1. Introduction
Abdominal pain is one of the most common symptoms in children with various etiologies, and the urachal remnant is a rare cause of it. Patent urachus incidence is less than 1 in 1000 live births (1). Urachus is an embryological remnant of the allantois (2). The lumen of the urachus is normally obliterated during embryonic development, transforming the urachus into a solid cord. Patent urachus occurs due to incomplete obliteration of the urachus (3, 4). These children may present at birth with a giant umbilical cord.
On the other hand, it may present in older children as different clinical features such as periumbilical granulation, urine excretion, abdominal pain, purulent discharge, swelling and erythema (as a result of a fistula), sinuses or cysts, an abdominal mass, fever, persistently wet or draining umbilicus, and occasionally a urinary tract infection. Pain, as well as retraction of the umbilicus during micturition, has been described as a sign of a urachal anomaly (5). Surgical therapy, including ligation and transection of the patent urachus or remnant at the level of the bladder, is generally recommended to avoid infectious complications, skin breakage, and potential malignant degeneration (1). Herein, a teenage boy is reported with presenting features of recurrent fever and abdominal pain who finally was diagnosed and was treated as patent urachus.
2. Case Presentation
A 12-year-old boy with abdominal pain and recurrent fevers (every 3 - 4 weeks lasting 1 - 3 days) was referred to pediatric rheumatology since two years ago. In family history, he had an aunt who had two abortions and was suspicious of having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). He had not any history of previous admission. In the physical exam, he had lumbosacral and bilateral Achilles tendon tenderness, but his joints didn’t have any tenderness or swelling. He fulfilled the Beighton and Shiari-Javadi criteria for generalized joint hypermobility (6). All laboratory data were in the normal range.
Furthermore, lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal. He was prescribed naproxen 20 mg/kg for 15 months with the primary diagnosis of ERA. The recurrent fever attacks stopped with no significant relief of recurrent periumbilical abdominal pain. His mother reported a bad odor and a little discharge around his umbilical area during urination. After that, an ultrasonography was performed, and a patent urachus was detected in the abdominal wall. So, the patient underwent surgery, and histopathology showed the remnant of the urachal duct with fibrosis. In 6-month follow-up after surgery, he did not have any complaint of abdominal pain.
3. Discussion
Recurrent abdominal pain is a common problem in children, with a prevalence of 2% - 41%. About 4% to 25% of school-aged children experience recurrent abdominal pain that interferes with their life activities (7, 8). Partial or total obliteration failure of the urachus is a rare cause of abdominal pain in childhood and adolescence.
Herein, we present a boy with recurrent fever and abdominal pain, enthesitis, and generalized hypermobility. The differential diagnoses were hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD), enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and periodic fevers. Despite generalized joint hypermobility, the attacks of fever and abdominal pain cannot be described with this diagnosis, and it seems that hypermobility is an accidental finding. Enthesitis was one of the significant signs in physical examination, but in these situations' recurrent infections due to immunodeficiency, organ malfunctions, and malignancies should be excluded. Furthermore, enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is defined according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) classification. Due to the lack of peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis, uveitis, positive family history of the HLA B27-associated disease, and negativity of HLA B27 in the patient, the ILAR criteria for ERA were not fulfilled. Considering the lack of recurrent diarrhea, blood and mucus in stool, weight loss, anemia, and elevated inflammatory markers, the diagnosis of IBD can be ruled out. Because of finding a definite diagnosis for the origin of the patient's fevers, the diagnosis of periodic fever was ruled out. He had a malformation, which was the etiology of his recurrent fever and abdominal pain. With surgery and removal of the patent urachus, the signs and symptoms of the patient disappeared.
3.1. Conclusions
In approaching children with recurrent fever and abdominal pain, the physician should be alert about the etiology, which can be a wide range of structural problems, infections, immune deficiencies, malignancies, and periodic fever syndromes. Patent urachus is one of the malformations which can be presented as recurrent fever and abdominal pain.
