1. Background
Acute appendicitis with 8.6 and 6.6% of prevalence among men and women, in turn, is a very common disease [1-3]. Generally, 7% of total population undergoes appendectomy [2]. Something between thirty to 40% of patients, undergoing abdominal surgery, suffers from moderate to severe pain [4]. The amount of pain felt by patient is affected by several variable including type and duration of operation, type of anesthesia and anesthetic used, and mental and emotional status of the patient [5]. For decreasing postoperative pain different methods and medicines are used. The use of systemic opioids alone is not enough for postoperative analgesic effect. It can be associated with side effects such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, itching, and respiratory and cardiac suppression [6, 7]. In addition, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause skin reaction, and renal (analgesic nephropathy) and digestive (peptic ulcers and their effects) complications. Therefore, it is attempted to relieve post-operative pain by using more accessible and cheaper methods, and of course with less side effect. Local injection techniques are one of those methods. In this technique, local anesthetics and weak opioids, like tramadol, have been examined [8-13]. Tramadol is a medicine with central effect, which has been effective in reduction of moderate and severe pains. In clinical and laboratory studies, its local analgesic and anesthetic, in addition to its systemic, effects on peripheral nerves and spinal cord have been proven [7-24]. Tramadol is well tolerated by patients. In comparison with morphine and petidine, tramadol causes much less respiratory depression. Cardiac depression, dizziness, and light headedness are less likely to happen after using tramadol than morphine. Tramadol addiction and abuse is much less than morphine. The only important side effect of Tramadol is nausea and vomiting that can be prevented by taking anti-nausea drugs such as metoclopramide [25-27]. There is no standard method for local infiltration around the wound in operations such as appendectomy. Despite the use of different medicines for local anesthesia, but the variety of them and their practicing methods has prevented from arriving at a general conclusion [5, 28, 29]. In the face of pharmacologic features of tramadol, a few numbers of articles have addressed this medicine.
2. Objectives
Therefore, we aim here to investigate the post-appendectomy anesthetic effect of tramadol in comparison with placebo.
3. Patients and Methods
In this double-blind randomized clinical trial a total of thirty samples were assigned to each group, based on previous relevant investigations. The aim was to survey local analgesic effect of tramadol on the basis of difference from the mean using an alpha level of 5% and beta level of 80%. The treatment protocol for patients was discussed and approved in Ethics committee of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. All appendectomy-candidates with simple acute appendicitis were informed well about the project. They then were assigned into research groups after completing informed consent letter by the patients, their parents, or their legal guardians, and in case of being eligible for inclusion criteria. The sampling continued to reach the desired size, based on the previous blocks randomization design. Inclusion criteria included: appendectomy-candidates with non-perforated simple appendicitis that underwent appendectomy surgery, under general anesthesia and McBurney’s short diagonal incision, in Ali-Ibn-Abi-Taleb (a.s.) and Khatam-al-Anbia (PBUH) Hospitals in Zahedan. Patients with at least one of the following conditions were excluded from the study: under 15 years old, the existence of underlying conditions like cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy, diabetes, liver disease, respiratory disease, a history of previous abdominal surgery, complicated appendicitis, drug addiction, non-McBurney incision appendectomies, appendectomy performed with non-general anesthesia, taking analgesic medication by the patient six hours before surgery, and intendancy of the patient to participate. All patients were transferred to the operation room after primary measures such fluid therapy and taking prophylactic antibiotics, and laid in supine position on operating room bed. None of the patients had a urinary catheter and nasogastric tube. In addition, the operations performed under conduction of similar anesthetic technique, i.e. injection into peripheral vein of the forearm. Before skin closure and after closing the outer diagonal fascia, anesthesia technicians provided surgeon with a 10 mm syringe filled by normal saline or a same one filled with 100 mg tramadol, diluted by saline up to 10 mL, in sterile condition. Both of prepared anesthetics were exactly similar with respect to color and transparency. It should be noted that whole the process was done based on previous randomization to intervention and control groups. After washing the wound with normal saline, the surgeon, who was unaware of the content of the syringes, injected them across the length and sides of the wound. Then, the skin was repaired using separate 0 - 3 nylon sutures 3/0 and dressed. The patients had liquid diet started eighteen hours after surgery followed by normal diet twenty-four hours after operation. They were discharged at the second day. The level of pain was evaluated in recovery time, and six and twenty-four hours after operation using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). After twenty-four hours, the number of 25 mg dosages injected was recorded by referring to nursing reports. For the purpose of uniformity and reducing confounding factors no analgesics, except petidine, was injected. In addition, oral or rectal analgesic medications were not administered. All patients were given the same antibiotic administration strategy for 24 hours. For comparing average pain intensity between the groups and average petidine dosage consumed in each group, t-test was employed.
