer, high Kt/V, and high phosphate level were independently related to the presence of EHRI, and treatment with ACE/ARB was a marginally significant factor for EPO resistance. Conclusions :Apart from the most validated parameters responsible for ESA hyporesponsiveness (e.g. Iron deficiency, dialysis inadequacy, and poorly controlled serum phosphate level), other potential risk factors such as treatment with ACEi/ARB should be evaluated. Discontinuation of these drugs might be a therapeutic strategy to overcome ESA resistance. 1 5 Shiva Samavat Assistant Professor of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran Assistant Professor of Nephrology, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran Mohsen Nafar Professor of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran Professor of Nephrology, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran nafar@sbmu.ac.ir Alireza Khoshdel Associate Professor in Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Behrang Alipour- Abedi Iranian Society of Nephrology, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran No Keyword 3.pdf [0]Chen L, Ling YS, Lin CH, He JX, Guan TJ.High Dose ESAs Are Associated with High iPTH Levels in Hemodialysis Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Public Health. 2015;3:258. [PubMed ID: 26636058]. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00258.##[1]Kuwahara M, Mandai S, Kasagi Y, Kusaka K, Tanaka T, Shikuma S, et al.Responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and renal survival in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2015;19(4):598-605. [PubMed ID: 25183365]. doi: 10.1007/s10157-014-1023-9.##[2]Panichi V, Rosati A, Bigazzi R, Paoletti S, Mantuano E, Beati S, et al.Anaemia and resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents as prognostic factors in haemodialysis patients: results from the RISCAVID study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(8):2641-8. [PubMed ID: 21325348]. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq802.##[3]Koulouridis I, Alfayez M, Trikalinos TA, Balk EM, Jaber BL.Dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and adverse outcomes in CKD: a metaregression analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61(1):44-56. [PubMed ID: 22921639]. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.07.014.##[4]Bamgbola O.Resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents: etiology, evaluation, and therapeutic considerations. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(2):195-205. [PubMed ID: 21424525]. doi: 10.1007/s00467-011-1839-4.##[5]Johnson DW, Pollock CA, Macdougall IC.Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent hyporesponsiveness. Nephrology (Carlton). 2007;12(4):321-30. [PubMed ID: 17635745]. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00810.x.##[6]Ogawa T, Shimizu H, Kyono A, Sato M, Yamashita T, Otsuka K, et al.Relationship between responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and long-term outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients: a single-center cohort study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(1):151-9. [PubMed ID: 23807369]. doi: 10.1007/s11255-013-0494-z.##[7]Lopez-Gomez JM, Portoles JM, Aljama P.Factors that condition the response to erythropoietin in patients on hemodialysis and their relation to mortality. Kidney Int Suppl. 2008;(111):S75-81. [PubMed ID: 19034333]. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.523.##[8]Gilbertson DT, Peng Y, Arneson TJ, Dunning S, Collins AJ.Comparison of methodologies to define hemodialysis patients hyporesponsive to epoetin and impact on counts and characteristics. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:44. [PubMed ID: 23425362]. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-44.##[9]K DIGO.KDIGO clinical practice guideline for Anemia in chronic Kidney disease. Kidney inter. 2012;2:279-335.##[10]Alves MT, Vilaca SS, Carvalho M, Fernandes AP, Dusse LM, Gomes KB.Resistance of dialyzed patients to erythropoietin. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2015;37(3):190-7. [PubMed ID: 26041422]. doi: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2015.02.001.##[11]Schneider A, Schneider MP, Scharnagl H, Jardine AG, Wanner C, Drechsler C.Predicting erythropoietin resistance in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:67. [PubMed ID: 23521816]. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-67.##[12]Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lee GH, Miller JE, Streja E, Jing J, Robertson JA, et al.Predictors of hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(5):823-34. [PubMed ID: 19339087]. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.12.040.##[13]Hara T, Mukai H, Nakashima T, Sagara R, Furusho M, Miura S, et al.Factors Contributing to Erythropoietin Hyporesponsiveness in Patients on Long-Term Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nephron Extra. 2015;5(3):79-86. [PubMed ID: 26648974]. doi: 10.1159/000441154.##

1 Restless Leg Syndrome, Insomnia, and Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: Three Sides of a Triangle? https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/13551 10.5812/numonthly.45076 1 Background :Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor neurological disorder with high prevalence among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is associated with sleep and mood disturbances. The current study evaluated the associations between RLS, depression and insomnia in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods :The current cross sectional study collected sociodemographic, laboratory data, and medical history of 235 patients undergoing hemodialysis. RLS was assessed by a questionnaire designed by national institutes of health/international RLS study group (IRLSSG), depression by hospital anxiety depression scale (HADS), and insomnia by Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Results :The prevalence of RLS in patients undergoing hemodialysis was 23.4%; out of which 43.6% had severe and very severe RLS. Patients with RLS had a positive family history of RLS (P value < 0.001). There was no difference between the demographic and laboratory findings of the patients. In comparison to the patients without RLS, the patients with RLS had a higher prevalence of depression (63.6% vs. 42.2%, P value = 0.005), and more severe insomnia score (mean PSQI-score = 8.2 ± 4.9 vs. 6.2 ± 4 (P value = 0.009). The PSQI score were correlated with HADS score (P value < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the link between RLS and depression depended on insomnia. Conclusions :RLS is prevalent among patients undergoing dialysis and could lead to depression, even in the absence of insomnia. Thus, it seems that appropriate diagnosis and management of RLS would make a difference in quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. 