Sign in

Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, SBUMS

e-ISSN 2345-2641
Authors GuideSubmit manuscript
Cover image of the article: Candida Urinary Tract Infection Among ICU Patients in Isfahan, Iran

Image Credit:Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases

Outline

https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.86472

Candida Urinary Tract Infection Among ICU Patients in Isfahan, Iran

Authors

Somayeh Haghighipour1, Morteza PourahmadMorteza Pourahmad ORCID1, Mahta Noorbakhsh1, Rasoul MohammadiRasoul Mohammadi ORCID2,*
1Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
*Corresponding Author: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Email: dr.rasoul_mohammadi@yahoo.com
Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases:Vol. 14, issue 5; e86472
Published online:Oct 28, 2019
Article type:Research Article
Received:Nov 17, 2018
Accepted:Sep 25, 2019
How to Cite:Haghighipour S, Pourahmad M, Noorbakhsh M, Mohammadi R. Candida Urinary Tract Infection Among ICU Patients in Isfahan, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2019;14(5):e86472. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.86472

Abstract

Background:

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease in hospitalized patients with indwelling devices especially in the intensive care units (ICUs). Candida species are the etiologic agents of 20% - 25% of UTI in ICUs, and the most common organisms after Escherichia coli. Although fungal UTIs are clearly rare in comparison with bacterial UTIs, however there has been an increase in the prevalence of Candida species since 1980s. Despite Candida albicans being a main etiologic agent of fungal UTI, non-albicans Candida species (NACs) such as C. krusei, and C. glabrata, are repeatedly isolated from clinical samples. Identification of Candida to the species level is crucial due to expanding resistance of NACs to the antifungal agents.

Objectives:

The present study aimed to identify the causative agents of fungal UTI among hospitalized patients at the ICU ward of Al-Zahra university hospital in Isfahan, Iran.

Methods:

From March 2017 to October 2018, 100 ICU patients with positive urine cultures of Candida species were registered in Isfahan, Iran. All clinical isolates were sub-cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar, and CHROMagar Candida media and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Molecular identification was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique using specific primers.

Results:

Candida albicans was the most prevalent species among clinical isolates (94%) followed by Candida tropicalis (4%), Candida glabrata (1%), and Candida parapsilosis (1%). Most patients belonged to the age range of 71 - 80. Diabetes mellitus and neutropenia were the main risk factors among patients.

Conclusions:

Since Candida albicans was the most prevalent species in the present study, and due to its various sensitivities to antifungal agents, antifungal susceptibility testing for clinical isolates is recommended for better management of Candida UTI.

Highlights

Keywords<i>Candida</i>Urinary Tract InfectionIntensive Care Units

1. Background

Candida species mainly Candida albicans are the causative agents of up to 20% - 25% of urinary tract infection (UTI) in intensive care units (ICUs), and the most common organisms after Escherichia coli (E. coli) (1). They can cause a range of infections from non-life threatening mucocutaneous diseases to life-threatening invasive and disseminated infections (2, 3). The entrance of Candida spp. to the urine (candiduria), is typically symptomless and has no features to indicate UTI (4). Candiduria is more common in hospitalized patients with indwelling devices and especially those in ICUs. Fungal UTIs are clearly rare in comparison with bacterial UTIs, however there has been an increase in the prevalence of Candida spp. causing UTIs since 1980s (5). Candida species present in the urinary tract via the climbing route, from the urethra to the bladder, and hematogenous dissemination by filtration of Candida spp. in kidneys and excretion to the urine (6). Urinary tract instrumentation, prolonged hospitalized stay, widespread antibiotic consumption, extremes of age, corticosteroid therapy, organ transplantation, female gender, diabetes mellitus, and use of immunosuppressive agents are the most predisposing factors (7). Candida albicans is the most prevalent etiologic agent for UTI however non-albicans Candida species (NACs) such as C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis are also isolated from UTIs (8-10).

2. Objectives

The aim of the present study was to identify the etiologic agents of Candida UTI among hospitalized patients at the ICU ward of Al-Zahra university hospital in Isfahan, Iran.

3. Methods

3.1. Inclusion Criteria

Patients with pyuria, and those patients who had antibacterial-resistant fever. The presence of blood and protein on urinalysis was a supporting sign of a Candida UTI only if yeasts alone were grown; without bacterial growth (4). In patients with indwelling catheters, colony counts ranged between 2 × 104 and ≥ 105 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL; and for those patients without indwelling catheters colony counts as low as 104 CFU/mL. For those patients who had an indwelling catheter, replacement of catheter with a new device was performed and then the second urine sample was collected. If there was growth in the next sample, we considered UTI for the patient (4, 10, 11).

3.2. Isolates

From March 2017 to October 2018, 5281 patients were hospitalized at the ICU ward of Al-Zahra university hospital in Isfahan, Iran. One hundred patients out of 5281 (1.9%) were diagnosed as Candida UTI. The clinical isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (Biolife, Italy), and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.

3.3. Phenotypic Identification

The sediments of urine specimens were initially sub-cultured on chromogenic medium (CHROMagar, DIFCO; Becton Dickinson, France) and incubated at 30°C for 24 - 48 hours. Species identification was performed based on chromogenic reaction of Candida species. Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and other species produce green, metallic blue, pink, and white to mauve colonies, respectively.

