1. Background
Since plenty of cardiac surgeries are performed annually, and a relationship exists between proper control of postoperative pain and improvement in clinical outcomes, anesthesiologists need to make progress in learning a variety of anesthesia and pain control techniques (1). Several factors contribute to postoperative pain, including sternotomy, retraction of sternum and rib, pericardiotomy, harvest of internal mammary artery, harvest of saphenous vein, manipulation during surgery on parietal pleura, insert chest tube, and other musculoskeletal injuries during surgery. Gold standard for pain control after cardiac surgery is usually based on opioids that are associated with side effects such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and mental confusion, and respiratory depression, which can affect the patient's initial recovery and discharge time(2, 3). Poor treatment of acute pain affects both the patient's health and the progression of acute pain to chronic pain (4, 5). Injectable NSAIDs, such as ketorolac, can cause gastrointestinal ulcers, renal failure, and platelet dysfunction. Therefore, it is important to know the drugs that do not cause these problems. Dexmedetomidine has been proven that improves analgesia and anesthesia and reduce the need for opioids (6, 7). It can inhibit nausea and vomiting, and shivering after surgery. It also reduces postoperative delirium. This drug, when is used alone, can cause analgesia and sedation without respiratory depression. Paracetamol is a drug with analgesic and antipyretic effects, with no anti-inflammatory effects (8) It is a logical analgesic for mild to moderate pain after surgery, but in severe pain should be used with other drugs (9, 10). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of these drugs on analgesia after cardiac surgery.
2. Objectives
The aim of the study was to evaluate the adding paracetamol to dexmedetomidine in pain management after adult cardiac surgery.
3. Methods
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee and was performed from May 2019 to July 2019. Inclusion criteria were patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, cardiac valve surgery, CABG, and cardiac valve surgery at the same time. Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 years and age over 80 years, Cr > 2mg/dL, Ejection fraction < 40%, plasma bilirubin> 1.8 mg/dL, liver enzymes (AST and ALT) > 1.5 of the upper limit of normal, coagulation disorders, severe respiratory diseases, history of cerebrovascular accident and transient ischemic attack about six months ago, emergency cardiac surgery, aneurysm, and dissection surgery, congenital cardiac surgery, need to reoperation due to postoperative bleeding, drug abuse, and patient refusal. Both groups had similar anesthesia protocols. In the D group, continuous infusion pump contains dexmedetomidine 400 mcg dexmedetomidine (Precedex®, Hospira, Illinois, USA), and in the DP group, contained dexmedetomidine 400 mcg and paracetamol (Paracetamol Zolben, Switzerland) 2 gr, at 100 mL normal saline, and which were infused at a rate of 0.5 - 1 mcg/kg/h for 36 hours from the time of arrival to the ICU. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate (MAP, HR) were evaluated under mechanical ventilation and were evaluated every two hours from the time of admission to the ICU until the time of extubation. In cases of need for more sedation, propofol (35 mcg/kg/min) was infused, and morphine i.v. (0.05 - 0.1 mg/kg) was administered to those who need more analgesia. Patients who needed propofol and morphine were evaluated in both groups. The duration of intubation, the intensity of pain score, and the need for more opioids after tracheal extubation were evaluated every 4 hours for 36 hours. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was used to evaluate pain after extubation (0 - 1 no pain, 2 - 3 mild pain, 4 - 5 mild to moderate pain, 6 - 7 moderate pain, 8 - 9 moderate to severe pain, 10 severe pain).
4. Results
Demographic data were not significant between the two groups (Table 1). Mean arterial pressure in the DP group was less than the D group, and a significant difference was seen (Table 2), but there was no significant difference for heart rate (Table 2). The need for propofol during the intubation period was not significant (P = 0.4). The need for morphine during intubation was 84% in the D group and 50% in the DP group, which was a significant difference (P = 0.001). Dose of morphine received in the D group was significantly higher than in the DP group (P = 0.001). The number of patients with mild pain (2 - 3), and mild to moderate (4 - 5) pain score in the DP group was significantly more than the D group (Table 3). Based on the need for morphine after extubation, it was shown that in the D group was 96% and in the DP was 58% that was a significant difference (P = 0.001). Dose of morphine after extubation in the D group was more than the DP group, and this relationship was significant (P = 0.022). Also, the duration of intubation in the DP was shorter than in the D group, and this difference was significant between the two groups (P = 0.001).
Table 1.
Demographic Parameters in Two Study Groupsa
| DP Group (N = 50) | D Group (N = 50) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex M:F | 31:19 | 30:20 | 0.50 |
| Age (y) | 53.8 ± 9.7 | 57.2 ± 10.2 | 0.05b |
| BMI | 25.5 ± 4.1 | 27.1 ± 3.5 | 0.06 |
aData are presented as No. or mean ± SD.
b Significant P-value
Table 2.