1 6 Shiva Samavat Department of Nephrology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran Somayeh Fatemizadeh Department of Internal Medicine, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran fatemi.somaye@yahoo.com Hedieh Fasihi Department of Internal Medicine, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran Marieh Farrokhy Department of Internal Medicine, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran No Keyword 4.pdf [0]Giannaki CD, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Karatzaferi C, Pantzaris MC, Stefanidis I, Sakkas GK.Epidemiology, impact, and treatment options of restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease patients: an evidence-based review. Kidney Int. 2014;85(6):1275-82. [PubMed ID: 24107848]. doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.394.##[1]Lin CH, Wu VC, Li WY, Sy HN, Wu SL, Chang CC, et al.Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease: a multicenter study in Taiwan. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(7):1025-31. [PubMed ID: 23369046]. doi: 10.1111/ene.12095.##[2]Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, Lavigne G, Lapierre O, Lesperance P.Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord. 1997;12(1):61-5. [PubMed ID: 8990055]. doi: 10.1002/mds.870120111.##[3]Sevim S, Dogu O, Kaleagasi H, Aral M, Metin O, Camdeviren H.Correlation of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with restless legs syndrome: a population based survey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(2):226-30. [PubMed ID: 14742594].##[4]Ulfberg J, Nystrom B, Carter N, Edling C.Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among men aged 18 to 64 years: an association with somatic disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Mov Disord. 2001;16(6):1159-63. [PubMed ID: 11748753].##[5]Rothdach AJ, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J, Keil U, Berger K.Prevalence and risk factors of RLS in an elderly population: the MEMO study. Memory and Morbidity in Augsburg Elderly. Neurology. 2000;54(5):1064-8. [PubMed ID: 10720275].##[6]Sukegawa T, Itoga M, Seno H, Miura S, Inagaki T, Saito W, et al.Sleep disturbances and depression in the elderly in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;57(3):265-70. [PubMed ID: 12753565]. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01115.x.##[7]Lee HB, Hening WA, Allen RP, Kalaydjian AE, Earley CJ, Eaton WW, et al.Restless legs syndrome is associated with DSM-IV major depressive disorder and panic disorder in the community. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;20(1):101-5. [PubMed ID: 18305292]. doi: 10.1176/jnp.2008.20.1.101.##[8]Chang PP, Ford DE, Mead LA, Cooper-Patrick L, Klag MJ.Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression. The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(2):105-14. [PubMed ID: 9230772].##[9]Gigli GL, Adorati M, Dolso P, Piani A, Valente M, Brotini S, et al.Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease. Sleep Med. 2004;5(3):309-15. [PubMed ID: 15165541]. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2004.01.014.##[10]Mucsi I, Molnar MZ, Ambrus C, Szeifert L, Kovacs AZ, Zoller R, et al.Restless legs syndrome, insomnia and quality of life in patients on maintenance dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(3):571-7. [PubMed ID: 15671074]. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfh654.##[11]Winkelman JW, Chertow GM, Lazarus JM.Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28(3):372-8. [PubMed ID: 8804235].##[12]Molnar MZ, Novak M, Ambrus C, Szeifert L, Kovacs A, Pap J, et al.Restless Legs Syndrome in patients after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(2):388-96. [PubMed ID: 15685518].##[13]Tanaka K, Morimoto N, Tashiro N, Hori K, Katafuchi R, Fujimi S.The features of psychological problems and their significance in patients on hemodialysis--with reference to social and somatic factors. Clin Nephrol. 1999;51(3):161-76. [PubMed ID: 10099889].##[14]Novak M, Molnar MZ, Ambrus C, Kovacs AZ, Koczy A, Remport A, et al.Chronic insomnia in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(4):655-65. [PubMed ID: 16564943]. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.12.035.##[15]Eryilmaz MM, Ozdemir C, Yurtman F, Cilli A, Karaman T.Quality of sleep and quality of life in renal transplantation patients. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(5):2072-6. [PubMed ID: 15964342]. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.03.084.##[16]Szentkiralyi A, Molnar MZ, Czira ME, Deak G, Lindner AV, Szeifert L, et al.Association between restless legs syndrome and depression in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67(2):173-80. [PubMed ID: 19616146]. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.05.004.##[17]Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Montplaisi J, et al.Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med. 2003;4(2):101-19. [PubMed ID: 14592341].##[18]Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, Hening W, Rosen R, Allen RP, et al.Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003;4(2):121-32. [PubMed ID: 14592342].##[19]Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Ebrahimi M, Jarvandi S.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:14. [PubMed ID: 12816545]. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-1-14.##[20]Nazifi M, Mokarami H, Akbaritabar A.Psychometric properties of the persian translation of pittsburgh sleep quality index health scope. 2014;3(2):15547.##[21]Ghanei-Gheshlagh R, Parizad N, Zahednezhad H, Sarokhani M, Sayehmiri K, Baghi V.Prevalence of restless leg syndrome in iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Sci. 2016;1(3):131-8.