1. Introduction
Salmonella is a gram-negative, non-spore forming facultative anaerobic, motile bacilli. The genus Salmonella belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and is named after Daniel E. Salmon who first isolated Salmonella cholerasuis from pigs in 1884 (1). The clinical presentations of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection are protean, including gastroenteritis (most common), bacteremia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis and endovascular infection (2). Suppurated localized infections due to Salmonella spp. are secondary to bacteremia, after enteric fever or enterocolitis. This unusual clinical syndrome occurs in approximately1.5% of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections (3). We report three cases of non-typhoidal Salmonella in pleural fluid, synovial fluid and pus: 1) pleural fluid in a patient with empyema and chronic renal failure for maintenance hemodialysis, 2) synovial fluid in a patient with pyogenic arthritis of knee and adrenal insufficiency syndrome, 3) Pus in a patient with osteosarcoma on chemotherapy.
2. Case Presentation
2.1. Case 1
This first subject was a 55-year-old man with a known case of grade 5 chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis presented with dyspnea and fever for one week. He was previously diagnosed to have chronic glomerular nephritis, hypertension and anemia and previous admission for cardiac rhythm disorder. His pulse and blood pressure were normal and he was conscious, oriented and had decreased air entry on the right side. His TC (total capacity) was 22400/cu mm, neutrophils at 90.2%, serum creatinine of 6 mg/dL and blood urea of 37 mg/dL. Chest X-ray showed moderate to large pleural effusion with consolidation. The CT scan showed large loculated pleural effusion with pleural thickening suggestive of empyema and collapse consolidation of the right lower and middle lobe (Figure 1). Pleural fluid was aspirated and sent for cytology and culture. Cytological analysis showed that fluid was turbid with a cell count of 34000/cu mm, neutrophils at 80% and lymphocytes at 20%. Thoracoscopy was performed during the following day and they noticed adhesions. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD was placed. Microbiologically, there were grayish white non lytic colonies on blood agar and non-lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
CT Scan of Pleural Effusion
Figure 2.
Non-lactose Fermenting Colony on MacConkey Agar
Cells were slender gram-negative bacilli, catalase positive, oxidase negative and motile. Biochemical reactions showed that the bacteria fermented mannitol and they were motile. TSI showed alkaline/acid with abundant H2S production, citrate utilization, urea not hydrolysed, identified as Salmonella group by Vitek 2 compact which was later sent for serotyping. It was positive for antisera A-G, factor 4 and Factor iH. Hence, the bacteria was Salmonella typhimurium. It was sensitive to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, cefepime, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol and carbapenems. Blood cultures from the same patient was negative for growth. He was administered cefoperazone/sulbactam. The drain reduced from 250 mL to 160 mL gradually and improved symptomatically. The patient was discharged after two weeks with ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator). After one week, the patient was brought back to the hospital with history unconsciousness during dialysis. On examination, he did not respond to commands but showed response to pain. With ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) in place, he was immediately intubated. Salmonella group sensitive to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, cefepime, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol and carbapenems grew in pleural fluid culture. On the same day, he was discharged against medical advice.
2.2. Case 2
A 32-year-old man from Tumkur was admitted to the hospital with a one week history of right knee joint pain associated with fever and chills. He had a history of central hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency on treatment with steroids. He had a known case of arthritis. On examination, he had knee joint swelling, tenderness and local rise of temperature suggestive of pyogenic arthritis. Laboratory investigation showed total cholesterol (TC) 22.1, 80.5% neutrophils, ESR 56 mm/L. Other biochemistry parameters were normal. Fluid was aspirated and sent for cytology, culture and sensitivity. Microscopic examination revealed a slightly turbid fluid and sheets of polymorphs. Microbiologically - there were grayish white non-lytic colonies on blood agar and non-lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar. Cells were slender gram-negative bacilli, catalase positive, oxidase negative and motile. Biochemical reactions showed that the bacteria fermented mannitol and they were motile. Triple sugar iron (TSI) showed alkaline/acid with abundant H2S production, citrate utilization, Urea not hydrolysed, Identified as Salmonella group by Vitek 2 compact, which was later sent for serotyping. The result was positive for antisera A-G, factor 4 and factor iH. Hence, it the bacteria were Salmonella typhimurium. They were sensitive to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, cefepime, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol and carbapenems. The patient was treated with sensitive antibiotics and then discharged.
