Hepatitis E Virus; An Underestimated Threat for the Viral Hepatitis Elimination Program

authors:

avatar Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim ORCID 1 , 2 , 3 , *

KU Leuven, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Hepatitis Monthly: Vol.22, issue 1; e129678
published online: August 7, 2022
article type: Editorial
received: July 9, 2022
accepted: July 9, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon-129678

how to cite: Pourkarim M R. Hepatitis E Virus; An Underestimated Threat for the Viral Hepatitis Elimination Program. Hepat Mon. 2022;22(1):e129678. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon-129678.

References

  • 1.

    World Health Organization. Combating hepatitis B and C to reach elimination by 2030. 2016. World Health Organization; 2020.

  • 2.

    Pourkarim MR, Razavi H, Lemey P, Van Ranst M. Iran's hepatitis elimination programme is under threat. Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1009. [PubMed ID: 30264697]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31810-5.

  • 3.

    Thijssen M, Lemey P, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Dellicour S, Alavian SM, Tacke F, et al. Mass migration to Europe: an opportunity for elimination of hepatitis B virus? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(4):315-23. [PubMed ID: 30860067]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30014-7.

  • 4.

    Pourkarim MR, Van Ranst M. Guidelines for the detection of a common source of hepatitis B virus infections. Hepat Mon. 2011;11(10):783-5. [PubMed ID: 22224075]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3234578]. https://doi.org/10.5812/kowsar.1735143X.773.

  • 5.

    Sonderup MW, Spearman CW. Global Disparities in Hepatitis B Elimination-A Focus on Africa. Viruses. 2022;14(1). [PubMed ID: 35062286]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8777803]. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010082.

  • 6.

    Murali AR, Kotwal V, Chawla S. Chronic hepatitis E: A brief review. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(19):2194-201. [PubMed ID: 26380044]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4561773]. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i19.2194.

  • 7.

    Wallace SJ, Swann R, Donnelly M, Kemp L, Guaci J, Murray A, et al. Mortality and morbidity of locally acquired hepatitis E in the national Scottish cohort: a multicentre retrospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(10):974-86. [PubMed ID: 32285976]. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15704.

  • 8.

    Pourkarim MR, Vergote V, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Sharifi Z, Sijmons S, Lemey P, et al. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains circulating in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf and its comparison with worldwide distribution of HBV subgenotype D1. J Med Virol. 2014;86(5):745-57. [PubMed ID: 24532489]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23864.

  • 9.

    Elsadek Fakhr A, Pourkarim MR, Maes P, Atta AH, Marei A, Azab M, et al. Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Sequence-Based Genotyping Analysis of Patients From the Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Hepat Mon. 2013;13(12). e12706. [PubMed ID: 24358038]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3867025]. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.12706.

  • 10.

    Li P, Liu J, Li Y, Su J, Ma Z, Bramer WM, et al. The global epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2020;40(7):1516-28. [PubMed ID: 32281721]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7384095]. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14468.

  • 11.

    Khuroo MS, Khuroo MS, Khuroo NS. Hepatitis E: Discovery, global impact, control and cure. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(31):7030-45. [PubMed ID: 27610014]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4988308]. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7030.

  • 12.

    Cheung CKM, Wong SH, Law AWH, Law MF. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E: What we know so far? World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(1):47-75. [PubMed ID: 35125819]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8793017]. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.47.

  • 13.

    Saiada F, Rahman HNA, Moni S, Karim MM, Pourkarim MR, Azim T, et al. Clinical presentation and molecular characterization of group B rotaviruses in diarrhoea patients in Bangladesh. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(Pt 4):529-36. [PubMed ID: 21183601]. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.025981-0.

  • 14.

    Nahar S, Afrad MH, Begum N, Al-Mamun F, Sarker AK, Das SK, et al. High prevalence of noroviruses among hospitalized diarrheal patients in Bangladesh, 2011. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7(11):892-6. [PubMed ID: 24240050]. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2944.