Evaluation of MAP and HR in Both Groups Every Two Hours After Admission to the ICU During the Time the Patient Was Intubated
| MAP and HR | DP Group (Mean ± SD ) | D Group (Mean ± SD) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| MAP (bpm) | |||
| 2h | 81.3 ± 9.8 | 94.7 ± 11.6 | 0.001a |
| 4h | 82.7 ± 11.4 | 93.8 ± 12.1 | 0.001a |
| 6h | 81.4 ± 10.2 | 95.5 ± 9.3 | 0.001a |
| 8h | 79.4 ± 9.3 | 97.3 ± 11.1 | 0.001a |
| 10h | 80.6 ± 12.1 | 104.7 ± 5.5 | 0.030a |
| 12h | 87.0 ± 12.1 | 97.0 ± 11.3 | 0.050a |
| HR (mmHg) | |||
| 2h | 89.5 ± 10.2 | 89.7 ± 12.9 | 0.8 |
| 4h | 92.2 ± 10.2 | 89.8 ± 11.3 | 0.5 |
| 6h | 91.8 ± 11.5 | 91.5 ± 11.9 | 0.9 |
| 8h | 90.8 ± 7.3 | 94.8 ± 14.1 | 0.1 |
| 10h | 90.0 ± 1.0 | 97.2 ± 14.3 | 0.2 |
| 12h | 94.0 ± 6.5 | 99 ± 7.7 | 0.3 |
Abbreviation: MAP: mean atrial pressure, HR: heart rate.
aSignificant P-value
Table 3.
Evaluation of Numerical Rating Pain Score (NRS) After Extubation
| DP Group NRS | D Group NRS | P-Value | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 - 1 | 2 - 3 | 4 - 5 | 6 - 7 | 8 - 9 | 10 | 0 - 1 | 2 - 3 | 4 - 5 | 6 - 7 | 8 - 9 | 10 | ||
| 2h | 0 | 25 | 21 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 17 | 23 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0.100 |
| 6h | 0 | 28 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 21 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0.001a |
| 10h | 2 | 34 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 22 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0.025a |
| 14h | 0 | 4 | 27 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 24 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 0.070 |
| 18h | 0 | 9 | 23 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 29 | 13 | 6 | 0 | 0.008a |
| 22h | 0 | 24 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 25 | 14 | 6 | 0 | 0.001a |
| 26h | 0 | 20 | 25 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 27 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0.400 |
| 30h | 1 | 11 | 32 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 30 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0.500 |
| 36h | 2 | 28 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 31 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0.030a |
Abbreviation: NRS: numerical rating pain score.
aSignificant P-value
5. Discussion
This study shows that adding paracetamol to the dexmedetomidine in a continuous infusion pump can provide better analgesia, reduce the need for opioids, and reduce the duration of intubation. Improperly controlled pain is associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system and increases the hormonal response to stress. This response may be associated with several postoperative complications, including myocardial ischemia, cardiac arrhythmias, coagulation disorder, pulmonary problems, and delirium, and infection of the operation site (11, 12). Severe pain also reduces patient satisfaction, delays the onset of movement, and acute pain continues as chronic pain (10, 13). Pain can cause atelectasis, pulmonary infection, and reduced ability to produce enough sputum. Lack of movement due to pain can cause deep venous thrombosis, which can be associated with pulmonary thrombosis. Pain can also cause myocardial infarction, insomnia, and behavioral disorders (14). This study showed the group receiving continuous infusion with a mixture of dexmedetomidine and paracetamol had more stable hemodynamics during intubation than the dexmedetomidine alone. Furthermore, a combination mixture group needed fewer opioids and became extubated sooner, and after extubation they had less pain and need fewer opioids.
Dexmedetomidine is known as a selective alpha-2 agonist, which prevents the release of norepinephrine in the central nervous system, improves analgesia and anesthesia, and reduces opioid requirement (15). It can inhibit nausea and vomiting, and shivering after surgery. It also reduces postoperative delirium (16). Several studies have shown that this drug, when is used alone, can cause analgesia and sedation without respiratory depression (17, 18). Paracetamol is one of the popular analgesics for perioperative pain management. It has a few adverse effects and no gastrointestinal side effects and is suitable for children and adults. It does not cause coagulation disorders even in patients taking anticoagulants. The drug is excreted in the urine. The analgesic mechanism of this drug is not fully understood, and there are various forms for oral, intravenous, and rectal use. Intravenous administration of paracetamol as an adjuvant to tramadol before the end of cardiac surgery, and continued for 72 hours, has reduced morphine requirement (19). This study was consistent with our study in the group that received paracetamol and dexmedetomidine. In another study, a multimodal method was designed to compare dexamethasone, gabapentin, ibuprofen and paracetamol after cardiac surgery with the traditional method, which included morphine and paracetamol (20). The results showed the pain score decreased in the multimodal group on the day of surgery until the third day after surgery, and this was consistent with our study comparing DP group with the D group. Alhashemi et al. were studied i.v. acetaminophen compared with oral ibuprofen in the combination with morphine in the form of PCA for analgesia after cesarean section and showed that i.v. acetaminophen could be used as a suitable alternative to oral ibuprofen (21) Because no single method is effective, the use of a combination of techniques and analgesics can be more effective and also have fewer side effects (22-24)
5.1. Conclusions
This study shows that adding paracetamol to the dexmedetomidine in the PCA pump can provide better analgesia quality, reduce the need for narcotics and less dose of narcotics, and reduce the duration of intubation.
