article information

Thrita: Vol.4, issue 3; e29912
published online: September 8, 2015
article type: Editorial
received: May 12, 2015
accepted: May 14, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/thrita.29912
Crossmark

Significance of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis in First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Gastric Cancer

authors:

avatar Raika Jamali 1 , *

Department of Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist, Research Development Center, Sina Hospital, Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran

how to cite: Jamali R. Significance of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis in First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Gastric Cancer. Thrita. 2015;4(3):e29912. https://doi.org/10.5812/thrita.29912.

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide with approximately 934,000 new cases in 2002. Also, an estimated over 700,000 annual death make it the second most common cause of death from cancer (1). In Iran, gastric cancer is the first and third most common cause of cancer in males and females, respectively and its overall incidence is above the world average (2). Although the worldwide incidence of the gastric cancer has decreased rapidly over the recent few decades, its incidence in Iran does not show any decrease in the same time period (2-4). Ardabil in northwest of Iran is one of the areas with highest incidence of the gastric cancer, with ASR of 49.1 and 25.4 for males and females, respectively (5).

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), as an intermediate step of carcinogenesis cascade of gastric cancer has showed a strong relationship with gastric adenocarcinoma, particularly intestinal subtype (6). Chronic atrophic gastritis is defined as the loss of appropriate mucosal glandular tissue and/or the loss of appropriate mucosal glandular tissue for the biopsy site according to the updated classification and grading of gastritis; the updated Sydney system. There is a high prevalence of CAG in; i.e. Japan with histologic detection rate of 53%, Estonia, in up to 64% of studied population, Finland, between 27% and 44%, and in Columbia with 45% in comparable age groups (7-10). On the other side, lower prevalence of CAG (21%) in Tehran, which is an intermediate risk area for gastric cancer, is not an unexpected finding (11). Results of investigations using histologic methods for diagnosis of CAG in low-risk populations revealed the similar lower prevalence of this precancerous change (e.g. 28% in Sweden and 22% in Australia) (12, 13).

Helicobacter pylori infection induces superficial nonatrophic gastritis which progresses to CAG with loss of acid secretion and then to dysplasia and cancer. A variety of bacterial, host and environmental factors are known to contribute to the progress through these different precancerous stages (14). Traditionally, relationship between CAG and gastric cancer has been defined for noncardia cancer, but recent studies showed that even adenocarcinomas located at the cardia region may demonstrate a relationship with CAG, particularly those with the least relationship with gastroesophageal reflux disease (15, 16). In fact, simplifying the relationship between H. pylori, CAG and gastric cancer may result in the ignorance of other intermediate risk factors. Diversity in exposure to dietary factors can partly explain different rates of transition of inflammatory lesions to precancerous and finally to cancer in gastric carcinogenesis (17). It has been shown that a diet high in salt and low in fresh fruit may promote the progression of early mucosal changes to CAG (18-20). Polymorphism of pro inflammatory gene also has been suggested to be responsible for different response to H. pylori infection and progression to CAG and gastric cancer in some populations (21, 22). Presence of different antigenic strains of H. pylori also is another source of variation of progression rate of inflammatory step to precancerous lesions in different regions (23).

Family history of gastric cancer increases the risk of its development in the other family members and this association is clearer in the first-degree relatives (24). This will include both intestinal and diffuse histological subtypes with different carcinogenic pathways. The increased risk in the former group has been linked to H. pylori induced inflammation and subsequent CAG (25) and the latter group shows strong genetic predisposition (26).

Despite the large number of studies indicating a strong relationship between the CAG and gastric cancer, most of these studies have been performed in populations with different risk of noncardia cancer and current knowledge regarding this relationship in the first-degree relatives of gastric cancer is lacking. Moreover, almost all of these studies have focused on the relationship in populations who are at risk for noncardia cancer and role of CAG in development of gastric cancer in the first-relatives of patients in high-risk area for cardia cancer is unclear. We should note that in further investigations, awareness of histological subtype of cancer in index cases, data on dietary and life style factors and finally determinants of host and H. pylori genetic variations may lead to more clear understanding of pathogenesis of familial tendency to gastric cancer.

Acknowledgements

References

  • 1.

    Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55(2):74-108. [PubMed ID: 15761078].

  • 2.

    Sadjadi A, Nouraie M, Mohagheghi MA, Mousavi-Jarrahi A, Malekezadeh R, Parkin DM. Cancer occurrence in Iran in 2002, an international perspective. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005;6(3):359-63. [PubMed ID: 16236000].

  • 3.

    Plummer M, Franceschi S, Munoz N. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. IARC Sci Publ. 2004;(157):311-26. [PubMed ID: 15055304].

  • 4.

    Alberts SR, Cervantes A, van de Velde CJ. Gastric cancer: epidemiology, pathology and treatment. Ann Oncol. 2003;14 Suppl 2:ii31-6. [PubMed ID: 12810455].

  • 5.

    Sadjadi A, Malekzadeh R, Derakhshan MH, Sepehr A, Nouraie M, Sotoudeh M, et al. Cancer occurrence in Ardabil: results of a population-based cancer registry from Iran. Int J Cancer. 2003;107(1):113-8. [PubMed ID: 12925965]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11359.

  • 6.

    Sipponen P, Graham DY. Importance of atrophic gastritis in diagnostics and prevention of gastric cancer: application of plasma biomarkers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(1):2-10. [PubMed ID: 17190755]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520600863720.

