1. Background
Patency of the revascularization conduit is an essential predictor of long-standing survival after Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (1). The patency of the arterial grafts has been shown to be better comparing with venous grafts (1). The use of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) grafted to the left anterior descending branch (LAD) of the left coronary artery has been established as the gold standard in CABG courtesy of its high patency in the mid- and long-term in comparison with the saphenous vein SV (2). Nonetheless, consensus has yet to emerge amongst experts as to what constitutes the second best conduit for CABG (3). The use of the SV as an aortocoronary conduit shows an acceptable short-term patency rate, which is similar to that of the use of the radial artery (RA) (4-6); however, its medium-term patency rate is liable to deteriorate, significantly (4). Several clinical reports support the use of RA conduits in preference to SV conduits (1, 4, 7-10), while there are other studies that suggest the opposite (2, 4, 11). For example, Tranbaugh et al. (3) demonstrated favorable long-term (14 years) survival using the LITA, SV, and an RA conduit for CABG by comparison to using the LITA and SV. In contrast, Hortmann et al. (2) showed that the RA presented worse results than did the SV as a second graft in CABG, particularly in women who were grafted in the right coronary artery. Also, Fukui et al. (11) reported that the one year patency rate of the RA was significantly lower than that of the free right ITA and SV graft. Most controversies on the superiority or inferiority of the RA to the SV grafts arise from the selected patient populations (9-12), surgical techniques (off-pump vs. on-pump CABG) (13), and lengths of follow-up (early (< 1 year) and mid-term (1-5 years) or long-term (more than 5 years) (14).
2. Objectives
There is currently a dearth of data in the existing literature on the medium-term patency rates in the LITA, RA, and SV grafts after CABG in asymptomatic patients. Thus, the primary end point of the present study was to evaluate mid-term (two to five years) patency rates in the entire conduit grafts after CABG surgery in patients who remained asymptomatic using the noninvasive diagnostic tool, 128-slice, dual-source CT coronary angiography. The secondary end point was detecting the independent predictors of graft failure using the multivariate regression model.
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. Patient Population
The study proposal was approved by the hospital Ethics Committee, and written informed consent was filled out by all of the patients. In this study, 30 asymptomatic patients with class II-III of physical status according to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) were randomly sampled from 200 patients who had formerly undergone elective CABG by a single attending surgeon between in the previous two to five years. All the patients had 3-vessel coronary artery stenosis and underwent multi-vessel surgical revascularization using the LITA, RA, and SV grafts. The symptomatic patients, diabetics and those who had concomitant valvular disease and patients who reject to undergoing CT angiography were excluded from the study. A total of 104 RA, LITA, and SV grafts used concomitantly for primary first-time elective CABG. During 53.5 (24-97) months’ follow-up period, graft patency was evaluated by 128-slice, dual-source CT coronary angiography. Logistic regression analysis was employed for the detection of the independent predictors of graft failure. The patients’ demographic data and clinical parameters, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and cardiovascular risk factors such as history of cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, and positive family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension, were collected.
3.2. Operative Procedure
All the surgeries were performed by a single attending surgeon in the recent two to five years. Total IV anesthesia technique was applied using midazolam (0.05-0.1 mg/kg), fentanyl (l, 25-40 µg/kg) and cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg) for induction. Midazolam (0.05-0.1 mg/kg/hour), fentanyl (0.1-0.2 µg/kg/minute) and atracurium (0.3-0.6 mg/kg/hour) were continuously infused for maintenance of anesthesia. The usual surgical techniques were used for the RA and SV harvesting and dissection of the LITA. Consequently, the dissection of the LITA was carried out in a pedicled manner and not skeletonized, the harvesting of the RA was made from the antecubital fossa to the wrist in the arm, and the SV harvesting was done in the standard method as a pedicled conduit with the vein branch included and also with ligation of its branches with metallic clips. All the graft conduits were created using cardiopulmonary bypass. All the distal anastomoses were made to all the coronary arteries with significant stenosis and acceptable run-off, and all the proximal anastomoses were sutured on the ascending aorta. There was no sequential or Y graft.