2.3. Case 3
A 22-year-old female from an Arab country referred to our hospital with a huge swelling of the left thigh (partly amputed) and difficulty in breathing. On examination, there was a huge soft tissue tumor. Her chest X-ray showed pneumothorax for which ICD was inserted. She was a case of malignant osteosarcoma on chemotherapy. She had undergone disarticulation of the left hip joint in her country due to diagnosed osteosarcoma of femur two months prior to her admission to our hospital. She developed infection at this amputation site which had grown Klebsiella spp earlier. She was surgically treated in our hospital with amputation of the stump considering the spread of sarcoma and infection. She developed pus at the amputation site after a few days, which was sent for culture and sensitivity. The culture grew extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumonia (sensitive to carbapenems, aminoglycosides and tigecycline) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (sensitive to colistin) (identification and susceptibility by Vitek 2). After a few days, lumbar drain tip was placed surgically and pus was sent for culture, which grew Salmonella enterica spp enteric sensitive to carbapenems, piperacillin-tazobactam and tigecycline, and resistant to fluoroquinolones, ESBL Klebsiella pneumonia and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Repeated culture from the wound was sent to the laboratory, which grew the same organisms. The Salmonella strain was sent for serotyping, which was reported as biochemically suggestive of Salmonella typhimurium. It was negative for antisera A-G, factor 4 and Factor iH and Salmonella species biochemically resembling Salmonella typhimurium.
3. Conclusions
In developing countries, non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) accounts for the steadily increase in the proportion of human infections during recent decades (4). The most common clinical presentation of Salmonella infection is acute enterocolitis, but Salmonella can cause fever, sustained bacteremia, and even extraintestinal infectious complications like pneumonia without gastrointestinal manifestations (5). In the absence of concurrent pulmonary infection, a pleural empyema caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella is rare, with only 16 cases reported to date (6). In industrialized countries, most individuals infected with non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS), experience mild gastrointestinal illnesses involving diarrhea, chills, abdominal cramps, fever, head and body aches, nausea and vomiting. Infections are acquired through food poisoning and are usually self-limiting and antimicrobial treatment is not recommended for uncomplicated illnesses. In most cases, outbreaks of NTS infection are caused by Salmonella enteric serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). A variety of food have been implicated as vehicles transmitting salmonellosis to humans, including poultry, beef, pork, eggs, milk, cheese, fish, shellfish, fresh fruit and juice and vegetables (7).
Localization of infection may occur at any site after Salmonella bacteremia, irrespective of the associated clinical syndrome. As might be anticipated, localization at distant sites occurs relatively frequently in patients with the Salmonella bacteremia syndrome but rarely in patients with enterocolitis. Localized infection has been reported for the thyroid, meninges, bone, heart, lungs, adrenals, pancreas, spleen, liver, testis, pericardium, soft tissues, areas of necrosis or infarction, benign or malignant tumors and cysts (8). Ramos et al. reported that the most frequent site of non-digestive infection was the urinary tract (30%), followed by the respiratory tract (20%) and the osteoarticular system (19%) (9). Various pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed, i.e. extension from a nearby pulmonary site or hematogenous dissemination to the lung or pleura (3). In a review of extraintestinal infections caused by non-typhi Salmonella serotypes over a nine-year period, Ruiz et al. concluded that the greatest risk of acquiring local infection is associated with the existence of underlying illness or immunosuppression. During the period analyzed, they studied 1543 patients from whom some serotype of non-typhoid Salmonella was isolated. Extra-intestinal locations were involved in only 1.8% of the patients and most cases occurred in children or elderly patients. In only one case Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from pleural effusion (3). Another case of empyema with Salmonella paratyphi B was reported by Annamalai et al. (10).
Localized infection can involve any site of the body including bones and joints. Majority of infections occur in patients with pre-existing disease such as haemoglobinopathy, arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, previous trauma, surgery and immunosupression (11). Of the bacterial pathogens, Salmonella arthritis occurs very infrequently, accounting for only about 1% of all cases and even that usually represents metastatic extension of non-typhoidal Salmonella. Septic arthritis is an extremely rare complication of typhoidal Salmonella (12). Agnihotri et al. reported a case of hip arthritis with Salmonella typhi (11). Similarly Mahajan et al. reported four cases of septic arthritis with Salmonella typhi (13). Govender et al. reported 16 cases of septic arthritis with Salmonella typhimurium (14). Salmonella was isolated in pus in a few cases, Sengupta et al. reported a case of Salmonella typi in post-op wound infection (15) and Abhijit et al. reported a case of Salmonella enteritidis from pus (16).
An extra-intestinal focus of infection was noted in one third of patients, most commonly involving the lung and soft tissue. Patients with severe clinical immunosuppression had higher mortality, were presented more commonly with primary bacteraemia, leukopenia and opportunistic infections and absence of gastroenteritis (17). However, Najmuddin reported three cases of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in immunocompetent patients presenting over a one year period (18). Extra intestinal manifestation of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections such as empyema, pyogenic arthritis and surgical site infections are rare and seen in immunocompramised patients. Hence high degree of suspicion and appropriate antibiotics has to be administered for proper treatment.