4. Results
In this study, sixty patients were examined, out of which thirty-four and twenty-six subjects were men and women, respectively. Control group consisted of eighteen men and twelve women, and experimental group included sixteen men and fourteen women. The average age of the patients was 25.6 ± 8.1 years (with 26.48 ± 8.4 and 24.72 ± 7.8 years in experimental and control groups, respectively). To obtain frequency difference of the genders in the groups, χ2 test was used and showed no statistically significant difference. In addition, t-test was employed for drawing comparison between average ages of both groups. Similarly, no significant difference was observed. That is, both groups were similar at the beginning of the study by sex and age. The average intensity of pain of 5.36 ± 2.02 and 3.08 ± 1.44 was obtained at recovery time, indicating a significant pain reduction in the tramadol group (P = 0.0001). The average intensity of pain at the sixth hour after operation was 5.36 ± 1.38 in control group, and 3.36 ± 1.22 in tramadol group, indicating significant reduction in tramadol group (P = 0.0001). The average intensity of pain at the 24th hour after operation was 3.08 ± 1.15 in control group, and 2.08 ± 0.76 in tramadol group, indicating significant reduction in tramadol group. Relevant to petidine doses number prescribed to tramadol and control groups during twenty-four hours, i.e. 0.76 ± 0.83 and 1.56 ± 0.65 in average respectively, indicated less need for petidine in tramadol group during twenty-four hours after operation (P = 0.0001), Table 1.
Table 1.
Comparison Between Average Intensity of Pain in Both Groups at Different Times
| Average intensity of pain | Tramadol Group | Control Group | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3.08 ± 1.44 | 5.36 ± 2.02 | 0.0001 | |
| 3.36 ± 1.22 | 5.36 ± 1.38 | 0.0001 | |
| 2.08 ± 0.76 | 3.08 ± 1.15 | 0.0001 |
5. Discussion
The results from this study strongly indicate pain reduction in tramadol group at three investigated points of time. In addition, the amount of consumed petidine was half in tramadol group. Among a few numbers of studies on analgesic effect of tramadol injection, Demiraran’s, can be noted. He divided seventy-five children, with a history of herniotomy surgery, into three equal groups. The first, second, and third groups received subcutaneous injection of tramadol (2 mg/kg), bupivacaine (0.25%), and intramuscular injection of tramadol (2 mg/kg), respectively. Then, pain was measured one, four, eight, twelve, and twenty-four hours after injections. The average intensity of pain at one, four, and eight hours after injection was clearly lower in subcutaneous tramadol group than two others [30]. However, the findings of this study are in consistent with ours, but some differences exist in practicing methods. In this study, bupivacaine and intramuscular tramadol were used in control group, while we used normal saline. It can be concluded from the above study that as intensity of pain in subcutaneous tramadol group was lower than in intramuscular tramadol group, so in addition to systemic analgesic effect, tramadol had an anesthesic and even anti-inflammatory effect. This anti-inflammatory effect has been suggested in other studies [9, 29]. In a study, published in 2004, forty patients undergoing same-day surgery were divided into two equal groups. The first and second groups received local anesthetic with 1 mg/kg subcutaneous lidocaine and 2 mg/kg subcutaneous tramadol, respectively, and then they underwent same-day surgery. The level of operative pain was recorder in a fifteen minutes time intervals routine based on Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The results indicated that the difference in the intensity of pain was intangible at 15th and 30th minutes of the operations. However, only 10% of tramadol group needed analgesic medication during the 24 hours after surgery, this number was 50% in lidocaine group. When the amounts of consumed analgesic medication were compared, it was significantly less in tramadol group [8]. This study showed that tramadol provided postoperative local anesthesia equal to lidocaine. Moreover, tramadol extended the pain-free period after operation and decreased the need for postoperative analgesia. Regarding that general anesthesia is administered in our study, so the effect of local anesthesia during operation cannot be investigated. However, the results of this study regarding postoperative pain relief and decreased need for analgesia in tramadol group conform to ours. In a study by Khajavi [12], sixty patients, undergoing pyelolithotomy, were randomly divided into two equal groups of thirty subjects. One of them was given postoperative intravenous injection, and the other received subcutaneous tramadol injection. The degree of the pain was recorded at the 30th min and 60th min after transferring into recovery room, based on VAS. The results showed significant pain-relief in subcutaneous tramadol injection group. In addition, the time span before taking first postoperative dose of meperidine was significantly longer. Moreover, the total amount of meperidine consumed over 24 hours considerably decreased in subcutaneous tramadol group, indicating local anesthetic effect of tramadol in addition to its systemic analgesic effect [12]. These researches concluded that subcutaneous injection of tramadol decreases the need for opioids after operation, which per se supports our findings. However, above study somehow differs from ours in terms of research method and control groups, but the results indicate sufficient analgesic and anesthetic effects of tramadol and decreased need for opioid and non-opioid analgesics after operation. In some investigations, lidocaine was used as an alternative drug to normal saline, and in some other studies intramuscular tramadol was employed. However, the results indicate that subcutaneous injection of tramadol has superiority over systemic injection. In addition, it was indirectly proven that local anesthetic effect of tramadol at the beginning is not less than other local anesthetics such as lidocaine. According to the findings of this study and in comparison with that of other studies, it has been found that subcutaneous injection of tramadol causes post-appendectomy pain relief. Moreover, it decreases the postoperative need for opioid anesthetics. Therefore, subcutaneous injection of tramadol can be employed as a useful post-appendectomy analgesic. As a final point, researches recommend a similar study in comparative form between the use of tramadol and other local anesthetics in appendectomy incision. In addition, regarding a limited number of studies on tramadol, the effect of it on other areas of surgery can be surveyed.