##[22]Rohani M, Aghaei M, Jenabi A, Yazdanfar S, Mousavi D, Miri S.Restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients in Iran. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(5):723-7. [PubMed ID: 25471049]. doi: 10.1007/s10072-014-2026-8.##[23]Pizza F, Persici E, La Manna G, Campieri C, Plazzi G, Carretta E, et al.Family recurrence and oligo-anuria predict uremic restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125(6):403-9. [PubMed ID: 21824115]. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01581.x.##[24]Scherer JS, Combs SA, Brennan F.Sleep Disorders, Restless Legs Syndrome, and Uremic Pruritus: Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Symptoms in Dialysis Patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(1):117-28. [PubMed ID: 27693261]. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.07.031.##[25]Dikici S, Bahadir A, Baltaci D, Ankarali H, Eroglu M, Ercan N, et al.Association of anxiety, sleepiness, and sexual dysfunction with restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2014;18(4):809-18. [PubMed ID: 24865547]. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12175.##[26]Aritake-Okada S, Nakao T, Komada Y, Asaoka S, Sakuta K, Esaki S, et al.Prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients. Sleep Med. 2011;12(10):1031-3. 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1 The Prevalence of HCV Infection in Hemodialysis Population and Compared ELISA and PCR Methods for Detecting of HCV Infection https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55538 10.5812/numonthly.45144 1 Background :Hemodialysis is one of the renal replacement therapies in patients with end-stage renal failure. The current study aimed at identifying the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis population, and comparing serological (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and molecular (polymerase chain reaction) methods to detect HCV infection in North of Iran. Methods :Serum samples from 162 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were collected in 2 hemodialysis units of Sari city (North of Iran). HCV RNAs were isolated from samples using RIBO-prep nucleic acid extraction kit (AmpliSens®, Russia). Total RNAs were extracted from samples and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using HCV-FRT PCR kit (AmpliSense, Russia) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results :In the study, 7 (4.3%) cases were HCV-Ab positive and 155 (95.7%) HCV-Ab negative. Additionally, 11 patients (6.8%) were HCV-PCR positive, while 151 (93.2%) were HCV-PCR negative. Among 11 HCV-PCR positive patients, 7 (63.6%) were HCV-Ab positive and 4 (36.4%) were HCV-ab negative. HCV-ab test was not positive in any of the HCV-PCR negative patients. Conclusions :The results showed that the specificity of HCV-RNA detection was significantly higher than that of the conventional HCV-ab test. The gold standard test to confirm HCV positive should be PCR method. 1 7 Atieh Makhlough Gut and liver research center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran IR Iran Mohammadreza Mahdavi Thalassemia Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran Iradj Maleki Gut and liver research center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran IR Iran Lotfollah Davoodi Infectious Disease Specialists, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran IR Iran Tahoora Mousavi PhD Candidate in Molecular and Cell Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran IR Iran Seyed-Hosein Hasani-Mansoor Research Committee Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran Marjan Makhlough Institute of Experimental Animal Research, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran Mohammadreza Haghshenas Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran haghshenas2001@yahoo.com No Keyword 5.pdf [0]Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C.Most frequent procedures performed in US hospitals, 2011. 2006.##[1]Rafiei A, Darzyani AM, Taheri S, Haghshenas MR, Hosseinian A, Makhlough A.Genetic diversity of HCV among various high risk populations (IDAs, thalassemia, hemophilia, HD patients) in Iran. 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[PubMed ID: 12085342]. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.34613.##[10]Handajani R, Lusida MI, Darmadi S, Adi P, et al.Differential prevalence of hepatitis C virus subtypes in healthy blood donors, patients on maintenance hemodialysis, and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Surabaya, Indonesia. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34(12):2875-80. [PubMed ID: 8940415].##[11]Fabrizi F, Lunghi G, Ganeshan SV, Martin P, Messa P, editors. Reviews: Hepatitis C Virus Infection and the Dialysis Patient. Seminars in dialysis. 2007. Wiley Online Library; p. 416-22.##[12]Sy T, Jamal MM.Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Int J Med Sci. 2006;3(2):41-6. [PubMed ID: 16614741].##[13]Makhlough A, Mohdavi M, Roshan P.Epidemiology and Treatment of Hepatitis C infection in Hemodialysis patients. J Clin Excellence. 2013;1(1):26-43.##[14]Mahdavi-Mazdeh M, Zamyadi M, Nafar M.Assessment of management and treatment responses in haemodialysis patients from Tehran province, Iran. 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1 Treatment Failure of Botulinum Toxin A in Patients with Idiopathic Overactive Bladder: Why Do Patients Discontinue Treatment? https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55537 10.5812/numonthly.46569 1 Objectives :The study aimed to evaluate the long-term compliance and reasons for discontinuation of intravesical botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) treatment in women with idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome (iOAB). Methods :All patients who had been treated with BoNT-A between 2004 and 2010 were invited to join a written survey in June, 2015. Only women with idiopathic OAB symptoms were included. The survey was designed first to assess current urinary symptoms in patients who failed BoNT-A treatment, and second to evaluate their experiences with BoNT-A and subsequent treatments. Results :In total, 74 patients who discontinued BTX-A treatment were identified. The response rate was 62%. The most common reasons for discontinuation of treatment were insufficient effect (37%), the need for clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC, 13%), and urinary tract infections (UTI, 9%). 