Effects of Aminoquinolines in COVID-19 Treatment: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine

authors:

avatar Abdullahi Ishaq 1 , 2 , * , avatar Uwais Aminu 1 , 2 , avatar Faisal Muhammad ORCID 1

Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research: Vol.18, issue 2; e106658
published online: August 9, 2020
article type: Letter
received: July 16, 2020
accepted: July 29, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/amh.106658

how to cite: Ishaq A , Aminu U, Muhammad F. Effects of Aminoquinolines in COVID-19 Treatment: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine. Ann Mil Health Sci Res. 2020;18(2):e106658. https://doi.org/10.5812/amh.106658.

Dear Editor,

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread quickly across the globe. The COVID-19 infected people were reported from 216 countries across the world by June 11, 2020. To date, 7,145,385 people have been confirmed positive with COVID-19, leading to 408,025 deaths (1). Up to date, many clinical trials have been conducted to investigate an effective and sound therapeutic regimen for COVID-19. Chloroquine (CQ) therapy is among the accepted regimens (2). The aminoquinoline groups have been used for malaria treatment, and they showed to be effective against the COVID-19 virus in many trials (3). A significant role was observed for chloroquine phosphate in the management of SARS-CoV epidemics and the Zika virus. Chloroquine acts by playing a significant role in elevating the pH of intracellular vacuoles and adjusting the protein degradation pathways, which goes though the acidic hydrolases in the macromolecule and synthesis of lysosomes in the endosomes and post-translational protein modification in the Golgi apparatus. In some antigen-presenting cells and macrophages, CQ normally interferes with antigen processing, hence showing an antirheumatic action (4). Several studies have reported the efficacy of CQ in COVID-19 patients at different stages of severity (3, 5). In an in vitro study conducted in China among the results that were earlier obtained, more than 100 patients showed a high level of CQ efficacy and a great improvement compared to a control group based on the reduction of exacerbations of pneumonia, as well as the duration of symptoms and the delay of viral clearance (3, 5). Chloroquine phosphate demonstrated a marked efficacy and acceptable safety in treating COVID-19 in a clinical trial conducted in China (3).

Before the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several in vitro studies evaluated the effects of CQ on inhibiting the replication of SARS-CoV (6). According to some studies performed on SARS-CoV, it was also agreed that COVID-19 goes through cells by attaching and sticking to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor, and the CQ may prevent the virus from binding to the ACE-2 receptor by inhibiting terminal glycosylation (6). A recent review on the efficacy and safety of CQ for COVID-19 concluded that while there are sufficient safety data from the long-term use of chloroquine and its derivatives for a variety of indications, there is an ongoing need for further data on the use of chloroquine in COVID-19 (7). In the liver, both CQ and HCQ are metabolized with renal excretion of some metabolites; hence, renal and liver function must be taken into account when using these medications (8, 9). However, using aminoquinolines, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine, has shown greater activity to stop up viral entry into cells by inhibiting the proteolytic processing, glycosylation of host receptors, and endosomal acidification. To determine whether chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are therapeutically safe and effective for the treatment of COVID-19, further research might be needed for both primary and secondary care.

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