3.4. Follow-up CT-Angiography
All the patients underwent 128-slice, dual-source CT coronary angiography at a follow-up period of 53.5 (24-97) months. All coronary CT-angiograms were obtained by one consultant radiologist. The primary end-point was to determine the proportions of the RA and SV grafts that were patent 53.5 (24-97) months after CABG. The graft was classified as either patent or totally occluded. Total occlusion was defined as the lack of visible opacification of the graft in the aortogram. Secondary CT-angiographic visual classification of the grafts was defined as follow: P1, ideal patency; P2, diminished flow states (narrowing in site of anastomoses or in the body of the graft) 50%; P3, diminished flow states 50%; P4, severe diffuse graft stenosis (string sign); and P5, complete occlusion.
3.5. Statistical Methods
All the results were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS 18.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The numerical variables are demonstrated as mean ± SD, and the categorical variables are presented by raw numbers (percentages). The continuous parameters were compared by independent samples t-test. The categorical parameters were compared by using the chi-square test (with Yates correction) or Fisher exact test, as necessary. The independent predictors of the RA graft failure were determined by using the logistic regression model. A p value ≤ 0.05 was regarded statistically significant.
4. Results
Mean age of patients was 59.15 ± 7.12 (range 48-83) years. From the 30 patients entered into study a total of 104 grafts, consisting 30 (28.8%) RA, 30 (28.8%) LITA and 44 (42.4%) SV were assessed. Collective graft patency rates were 28/30 (93.3%) in the LITA, 31/44 (70.5%) in the SV grafts and 25/30 (83.3%) in the RA. Of these studied conduits, 78 (75%) were grafted in male and 26 (25%) were grafted in female patients. The mean follow-up (from CABG surgery to re-study by CT-angiography) was 4.46 (2 to 8) years.
There was a statistically significant difference between the LITA and SV graft patency rates (93.3% vs. 70.5%; P = 0.019). However, there was no significant difference between the LITA and RA graft patency rates (93.3% vs. 83.3%; P = 0.424) and between the SV and RA graft patency rates (70.5% vs. 83.3%; P = 0.273). The patency rates of the RA and SV grafts were analyzed according to various clinical parameters, separately (Table 1). The patency rate of the RA graft was lesser in women (4/8 (50%)) than in men (21/22 (95%)), (P = 0.011) (Table 1). There was no sex difference in terms of the SV graft patency rates (P = 0.237). The logistic regression model revealed that the independent predictors of the RA graft occlusion were native coronary narrowing < 70% and female gender (Table 2).
Table 1.
| RA Grafts (n = 30) | SV Grafts (n = 44) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patent | Occluded | P Value | Patent | Occluded | P Value | |
| Age, y | 1.000 | 0.302 | ||||
| ≥ 70 | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 4 (13) | 0 (0) | ||
| < 70 | 23 (92) | 5 (100) | 27 (87) | 13 (100) | ||
| Gender | 0.011 | 0.237 | ||||
| Male | 21 (84) | 1 (20) | 22 (71) | 12 (92) | ||
| Female | 4 (16) | 4 (80) | 9 (29) | 1 (8) | ||
| LVEF, % | 1.000 | 0.544 | ||||
| ≤ 30 | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | ||
| > 30 | 23 (92) | 5 (100) | 28 (90) | 13 (100) | ||
| RF, No. | 0.121 | 0.017 | ||||
| 0 | 7 (28) | 1 (20) | 8 (26) | 5 (39) | ||
| 1 | 10 (40) | 0 (0) | 7 (23) | 7 (54) | ||
| ≥2 | 8 (32) | 4 (80) | 16 (51) | 1 (7) | ||
a Data are presented as No. (%).
b Abbreviations: LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RA, radial artery; RF, risk factors; SV, saphenous vein.
Table 2.
Independent Predictors of Radial Artery Graft Failure a
| Variable | P Value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Age ≥ 70, y | 0.30 | 0.95 (0.80-1.05) |
| Gender (female/male) | 0.04 | 2.56 (1.50-11.30) |
| LVEF ≤ 30, % | 0.20 | 1.06 (0.95-1.18) |
| Risk factors, No. | 0.04 | 0.04 (0.12-0.91) |
a Abbreviations: LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; OR, Operating room
5. Discussion
Contrasting former studies, which evaluate the RA and SV graft patency in symptomatic patients by angiography (1, 2, 11-15), this investigation compared the mid-term follow up of the RA and SV patency rate in asymptomatic patients using a noninvasive diagnostic modality-CT coronary angiography. This work discovered that in the asymptomatic patients, the RA conduits had a suitable patency in two to five years. Moreover, although the SV grafts had a relatively higher patency rate than did the RA, the patency rates in the RA and SV grafts were relatively close.