  • 15.

    Tahaei SM, Mohebbi SR, Zali MR. Enteric hepatitis viruses. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2012;5(1):7-15. [PubMed ID: 24834192]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4017450].

  • 16.

    Villalba R, Mirabet V. Risk assessment of hepatitis E transmission through tissue allografts. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022;13(2):50-8. [PubMed ID: 35433096]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8976234]. https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v13.i2.50.

  • 17.

    Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Khuroo MS. Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in babies born to HEV-infected mothers. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(7):519-23. [PubMed ID: 19228284]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01101.x.

  • 18.

    Jilani N, Das BC, Husain SA, Baweja UK, Chattopadhya D, Gupta RK, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection and fulminant hepatic failure during pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(5):676-82. [PubMed ID: 17444855]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04913.x.

  • 19.

    Kar P, Jilani N, Husain SA, Pasha ST, Anand R, Rai A, et al. Does hepatitis E viral load and genotypes influence the final outcome of acute liver failure during pregnancy? Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(10):2495-501. [PubMed ID: 18785952]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02032.x.

  • 20.

    Kar P, Sengupta A. A guide to the management of hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;13(3):205-11. [PubMed ID: 30791760]. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2019.1568869.

  • 21.

    Zhang M, Li G, Shang J, Pan C, Zhang M, Yin Z, et al. Rapidly decreased HBV RNA predicts responses of pegylated interferons in HBeAg-positive patients: a longitudinal cohort study. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(2):212-24. [PubMed ID: 32100261]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7136184]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10015-3.

  • 22.

    Pischke S, Stiefel P, Franz B, Bremer B, Suneetha PV, Heim A, et al. Chronic hepatitis e in heart transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(11):3128-33. [PubMed ID: 22823202]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04200.x.

  • 23.

    Dreier J, Knabbe C, Vollmer T. Transfusion-Transmitted Hepatitis E: NAT Screening of Blood Donations and Infectious Dose. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:5. [PubMed ID: 29450199]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5799287]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00005.

  • 24.

    Pourkarim M, Hajiani GR, Khamisipour GR, Ardeshirdavani N, Tahmasebi R. [Seroepidemiological investigation of HTLV I, II infection among Busherian multi-transfused patients in 2003]. Blood. 2005;2(4). Persian.

  • 25.

    Slavov SN, Maconetto JDM, Martinez EZ, Silva-Pinto AC, Covas DT, Eis-Hubinger AM, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in multiple transfused Brazilian patients with thalassemia and sickle cell disease. J Med Virol. 2019;91(9):1693-7. [PubMed ID: 31066064]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25498.

  • 26.

    Poukarim MR, Khamisipour G, Zandi K, Roustaee MH. [Prevalence of anti-HTLV-I & anti-HTLV-II antibodies in blood donors in Bushehr province]. ISMJ. 2004;6(2):161-4. Persian.

  • 27.

    Corman VM, Drexler JF, Eckerle I, Roth WK, Drosten C, Eis-Hubinger AM. Zoonotic hepatitis E virus strains in German blood donors. Vox Sang. 2013;104(2):179-80. [PubMed ID: 22913247]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01638.x.

  • 28.

    Thijssen M, Devos T, Ejtahed HS, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Pourfathollah AA, Pourkarim MR. Convalescent Plasma against COVID-19: A Broad-Spectrum Therapeutic Approach for Emerging Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms. 2020;8(11). [PubMed ID: 33167389]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7694357]. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111733.

  • 29.

    Baylis SA, Gartner T, Nick S, Ovemyr J, Blumel J. Occurrence of hepatitis E virus RNA in plasma donations from Sweden, Germany and the United States. Vox Sang. 2012;103(1):89-90. [PubMed ID: 22220775]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01583.x.

  • 30.

    Reuter G, Fodor D, Forgach P, Katai A, Szucs G. Characterization and zoonotic potential of endemic hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains in humans and animals in Hungary. J Clin Virol. 2009;44(4):277-81. [PubMed ID: 19217346]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.01.008.