17% of the patients reported that they did not want a new treatment despite good effects. After an average follow-up of 92 months, more than three quarters (76%) of the patients suffered from urgency incontinence. In most patients, incontinence had a great influence on daily life (average score of 7 on a scale of 10). During the time of this survey, 25% of the patients used drugs for their OAB symptoms, 15% were referred for sacral neuromodulation, and 1 patient underwent urinary deviation. Conclusions :Our study provides important information on the follow-up and the reasons for discontinuation in patients with idiopathic OAB. This information can be used in counselling of patients and further improvement of BoNT-A treatment. 1 5 Tom Marcelissen Department of Urology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands The Netherlands Mohammad Sajjad Rahnama’i Department of Urology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands Sajjad_r@yahoo.com Beverley Brierley Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands The Netherlands Brigitte Schurch Service De Neuro-Rehabilitation, CHUV, Lausanne, Suisse Suisse Peter De Vries Department of Urology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands The Netherlands No Keyword 6.pdf [0]Irwin DE, Kopp ZS, Agatep B, Milsom I, Abrams P.Worldwide prevalence estimates of lower urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction. BJU Int. 2011;108(7):1132-8. [PubMed ID: 21231991]. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09993.x.##[1]Lucas MG, Bosch RJ, Burkhard FC, Cruz F, Madden TB, Nambiar AK, et al.EAU guidelines on surgical treatment of urinary incontinence. Actas Urol Esp. 2013;37(8):459-72. [PubMed ID: 23835037]. doi: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.02.002.##[2]Dmochowski R, Chapple C, Nitti VW, Chancellor M, Everaert K, Thompson C, et al.Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for idiopathic overactive bladder: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, dose ranging trial. J Urol. 2010;184(6):2416-22. [PubMed ID: 20952013]. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.021.##[3]Sievert KD, Chapple C, Herschorn S, Joshi M, Zhou J, Nardo C, et al.OnabotulinumtoxinA 100U provides significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms in patients with urinary incontinence regardless of the number of anticholinergic therapies used or reason for inadequate management of overactive bladder. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(10):1246-56. [PubMed ID: 24754838]. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12443.##[4]Nitti VW, Ginsberg D, Sievert KD, Sussman D, Radomski S, Sand P, et al.Durable Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment in Patients with Overactive Bladder Syndrome: Final Results of a 3.5-Year Study. J Urol. 2016;196(3):791-800. [PubMed ID: 27038769]. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.146.##[5]Mohee A, Khan A, Harris N, Eardley I.Long-term outcome of the use of intravesical botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). BJU Int. 2013;111(1):106-13. [PubMed ID: 22672569]. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11282.x.##[6]Marcelissen TA, Rahnama'i MS, Snijkers A, Schurch B, De Vries P.Long-term follow-up of intravesical botulinum toxin-A injections in women with idiopathic overactive bladder symptoms. World J Urol. 2017;35(2):307-11. [PubMed ID: 27272312]. doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1862-y.##[7]Habashy D, Losco G, Tse V, Collins R, Chan L.Botulinum toxin (OnabotulinumtoxinA) in the male non-neurogenic overactive bladder: clinical and quality of life outcomes. BJU Int. 2015;116 Suppl 3:61-5. [PubMed ID: 26176660]. doi: 10.1111/bju.13110.##[8]Cui Y, Wang L, Liu L, Zeng F, Niu J, Qi L, et al.Botulinum toxin-A injections for idiopathic overactive bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Int. 2013;91(4):429-38. [PubMed ID: 23970316]. doi: 10.1159/000351037.##[9]Veeratterapillay R, Harding C, Teo L, Vasdev N, Abroaf A, Dorkin TJ, et al.Discontinuation rates and inter-injection interval for repeated intravesical botulinum toxin type A injections for detrusor overactivity. Int J Urol. 2014;21(2):175-8. [PubMed ID: 23819724]. doi: 10.1111/iju.12205.##

1 A Comparison of Estimated GFRs Based on Formulas of Serum Cystatin C and Serum Creatinine https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/13549 10.5812/numonthly.46917 1 Background :Serum cystatin C has been identified as a marker for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Although this marker is more sensitive than creatinine, it is too expensive and not available in all laboratories. In this study, we compared cystatin C-based equations with creatinine-based formulas to select the most precise creatinine-based formula for estimating GFR in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods :120 patients with CKD were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The patients were divided into groups according to BMI (< 25, 25 - 29.9, and ≥ 30) and age (≤ 40, 41 - 60, and ≥ 60). The patients’ GFRs were estimated and analyzed by using three creatinine-based equations (modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), abbreviated MDRD, and Cockcroft and Gault (C-G)) and five cystatin C-based equations (Filler, Le Bricon, Rule, Hoek, and Larsson). Results :The mean age of patients was 56.4 ± 16.4 years. The mean of GFRs using C-G, MDRD, and abbreviated MDRD formulas were 36.2 ± 14.3, 32.6 ± 11.4, and 32.4 ± 11.3 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The mean of GFRs using Filler, Le Bricon, Larsson, Rule, and Hoek equations were 54.7 ± 20.1, 53.0 ± 15.7, 43.6 ± 18.5, 45.1 ± 17.2, and 46.2 ± 16.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The closest correlation was observed between GFRs generated by Abbreviated MDRD and cystatin C-based equations (P < 0.001, r: 0.4, R2: 0.16). Differences in GFR estimation between cystatin C-based equations and C-G equation were lower at higher BMI levels (P: 0.004 - 0.01, F: 4.5 - 6.7). Differences in GFR estimation between cystatin C-based equations and C-G as well as MDRD equations were greater in older patients (P: 0.01 - 0.04, F: 3.2 - 4.1). Conclusions :GFRs estimated by Abbreviated MDRD equation are closer to GFRs estimated by cystatin C equations regardless of patients’ BMI in CKD subjects. 