Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases
Seyed Mansour Razavi1,*, 
Hossein Ziaee1, Talaat Mokhtari Azad1, Rasoul Hamkar1, Taher Doroodi1, Aliakbar Mirsalehian1, Farrokh Nakhjavan1, Farhad Nejat1, Hamidreza Sadeghipoor1, Ahmad Masoud1, Parivash Kordbacheh1, Farideh Zeini1, Mahin Saf Ara1, Mohammad Mir Afshar1, Kobra Bamdad Mehraban1, Farzaneh Bazarjani1The annual Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca brings over two million people together in a small confined area. Respiratory involvement is the most common disease during this ceremony, and up to now no unique cause has been identified. The present study was conducted to determine the incidence and types of respiratory diseases and their associated etiologic agents.
During this prospective study, seroconversion was assessed for bacteria, viruses and fungi on 170 Iranian pilgrims prior to departure and 2 weeks after convalescence and returning from the Hajj pilgrimage. Meanwhile, sputum specimens of 252 patients were cultured.
The following viruses were detected: influenza type A and B (21.5%), adenovirus (36.2%), and RSV (1.9%). Among bacteria isolates, ?-haemolytic Streptococcous (9.7%), Haemophilus species (9.1%), Gram negative bacilli (20.6%), Legionella pneumophila (6.3%), Mycoplasma pneumonia (0.8%), and Chlamydia (32%) were more common, however, no fungal seroconversion was noted.
We suggest administration of Fluvaccin for high risk groups, adenoviral vaccine for volunteer pilgrims, erythromycin or azithromycine for empiric bacterial therapy, and Oseltamivir or Zanamivir for prophylaxis or treatment of influenza like illness.
© 2007, Author(s). This open-access article is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which allows for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
Razavi SM, Mardani M, Salamati P. Infectious Diseases and Preventive Measures During Hajj Mass Gatherings: A Review of the Literature. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2018;13(3):e62526. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.62526
Nazari A, Shohani M, Tavan H. Comparative Study of Contagious Diseases and Their Related Risk Factors in the Children and Adults Pilgrims Referred to Educational and Treatment Centers in Ilam on the Day of Arbaeen in 2017. J Compr Ped. 2019;10(4):e85771. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/compreped.85771
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Abdollahpour N, Ataei Nakhaei A, Kalani-Moghaddam F, Masoumzadeh E, Sezavar M. The Epidemiological Study of Infectious Diseases in North-East of Iran. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2016;3(4):e35261. doi: https://doi.org/10.17795/mejrh-35261
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