1. Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is commonly an acute hepatitis infection caused by a non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to genus Hepevirus, family Hepeviridae (1). This virus remains infectious in sewage; therefore, it can be transmitted by fecal-oral route, especially faeces-contaminated water in developing countries (1, 2).
Blood transfusion and zoonotic HEV infection have a role in the spread of the virus in developed countries where sporadic cases of HEV infection have been reported (3). There is some evidence suggesting that persons who receive blood from HEV infected blood donors experience acute hepatitis after blood transfusion (4). This virus has infected one-third of the world population (5). The clinical symptoms of HEV infection are acute, self-limited hepatitis in healthy individuals (6). Pregnant women and patients with underlying liver disease are at high risk of fulminant and fatal HEV infection (1, 7-9).
According to what was said, HEV is a considerable public health problem all around the world, especially in developing countries due to poor sanitation and lack of sewage infrastructures (10). Although epidemiological data shows that HEV infection is endemic in developing countries of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, it has been proved that this infection is also increasing in developed countries (10).
2. Objectives
There has been relatively little research on the prevalence of HEV in Iran; therefore, this study was an attempt to address the issue of the high seroprevalence of HEV among voluntary blood donors in Bushehr, Iran.
3. Patients and Methods
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and Bushehr Blood Transfusion Organization to estimate the presence of HEV in voluntary healthy blood donors. Based on previous studies and the reported prevalence (11.5%) in other areas in southwest of Iran (2) as well as the confidence level of 95% and an estimated error of 2.5%, the required sample size was 626. In the present study, 628 anonymized blood samples during a cross-sectional study were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization from September to October 2013. Blood samples were collected after completing the standard questionnaires (11) and obtaining the formal written consent of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. All the samples were analyzed for IgG antibody against HEV. The presence of anti-HEV antibody in human sera was tested by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (HEV IgG, Pasto, Iran) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All of the reactive samples were analyzed by liver functional tests including albumin, bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) to determine acute HEV infection and were rechecked by Second ELISA kit (HEV IgG/IgM; DIA.PRO Srl, Milan, Italy). All the samples were negative for HIV-antibody (Ab), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs-Ag), and hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV-Ab).
3.1. Statistical Analysis
All the statistical analyses were carried out by SPSS 16 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive indices, chi-squared and t-test were also used to analyze the data. P value < 0.05 was considered as the significance level.
4. Results
A total of 628 blood donors participated in this study; 598 (95.2%) were male and 30 (4.8%) were female with a mean age of 36.3 years (ranging from 19 to 65 years). Of the 628 blood donors, 76 (12.1%) were first-time donors, 450 (71.7%) were regular donors, and others (16.2%) had a record of donation; 401 (63.9%) donors were younger than 40, while 220 (35%) were between 40 - 60 years old and 7 (1.1%) were older than 60 years. General characteristics of all the donors are summarized in Table 1. All the donors were normal for liver function tests which indicated the absence of acute hepatic infection. With regard to age, anti-HEV IgG antibodies were positive in 14 (3.5%) in the group younger than 40, 86 (39.1%) in the group 40 - 60 years, and 5 (71.4%) in the group older than 60 years. Therefore, it indicated that the anti-HEV prevalence increased by increase of age and there was a significant difference between the age groups regarding HEV seropositivity (P = 0.001). Regarding the analysis of the subjects according to gender, 100 (16.7%) in the male group and 5 (16.7%) in the female group were positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. However, the difference between males and females was not significant (P = 0.614). Overall, 105 blood samples (16.7%) showed positive HEV-specific-IgG antibodies while 523 (83.8%) donors were negative (Table 1).
| Variables | All Donors | HEV-Negative | HEV-Positive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall seropositivity | 628 | 523 (83.3) | 105 (16.7) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 598 (95.2) | 498 (83.3) | 100 (16.7) |
| Female | 30 (4.8) | 25 (83.3) | 5 (16.7) |
| Age, y | |||
| < 40 | 401 (63.9) | 387 (95.5) | 14 (3.5) |
| 40 - 60 | 220 (35) | 134 (60.9) | 86 (39.1) |
| > 60 | 7 (1.1) | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) |
aAbbreviation: HEV, hepatitis E virus.
bValues are presented as No. (%).
5. Discussion
Anti-HEV IgG antibody is a demonstrator of past infection and can be used for studying the HEV epidemiology. HEV prevalence has been determined in different parts of Iran which is considered as an endemic country for HEV infection (4, 6). However, there are no documented data regarding the HEV prevalence in Bushehr province. Therefore, we measured the anti-HEV seroprevalence among healthy blood donors in Bushehr and noticed a prevalence of 16.7%, which was higher than what was reported among Iranian blood donors (Table 2).
Table 2.
Anti-Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Iran
| City | Geographical Position in Iran | Seroprevalencea | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arak | Centre | 14.3 | (4) |
| Tehran | North | 7.8 | (12) |
| Tehran | North | 9.3 | (13) |
| Tabriz | Northwest | 7.8 | (14) |
| Hamadan | West | 12.9 | (13) |
| Ahvaz | Southwest | 11.5 | (2) |
| Nahavand | West | 9.3 | (15) |
aValues unit is %.
The HEV seroprevalence among the general population of developed countries is low (0.4% - 3.9%) (6). According to our results, a high HEV seroprevalence rate of 16.7% was observed among volunteer the blood donors in Bushehr province, which was higher than those obtained among the blood donors in Switzerland (4.9%) (9), Brazil (2.3%) (16), and France (3.20%) (17). However, it was less than the reported values of blood donors in China (27.42% and 32.60%) (18, 19), Saudi Arabia (18.7%) (20), and The Netherlands (27%) (21).
We noticed that the HEV seroprevalence increased with age and there was a significant association between age and higher HEV prevalence. This finding agrees with a similar study in Isfahan, Iran, which showed that HEV seropositivity increased with age from 0.9% in children to about 8% in subjects aged over 50 years (22). Seropositivity was 3.5% in people aged below 40 years and 71.4% in people over 60 years old. In the present study, no association between gender and HEV seroprevalence was detected and none of the suited samples were positive for HIV, HBV, and HCV infectious markers. Similar results were reported by most other studies (4, 6, 9, 21).
In conclusion, the high HEV seroprevalence of 16.7% was observed among the blood donors in Bushehr province, Iran. According to our results, we came to this conclusion that Bushehr province is an endemic area for HEV infection. It appears that exposure to HEV increases with the increase of age; although, more people should be examined. Epidemiological information regarding HEV prevalence is important in evaluating the safety of blood products. However, further studies are needed to assess this matter with studying more populations and considering similarity of numbers of each studied group according to gender and age.