  • 31.

    Domanovic D, Tedder R, Blumel J, Zaaijer H, Gallian P, Niederhauser C, et al. Hepatitis E and blood donation safety in selected European countries: a shift to screening? Euro Surveill. 2017;22(16). [PubMed ID: 28449730]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5404480]. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.16.30514.

  • 32.

    de Vos AS, Janssen MP, Zaaijer HL, Hogema BM. Cost-effectiveness of the screening of blood donations for hepatitis E virus in the Netherlands. Transfusion. 2017;57(2):258-66. [PubMed ID: 28144956]. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13978.

  • 33.

    Kamp C, Blumel J, Baylis SA, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Chudy M, Heiden M, et al. Impact of hepatitis E virus testing on the safety of blood components in Germany - results of a simulation study. Vox Sang. 2018;113(8):811-3. [PubMed ID: 30318777]. https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12719.

  • 34.

    Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Pourkarim MR, Schaefer S, Mahboudi F, Van Ranst M, Adeli A, et al. Single-step real-time PCR to quantify hepatitis B virus and distinguish genotype D from non-D genotypes. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(4):300-4. [PubMed ID: 20367802]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01308.x.

  • 35.

    Ganova-Raeva L, Punkova L, Campo DS, Dimitrova Z, Skums P, Vu NH, et al. Cryptic Hepatitis B and E in Patients With Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1962-9. [PubMed ID: 26155829]. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv315.

  • 36.

    Cuypers L, Thijssen M, Shakibzadeh A, Sabahi F, Ravanshad M, Pourkarim MR. Next-generation sequencing for the clinical management of hepatitis C virus infections: does one test fits all purposes? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2019;56(6):420-34. [PubMed ID: 31317801]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2019.1637394.

  • 37.

    Withenshaw SM, Grierson SS, Smith RP. Study of Animal Mixing and the Dynamics of Hepatitis E Virus Infection on a Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farm. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(3). [PubMed ID: 35158596]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8833537]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030272.

  • 38.

    Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Berry H, et al. The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: shaping the health of nations for centuries to come. Lancet. 2018;392(10163):2479-514. [PubMed ID: 30503045]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32594-7.

  • 39.

    Pourkarim MR, Thijssen M, Alavian SM, Van Ranst M. Natural disasters pose a challenge for hepatitis elimination in Iran. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(8):581-2. [PubMed ID: 31292070]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30197-9.

  • 40.

    Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, Okamoto H. Mechanism of Cross-Species Transmission, Adaptive Evolution and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses. 2021;13(5). [PubMed ID: 34069006]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8157021]. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050909.

  • 41.

    Meng XJ. Novel strains of hepatitis E virus identified from humans and other animal species: is hepatitis E a zoonosis? J Hepatol. 2000;33(5):842-5. [PubMed ID: 11097496]. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80319-0.

  • 42.

    Zhang W, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Doan YH, Muramatsu M, Li TC. Mongolia Gerbils Are Broadly Susceptible to Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses. 2022;14(6). [PubMed ID: 35746596]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC9229706]. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061125.

  • 43.

    Kupke P, Werner JM. Hepatitis E Virus Infection-Immune Responses to an Underestimated Global Threat. Cells. 2021;10(9). [PubMed ID: 34571931]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8468229]. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092281.

  • 44.

    Pourkarim M, Nayebzadeh S, Alavian SM, Hataminasab SH. Digital Marketing: A Unique Multidisciplinary Approach towards the Elimination of Viral Hepatitis. Pathogens. 2022;11(6). [PubMed ID: 35745480]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC9228079]. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060626.

  • 45.

    Pourkarim M, Van Espen L, Thijssen M, Van Ranst M, Pourkarim MR. How adequate social media management supports the viral Hepatitis elimination program. Hepat Mon. 2018;18(5). https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.69791.