1 8 Nouraddin Mousavinasab Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran IR Iran Mojgan Jalalzadeh Department of Nephrology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran IR Iran jmojgan1341@gmail.com No Keyword 7.pdf [0]Rose BD.Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. McGraw-Hill; 1977.##[1]Brochner-Mortensen J, Giese J, Rossing N.Renal inulin clearance versus total plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1969;23(4):301-5. [PubMed ID: 4986443]. doi: 10.3109/00365516909081695.##[2]Aurell M.Accurate and feasible measurements of GFR--is the iohexol clearance the answer? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(9):1222-4. [PubMed ID: 7816278].##[3]Star R, Hostetter T, Hortin GL.New markers for kidney disease. Clin Chem. 2002;48(9):1375-6. [PubMed ID: 12194910].##[4]Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, et al.National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(2):137-47. [PubMed ID: 12859163]. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00013.##[5]Sjostrom PA, Odlind BG, Wolgast M.Extensive tubular secretion and reabsorption of creatinine in humans. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1988;22(2):129-31. [PubMed ID: 3206217]. doi: 10.1080/00365599.1988.11690398.##[6]Sandilands EA, Dhaun N, Dear JW, Webb DJ.Measurement of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76(4):504-15. [PubMed ID: 23802624]. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12198.##[7]Maillard N, Mariat C, Bonneau C, Mehdi M, Thibaudin L, Laporte S, et al.Cystatin C-based equations in renal transplantation: moving toward a better glomerular filtration rate prediction? Transplantation. 2008;85(12):1855-8. [PubMed ID: 18580481]. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181744225.##[8]Poge U, Gerhardt T, Stoffel-Wagner B, Palmedo H, Klehr HU, Sauerbruch T, et al.Prediction of glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients: cystatin C or modification of diet in renal disease equation? Clin Transplant. 2006;20(2):200-5. [PubMed ID: 16640527]. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00466.x.##[9]Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS.Assessing kidney function--measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2473-83. [PubMed ID: 16760447]. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra054415.##[10]Oddoze C, Morange S, Portugal H, Berland Y, Dussol B.Cystatin C is not more sensitive than creatinine for detecting early renal impairment in patients with diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(2):310-6. [PubMed ID: 11479157]. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.26096.##[11]Le Bricon T, Thervet E, Froissart M, Benlakehal M, Bousquet B, Legendre C, et al.Plasma cystatin C is superior to 24-h creatinine clearance and plasma creatinine for estimation of glomerular filtration rate 3 months after kidney transplantation. Clin Chem. 2000;46(8 Pt 1):1206-7. [PubMed ID: 10926911].##[12]Filler G, Lepage N.Should the Schwartz formula for estimation of GFR be replaced by cystatin C formula? Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18(10):981-5. [PubMed ID: 12920638]. doi: 10.1007/s00467-003-1271-5.##[13]Hoek FJ, Kemperman FA, Krediet RT.A comparison between cystatin C, plasma creatinine and the Cockcroft and Gault formula for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(10):2024-31. [PubMed ID: 13679476]. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfg349.##[14]Larsson A, Malm J, Grubb A, Hansson LO.Calculation of glomerular filtration rate expressed in mL/min from plasma cystatin C values in mg/L. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2004;64(1):25-30. [PubMed ID: 15025426]. doi: 10.1080/00365510410003723.##[15]Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Bergert J, Larson TS.Glomerular filtration rate estimated by cystatin C among different clinical presentations. Kidney Int. 2006;69(2):399-405. [PubMed ID: 16408133]. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000073.##[16]Fried LF, Lee JS, Shlipak M, Chertow GM, Green C, Ding J, et al.Chronic kidney disease and functional limitation in older people: health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(5):750-6. [PubMed ID: 16696739]. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00727.x.##[17]Muntner P, Winston J, Uribarri J, Mann D, Fox CS.Overweight, obesity, and elevated serum cystatin C levels in adults in the United States. Am J Med. 2008;121(4):341-8. [PubMed ID: 18374694]. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.003.##[18]Stevens L, Greene T, Li C.Factors other than GFR influencing serum cystatin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:547-8.##[19]Kratchmarova I, Kalume DE, Blagoev B, Scherer PE, Podtelejnikov AV, Molina H, et al.A proteomic approach for identification of secreted proteins during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2002;1(3):213-22. [PubMed ID: 12096121]. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M200006-MCP200.##[20]Kopple JD.National kidney foundation K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(1 Suppl 2):S66-70. [PubMed ID: 11158865]. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.20748.##[21]Grubb A.Non-invasive estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The Lund model: Simultaneous use of cystatin C- and creatinine-based GFR-prediction equations, clinical data and an internal quality check. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70(2):65-70. [PubMed ID: 20170415]. doi: 10.3109/00365511003642535.##[22]Baxmann AC, Ahmed MS, Marques NC, Menon VB, Pereira AB, Kirsztajn GM, et al.Influence of muscle mass and physical activity on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(2):348-54. [PubMed ID: 18235143]. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02870707.##[23]Tangri N, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Beck GJ, Greene T, et al.Changes in dietary protein intake has no effect on serum cystatin C levels independent of the glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Int. 2011;79(4):471-7. [PubMed ID: 20980977]. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.431.