Recent advances in surgical dissection techniques and drug treatment of vasospasm have ushered in renewed attention in the RA as a graft in CABG (15). Numerous observational researches have indicated high patency rate of the RA in comparison with the SV (7, 10, 12). Some investigators have shown lower mortality or cardiovascular events in mid-term and long-term follow-up in CABG patients with more arterial conduits in comparison with those grafting by LITA and SV conduits (17). In contrast, others such as Khot et al. (18) and Hortman et al. (2) have reported fewer graft patency rate of the RA when compared to that of the LITA and SV.
In our patients, the graft patency rates were 93.3% in the LITA, 83.3% in the RA, and 70.5% in the SV grafts at two to five years’ follow-up. These results are somehow comparable to the findings of other investigators in similar follow-up periods (12, 17, 19-22). In contrast; Tranbaugh et al. (12) demonstrated that at 10 years postoperative follow-up, only 50-60% of the SV grafts were patent. Given that the authors’ study population was primarily comprised of patients referring to hospital with cardiovascular symptoms, it is possible to justify the low patency rate of their SV grafts in comparison to that in our study on asymptomatic patients. In our asymptomatic patients, the relatively higher patency rate in the SV grafts and the relatively small sample size precluded us from finding a statistically significant difference between the RA and SV graft patency rates (P = 0.273). It is worthy of note, however, that diabetic patients were excluded from our study; the inclusion of such patients might have affected the patency rates to some extent.
Athanasiou et al. (4) and Hata et al. (15) reported that in spite of similar early patency rates, a significant divergence was apparent at extended follow-up period between RA and SV grafts. Locker et al. (23) showed that with respect to patency rates, arterial grafts were a better option than were SV grafts at 15 years’ follow-up.
We found a significant difference in the RA grafts patency rate in men and women, with a lower rate in females. The same finding was showed by Lawton et al. (24), Schwann et al. (25), and Hortmann et al. (2) due to the minor size of the RA in females.
Conduit management approaches have evolved considerably over the years. Advances in graft-harvesting methods, the use of rigorous statin therapy for precluding atherosclerosis in the SV grafts, and addition of two or more anti-platelet drugs to inhibit the development of thrombus have all played a role in boosting SV patency rates (15, 26).
Many researchers have showed RA grafts have a meaningfully greater frequency of decreased flow with higher rates of graft compromise when they are used to graft mild to moderate stenotic target coronary lesions. The patency rate of RA conduits may relay on the preservation of high blood flow, signifying that they must be grafted to the distal segment of severely stenotic target coronary vessels (1, 8, 27). Cao et al. in a meta-analysis in 2013, concluded that selected patients with severe proximal coronary stenosis may have better patency rates at mid-term follow up after using RA than SV for CABG (28). As a result, in our study, three of five (60%) patients who had occluded RA grafts on CT-angiography had moderate (50-69%) stenosis in target vessels.
We obtained reliable and accurate reports of graft conduits patency status by using 2 × 128-slice CT angiography. Indeed, multi-detector CT scanners allow precise analysis of CABG grafts status and are a valuable noninvasive diagnostic modality for mid-term follow-up of patients who underwent CABG including the RA conduits (15).
The present study, conducted on asymptomatic patients, revealed that although there was a relatively higher patency rate in the SV grafts than in the RA grafts, the patency rates in the RA and SV grafts were near to each other. It seems that there was a minor superiority of the RA graft over the SV graft at mid-term CT angiographic follow-up in our asymptomatic patients. Thus, the RA graft function was suboptimal in the patients with several CAD risk factors and in those with less than severe target coronary stenosis and in the females.
Due to financial limitations, we performed the costly CT angiography only on thirty patients free of charge. Thus some of the non-significant results for example that between the RA and SV graft patency rates may be related to this limited sample size. Patency of grafts in CABG is technical dependent in first years. After 10 years the different between vein grafts and LITA graft patency is more significant, and in this study only midterm patency of grafts are evaluated. Also, the decision making of surgeon in CABG is a valuable index for patency of grafts afterward. All surgeons use LITA for left anterior descending coronary artery, the artery that has 55% of coronary flow of the heart. So, good run off means better patency, all use radial for the best target with up to 80% proximal occlusion and veins for the rest of targets. This means better patency for former and least for the later. These confounding factors may effect on the studied patency rates.