  • 7.

    Villako K, Kekki M, Tamm A, Tammur R, Savisaar E, Viirsalu V, et al. Epidemiology and dynamics of gastritis in a representative sample of an Estonin urban population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982;17(5):601-7. [PubMed ID: 7178822].

  • 8.

    Villako K, Maards H, Tammur R, Keevallik R, Peetsalu M, Sipponen P, et al. Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infestation and the development and progression of chronic gastritis: results of long-term follow-up examinations of a random sample. Endoscopy. 1990;22(3):114-7. [PubMed ID: 2357934]. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1012814.

  • 9.

    Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, Zavala D, Fontham E, Zarama G, et al. Gastric precancerous process in a high risk population: cross-sectional studies. Cancer Res. 1990;50(15):4731-6. [PubMed ID: 2369747].

  • 10.

    Asaka M, Kato M, Kudo M, Katagiri M, Nishikawa K, Koshiyama H, et al. Atrophic changes of gastric mucosa are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection rather than aging: studies in asymptomatic Japanese adults. Helicobacter. 1996;1(1):52-6. [PubMed ID: 9398913].

  • 11.

    Jamali R. Chronic atrophic gastritis in two provinces with high and low incidence for gastric adenocarcinoma in Iran. First African-Middle Eastern Congress on Digestive Oncology. Rabat, Morocco. 2008.

  • 12.

    Borch K, Jonsson KA, Petersson F, Redeen S, Mardh S, Franzen LE. Prevalence of gastroduodenitis and Helicobacter pylori infection in a general population sample: relations to symptomatology and life-style. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45(7):1322-9. [PubMed ID: 10961710].

  • 13.

    Katelaris PH, Seow F, Lin BP, Napoli J, Ngu MC, Jones DB. Effect of age, Helicobacter pylori infection, and gastritis with atrophy on serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion in healthy men. Gut. 1993;34(8):1032-7. [PubMed ID: 8174948].

  • 14.

    McColl KE, El-Omar E. How does H. pylori infection cause gastric cancer? Keio J Med. 2002;51 Suppl 2:53-6. [PubMed ID: 12528939].

  • 15.

    Hansen S, Vollset SE, Derakhshan MH, Fyfe V, Melby KK, Aase S, et al. Two distinct aetiologies of cardia cancer; evidence from premorbid serological markers of gastric atrophy and Helicobacter pylori status. Gut. 2007;56(7):918-25. [PubMed ID: 17317788]. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.114504.

  • 16.

    Derakhshan MH, Malekzadeh R, Watabe H, Yazdanbod A, Fyfe V, Kazemi A, et al. Combination of gastric atrophy, reflux symptoms and histological subtype indicates two distinct aetiologies of gastric cardia cancer. Gut. 2008;57(3):298-305. [PubMed ID: 17965056]. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.137364.

  • 17.

    McColl KE, Watabe H, Derakhshan MH. Sporadic gastric cancer; a complex interaction of genetic and environmental risk factors. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(9):1893-5. [PubMed ID: 17727430]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01417.x.

  • 18.

    Fontham E, Zavala D, Correa P, Rodriguez E, Hunter F, Haenszel W, et al. Diet and chronic atrophic gastritis: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;76(4):621-7. [PubMed ID: 3457199].

  • 19.

    Bergin IL, Sheppard BJ, Fox JG. Helicobacter pylori infection and high dietary salt independently induce atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in commercially available outbred Mongolian gerbils. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(3):475-85. [PubMed ID: 12757158].

  • 20.

    Fox JG, Dangler CA, Taylor NS, King A, Koh TJ, Wang TC. High-salt diet induces gastric epithelial hyperplasia and parietal cell loss, and enhances Helicobacter pylori colonization in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Res. 1999;59(19):4823-8. [PubMed ID: 10519391].

  • 21.

    Sedaghat H, Moniri R, Jamali R, Arj A, Razavi Zadeh M, Moosavi SG, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA, babA2, and oipA genotypes in patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. Iran J Microbiol. 2014;6(1):14-21. [PubMed ID: 25954486].

  • 22.

    Machado JC, Figueiredo C, Canedo P, Pharoah P, Carvalho R, Nabais S, et al. A proinflammatory genetic profile increases the risk for chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(2):364-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00899-0.

  • 23.

    Con SA, Takeuchi H, Valerin AL, Con-Wong R, Con-Chin GR, Con-Chin VG, et al. Diversity of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA genes in Costa Rica: its relationship with atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Helicobacter. 2007;12(5):547-52. [PubMed ID: 17760724]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00534.x.

  • 24.

    Brenner H, Arndt V, Sturmer T, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Dhom G. Individual and joint contribution of family history and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of gastric carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;88(2):274-9. [PubMed ID: 10640957].

  • 25.

    El-Omar EM, Oien K, Murray LS, El-Nujumi A, Wirz A, Gillen D, et al. Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(1):22-30. [PubMed ID: 10611150].

  • 26.

    Malekzadeh R, Sotoudeh M, Derakhshan MH, Mikaeli J, Yazdanbod A, Merat S, et al. Prevalence of gastric precancerous lesions in Ardabil, a high incidence province for gastric adenocarcinoma in the northwest of Iran. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(1):37-42. [PubMed ID: 14693833].