##[24]Dharnidharka VR, Kwon C, Stevens G.Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40(2):221-6. [PubMed ID: 12148093]. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.34487.##[25]Grubb A, Bjork J, Lindstrom V, Sterner G, Bondesson P, Nyman U.A cystatin C-based formula without anthropometric variables estimates glomerular filtration rate better than creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2005;65(2):153-62. [PubMed ID: 16025838]. doi: 10.1080/00365510510013596.##[26]Perkins BA, Nelson RG, Krolewski AS.Cystatin C and the risk of death. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(8):842-4. author reply 842-4. [PubMed ID: 16124125]. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc051667.##[27]Gokkusu CA, Ozden TA, Gul H, Yildiz A.Relationship between plasma Cystatin C and creatinine in chronic renal diseases and Tx-transplant patients. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(2):94-7. [PubMed ID: 14725938].##[28]Thomassen SA, Johannesen IL, Erlandsen EJ, Abrahamsen J, Randers E.Serum cystatin C as a marker of the renal function in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2002;40(10):524-8. 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1 Feasibility of Pure Ultrasonography Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Flank Position https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55540 10.5812/numonthly.47051 1 Background :Although percutaneous nephrolithotomy is most commonly performed with fluoroscopic access, yet, phobia and risks of radiation exposure are 2 important dilemmas. Herein the feasibility of flank position ultrasound guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy for management of renal stones was assessed. Methods :Between September 2012 and June 2016, 250 cases (134 males and 116 females) with renal stone underwent ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy under lateral decubitus position. The exclusion criteria were active urinary tract infection and bleeding status. The peri-operative surgical outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results :The mean age of patients was 42.0 ± 13.4 years. Twelve patients were children under 12 years old. Mean size of the stones was 4.2 ± 1.1 cm (range from 2.5 to 5.3 cm). Mean access and operative times were 15.5 ± 2.3 and 68 ± 14.5 minutes, respectively. In 45% of patients, superior calyx was selected for access. History of previous open stone surgery was obtained in 24 cases. Early complete stone free rate (SFR) was 68%, and after auxiliary procedures (SWL and TUL), this increased to 88%. The mean hemoglobin reduction was 1.9 ± 0.9 gr/dL. Blood transfusion was needed in 6 cases (2.4%). Prolonged or delay hemorrhage did not occur in any of the patients. One patient was complicated by moderate degree of pneumothorax and managed with chest tube insertion. Solid or viscus abdominal organ injury had not happened. Conclusions :This study suggested that the feasibility and outcomes of ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy are comparable with the standard fluoroscopic approach. Also flank position can facile this procedure. 1 4 Samad Zare Department of Urology, Shahid Rahnemon Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran drzaree@yahoo.com No Keyword 8.pdf [0]Lodh B, Gupta S, Singh AK, Sinam RS.Ultrasound Guided Direct Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN) Tube Placement: Stepwise Report of a New Technique with Its Safety and Efficacy Evaluation. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(2):84-7. [PubMed ID: 24701490]. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/7216.4015.##[1]Tiselius HG, Ackermann D, Alken P, Buck C, Conort P, Gallucci M, et al.Guidelines on urolithiasis. Eur Urol. 2001;40(4):362-71. [PubMed ID: 11713390].##[2]Gupta R, Kumar A, Kapoor R, Srivastava A, Mandhani A.Prospective evaluation of safety and efficacy of the supracostal approach for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. BJU Int. 2002;90(9):809-13. [PubMed ID: 12460337].##[3]Koo BC, Burtt G, Burgess NA.Percutaneous stone surgery in the obese: outcome stratified according to body mass index. BJU Int. 2004;93(9):1296-9. [PubMed ID: 15180626]. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04862.x.##[4]Karami H, Arbab AH, Rezaei A, Mohammadhoseini M, Rezaei I.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasonography-guided renal access in the lateral decubitus flank position. J Endourol. 2009;23(1):33-5. [PubMed ID: 19178170]. doi: 10.1089/end.2008.0433.##[5]Gamal WM, Hussein M, Aldahshoury M, Hammady A, Osman M, Moursy E, et al.Solo ultrasonography-guided percutanous nephrolithotomy for single stone pelvis. J Endourol. 2011;25(4):593-6. [PubMed ID: 21395489]. doi: 10.1089/end.2010.0558.##[6]Gupta S, Gulati M, Suri S.Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy in non-dilated pelvicaliceal system. J Clin Ultrasound. 1998;26(3):177-9. [PubMed ID: 9502043].##[7]Hacker A, Wendt-Nordahl G, Honeck P, Michel MS, Alken P, Knoll T.A biological model to teach percutaneous nephrolithotomy technique with ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided access. J Endourol. 2007;21(5):545-50. [PubMed ID: 17523912]. doi: 10.1089/end.2006.0327.##[8]Etemadian M, Amjadi M, Simforoosh N.Transcutaneous ultrasound guided nephrolithotomy: the first report from Iran. Urol J. 2004;1(2):82-4. [PubMed ID: 17874390].##[9]Marino G, Gamba P, Del Noce G, Pugno E, Bradac R, Garberoglio R, et al.Intraoperative localisation and management of renal calculi during nephrolithotomy by real-time ultrasonography. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2002;74(4):197-9. [PubMed ID: 12508730].##[10]Kim BS.Recent advancement or less invasive treatment of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Korean J Urol. 2015;56(9):614-23. [PubMed ID: 26366273]. doi: 10.4111/kju.2015.56.9.614.##[11]Desai M.Ultrasonography-guided punctures-with and without puncture guide. J Endourol. 2009;23(10):1641-3. [PubMed ID: 19715483]. doi: 10.1089/end.2009.1530.##[12]Michel MS, Trojan L, Rassweiler JJ.Complications in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Eur Urol. 2007;51(4):899-906. discussion 906. [PubMed ID: 17095141]. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.10.020.##[13]Hosseini MM, Hassanpour A, Farzan R, Yousefi A, Afrasiabi MA.Ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol. 2009;23(4):603-7. [PubMed ID: 19335156]. doi: 10.1089/end.2007.0213.##[14]Basiri A, Ziaee AM, Kianian HR, Mehrabi S, Karami H, Moghaddam SM.Ultrasonographic versus fluoroscopic access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized clinical trial. J Endourol. 2008;22(2):281-4. [PubMed ID: 18294034]. doi: 10.1089/end.2007.0141.##[15]Yan S, Xiang F, Yongsheng S.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy guided solely by ultrasonography: a 5-year study of >700 cases. BJU Int. 2013;112(7):965-71. [PubMed ID: 23889729]. doi: 10.1111/bju.12248.##[16]Hall EJ, Giaccia AJ.Hereditary effects of radiation. In: McAllister L, Bierig L, Barrett K, editors. Radiology for radiologist. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 1156-7.##[17]Zhou X, Gao X, Wen J, Xiao C.Clinical value of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the supine position under the guidance of real-time ultrasound: report of 92 cases. Urol Res. 2008;36(2):111-4. [PubMed ID: 18251020]. doi: 10.1007/s00240-008-0134-8.##

1 Olive Leaves Extract Improved Sperm Quality and Antioxidant Status in the Testis of Rat Exposed to Rotenone https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55541 10.5812/numonthly.47127 1 Background :Olive (Olea europaea), from the Oleaseae family, is a very popular plant for its biological and pharmacological characteristics. Olive tree derivatives possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and cardioprotective effects. Objectives :The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of olive leaves extract (OLE) on sperm quality and antioxidant capacity in testis of rats exposed to rotenone (ROT). Methods :In the current experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 6). Control, Sham, ROT, and 3 ROTs treated with OLE (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day). ROT 3 mg/kg/48 hours was injected subcutaneously (s.c), and vehicle or OLE was administrated by oral gavage for 30 days. At the end of the study, animals were scarified and their testis tissue and epididymis samples were removed and their sperm parameters (viability, motility, and sperm count), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were measured. Results :The results showed a significant decrease in sperm parameters and TAC in the ROT group. MDA level increased in ROT group compared to that of the control group. The 30 day administration of OLE significantly improved the sperm qualitative parameters and TAC, and decreased the elevation of MDA in the treated groups (P value < 0.05). Conclusions :In conclusion, the antioxidant effects of OLE significantly increased sperm quality and TAC, and decreased MDA level in the testis of rats exposed to ROT. These results revealed that OLE improved the sperm quality and suggested that OLE may treat infertility. 1 7 Maryam Sarbishegi Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran Enam Alhagh Charkhat Gorgich Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran IR Iran IR Iran Enam.gorgich@yahoo.com Ozra Khajavi Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran IR Iran No Keyword 9.pdf [0]Johren O, Dendorfer A, Dominiak P.Cardiovascular and renal function of angiotensin II type-2 receptors. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;62(3):460-7. 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[PubMed ID: 20303720]. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.12.007.##[5]Mehraein F, Sarbishegi M, Aslani A.Therapeutic effects of oleuropein on wounded skin in young male BALB/c mice. Wounds. 2014;26(3):83-8. [PubMed ID: 25860333].##[6]Hamdi HK, Castellon R.Oleuropein, a non-toxic olive iridoid, is an anti-tumor agent and cytoskeleton disruptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;334(3):769-78. [PubMed ID: 16024000]. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.161.##[7]Durlu-Ozkaya F, Ozkaya MT.Oleuropein using as an additive for feed and products used for humans. J Food Process Technol. 2011;2(3).##[8]Visioli F, Bellomo G, Galli C.Free radical-scavenging properties of olive oil polyphenols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;247(1):60-4. [PubMed ID: 9636654]. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8735.##[9]Chimi H, Cillard J, Cillard P, Rahmani M.Peroxyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of some natural phenolic antioxidants. J American Oil Chemists Society. 1991;68(5):307-12. doi: 10.1007/bf02657682.##[10]Ferroni F, Maccaglia A, Pietraforte D, Turco L, Minetti M.Phenolic antioxidants and the protection of low density lipoprotein from peroxynitrite-mediated oxidations at physiologic CO2. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(10):2866-74. [PubMed ID: 15137827]. doi: 10.1021/jf034270n.##[11]Strzezek R, Koziorowska-Gilun M, Stawiszynska M.Cryopreservation of canine semen: the effect of two extender variants on the quality and antioxidant properties of spermatozoa. Pol J Vet Sci. 2012;15(4):721-6. [PubMed ID: 23390762].##[12]Zahkok S, Elnaga NA, Ismail AF, Mousa E.Studies on fertility of diabetic male rats treated with olive leaves extract. J Biomed Pharm Res. 2016;5(3).##[13]Agarwal A, Makker K, Sharma R.Clinical relevance of oxidative stress in male factor infertility: an update. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2008;59(1):2-11. 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1 Role of Nonenhanced Spiral Computed Tomography Scan in Refractory Irritative Bladder Symptoms https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55533 10.5812/numonthly.44236 1 Introduction :In this study, we presented two cases with lower urinary tract symptoms and missed urinary stone that were diagnosed by the computed tomography (CT) scan. Case Presentation :We reported two elderly men with severe irritative bladder symptoms who failed to be diagnosed with routine work-ups, including urine analysis and culture, urine cytology, ultrasonography, cystoscopy and urodynamic studies. Abdomino-pelvic nonenhanced spiral CT scan was performed. Missing stones were detected by the helical CT scan without contrast, which were treated by intracorporal lithotripsy. The symptoms were relieved following stone removal. Conclusions :According to these two cases, there may be a diagnostic role for CT scan in evaluation of the irritative bladder symptoms. 1 4 Hamed Akhavizadegan Assistant Professor in Urology, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran h-akhavizadegan@tums.ac.ir No Keyword 10.pdf [0]Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, Clemens JQ, Chen CI, Bavendam T, et al.Impact of overactive bladder on work productivity. Urology. 2012;80(1):97-103. [PubMed ID: 22748868]. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.03.039.##[1]Murphy AM, Krlin RM, Goldman HB.Treatment of overactive bladder: what is on the horizon? Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(1):5-13. [PubMed ID: 22752012]. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1860-6.##[2]Pavlica P, Gaudiano C, Barozzi L.Sonography of the bladder. World J Urol. 2004;22(5):328-34. [PubMed ID: 15290205]. doi: 10.1007/s00345-004-0415-y.##[3]Moesbergen TC, de Ryke RJ, Dunbar S, Wells JE, Anderson NG.Distal ureteral calculi: US follow-up. Radiology. 2011;260(2):575-80. [PubMed ID: 21555351]. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11101077.##[4]Semins MJ, Feng Z, Trock B, Bohlman M, Hosek W, Matlaga BR.Evaluation of acute renal colic: a comparison of non-contrast CT versus 3-T non-contrast HASTE MR urography. Urolithiasis. 2013;41(1):43-6. [PubMed ID: 23532422]. doi: 10.1007/s00240-012-0525-8.##

1 Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Prostate: A Rare Interesting Case and Literature Review https://brieflands.com/journals/num/articles/55535 10.5812/numonthly.45086 1 Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common forms of malignancies and the second cause of cancer death all around the world and the eight causes in Iran. The main portion of PC is adenocarcinoma, in some cases neuroendocrine differentiation occurs. Neuroendocrine prostate cancers (NePCs) incidence varies from 0.5% to 2% of all prostate cancers. Large cell neuroendocrine differentiation is very rare. In this study we presented a 71-year-old man with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate. 1 5 Reza Mahdavi Zafarghandi Professor of Urology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran IR Iran Mahmood Reza Kalantari Associated Professor of Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran IR Iran Alireza Akhavan Rezayat Assistant professor of Urology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran IR Iran alirezaakhavan30@yahoo.com Amir Abbas Asadpour Assistant professor of Urology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran IR Iran No Keyword 11.pdf [0]Epstein JI, Netto GJ.Biopsy interpretation of the prostate. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.##[1]Acosta-Gonzalez G, Qin J, Wieczorek R, Melamed J, Deng FM, Zhou M, et al.De novo large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate, case report and literature review. Am J Clin Exp Urol. 2014;2(4):337-42. [PubMed ID: 25606580].##[2]Epstein JI, Amin MB, Beltran H, Lotan TL, Mosquera JM, Reuter VE, et al.Proposed morphologic classification of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38(6):756-67. [PubMed ID: 24705311]. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000208.##[3]Sun Y, Niu J, Huang J.Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. Am J Transl Res. 2009;1(2):148-62. [PubMed ID: 19956427].##[4]Humphrey PA.Histological variants of prostatic carcinoma and their significance. Histopathology. 2012;60(1):59-74. [PubMed ID: 22212078]. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04039.x.##[5]Evans AJ, Humphrey PA, Belani J, van der Kwast TH, Srigley JR.Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of prostate: a clinicopathologic summary of 7 cases of a rare manifestation of advanced prostate cancer. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(6):684-93. [PubMed ID: 16723845].##[6]Azad AA, Jones EC, Chi KN.Metastatic large-cell neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma: successful treatment with androgen deprivation therapy. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12(4):e151-3. [PubMed ID: 24787970]. doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.03.006.##[7]Berman-Booty LD, Knudsen KE.Models of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015;22(1):R33-49. [PubMed ID: 25349195]. doi: 10.1530/ERC-14-0393.##[8]Shimizu K, Goto T, Maeshima A, Oyamada Y, Kato R.Prostatic metastasis of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. J Cancer. 2012;3:96-9. [PubMed ID: 22359531]. doi: 10.7150/jca.3770.##[9]Terry S, Beltran H.The many faces of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer progression. Front Oncol. 2014;4:60. [PubMed ID: 24724054]. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00060.##[10]Hoof P, Tsai-Nguyen G, Paulson S, Syed A, Mora A Jr.Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate gland. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2016;29(1):68-9. [PubMed ID: 26722176].##[11]Wynn SS, Nagabundi S, Koo J, Chin NW.Recurrent prostate carcinoma presenting as omental large cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and resulting in bowel obstruction. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(7):1074-6. [PubMed ID: 10888786]. doi: 10.1043/0003-9985(2000)124<1074:RPCPAO>2.0.CO;2.##[12]Okoye E, Choi EK, Divatia M, Miles BJ, Ayala AG, Ro JY.De novo large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate gland with pelvic lymph node metastasis: a case report with review of literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(12):9061-6.##[13]Priemer DS, Montironi R, Wang L, Williamson SR, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L.Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Prostate: Emerging Insights from Molecular Data and Updates to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification. Endocr Pathol. 2016;27(2):123-35. [PubMed ID: 26885643]. doi: 10.1007/s12022-016-9421-z.##[14]Lin D, Tan AJ, De Sousa AF, Singh-Rai R.A rare case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014. [PubMed ID: 25331150]. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206403.##[15]Travis WD, Linnoila RI, Tsokos MG, Hitchcock CL, Cutler GB Jr, Nieman L, et al.Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. An ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 35 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15(6):529-53. [PubMed ID: 1709558].##