3.4. Molecular Identification

Genomic DNA of clinical isolates were extracted using the boiling method (12). Briefly, a loopful of fresh colonies were suspended in 150 µL of double distilled water (DDW) and boiled for 20 minutes, then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 8000 rpm, finally the supernatant was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ITS1-5.8SrDNA-ITS2 region was amplified by a PCR mixture containing of 5 µL of 10× reaction buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.4 mM dNTPs, 30 pmol of both ITS1 (5’-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G-3’) and ITS4 (5’-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3’) primers, 2.5 U of Taq polymerase, and 3 µL of DNA in a final volume of 50 µL. The PCR cycling condition was: an initial denaturation phase at 94°C for 5 minutes, followed by 32 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing at 55°C for 45 seconds, and extension at 72°C for 1 minute, with a final extension phase at 72°C for 7 minutes. In the second step, the HpaII restriction enzyme (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania) was applied to digest amplified products. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) products were separated by gel electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel (containing 0.5 µg/mL ethidium bromide) and photographed by Uvidoc (Cleaver Scientific Ltd, UK).

4. Results

Candida albicans was the most prevalent species among clinical isolates (94%) followed by Candida tropicalis (4%), Candida glabrata (1%), and Candida parapsilosis (1%) (Figure 1). Median age of patients was 61.8 (SD = 18.5). Male to female sex ratio was 40/60. The age range of (71 - 80) (24%) and (1 - 10) (1%) had the most and the least frequencies. All patients had urinary catheters. Forty four and 11 patients were diabetic and neutropenic, respectively. Two patients had undergone kidney transplantation. Hospitalization period was 2 - 40 days. Table 1 shows the characteristics of patients in the present study.
Table 1.
Details of Patients with UTI in the Present Study
No.GenderAgeNeutropeniaDiabetes MellitusKidney TransplantationImmunosuppressive TherapyAntimicrobial UsageDuration of Hospitalization (Day)Candida spp.
1Male73++-Azathioprine+14C. albicans
2Male42-----8C. albicans
3Male72++-Corticosteroid+5C. albicans
4Male37-----4C. albicans
5Female73-+--+6C. tropicalis
6Male63-+---3C. albicans
7Female32-----3C. albicans
8Female48-----2C. albicans
9Male75-+--+13C. albicans
10Male76-+--+29C. albicans
11Female42-----2C. albicans
12Female86-+--+5C. albicans
13Female22-----8C. albicans
14Male81----+18C. albicans
15Male73-+---2C. albicans
16Female34--+Tacrolimus+6C. albicans
17Male36-----39C. albicans
18Female84++-Azathioprine+6C. albicans
19Male83-+---5C. albicans
20Female70-----5C. albicans
21Male59--+Tacrolimus+2C. albicans
22Female51-+---6C. albicans
23Male62-+---5C. albicans
24Male36----+9C. albicans
25Female41----+2C. albicans
26Female60-----4C. albicans
27Female24----+8C. albicans
28Male73-----9C. albicans
29Female71----+5C. albicans
30Male65-+--+15C. albicans
31Female62++-Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-15C. albicans
32Female77----+6C. albicans
33Female71-+-Corticosteroid+5C. albicans
34Female27---Corticosteroid-6C. albicans
35Female65-----7C. tropicalis
36Female55-+--+2C. albicans
37Female87-----6C. albicans
38Male61----+4C. albicans
39Female78----+21C. albicans
40Female88-+--+4C. albicans
41Female75----+21C. albicans
42Female82-----23C. albicans
43Female75-+--+2C. albicans
44Male79++-Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-3C. albicans
45Male49-----9C. albicans
46Female80++-Corticosteroid-21C. albicans
47Female88----+11C. albicans
48Female76-+--+24C. albicans
49Female65-+--+7C. albicans
50Female74-+-Corticosteroid-9C. albicans
51Male80-+-Corticosteroid+6C. albicans
52Female61----+12C. albicans
53Male84-----3C. albicans
54Female90-----30C. albicans
55Female50+--Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-3C. tropicalis
56Male59-+---9C. albicans
57Female73----+10C. albicans
58Male47-----15C. albicans
59Male39----+40C. albicans
60Male63+--Corticosteroid+35C. parapsilosis
61Male77-+---15C. albicans
62Female68-+--+40C. albicans
63Female57-+---32C. albicans
64Male72----+25C. glabrata
65Male39----+26C. albicans
66Female56+--Corticosteroid-10C. albicans
67Male84----+5C. albicans
68Male69-----7C. albicans
69Female95----+5C. albicans
70Female55-+-Corticosteroid+25C. albicans
71Male59---Corticosteroid+30C. albicans
72Female73-+---6C. albicans
73Male47----+29C. albicans
74Female55++-Corticosteroid+23C. albicans
75Female87-+---20C. albicans
76Male61----+10C. albicans
77Female30---Corticosteroid+20C. tropicalis
78Female74-+---16C. albicans
79Female7----+10C. albicans
80Male43-+--+27C. albicans
81Female24----+32C. albicans
82Male70-+---15C. albicans
83Female65-+---7C. albicans
84Female69-+--+10C. albicans
85Male43++-Corticosteroid+27C. albicans
86Female38-----8C. albicans
87Female52-+---14C. albicans
88Female54----+18C. albicans
89Female30----+20C. albicans
90Male59-+--+20C. albicans
91Female40-+---10C. albicans
92Female64-----11C. albicans
93Male74---Corticosteroid+9C. albicans
94Female68-----5C. albicans
95Female83-+--+25C. albicans
96Female58---Corticosteroid-15C. albicans
97Female81-+-Corticosteroid+19C. albicans
98Female32-----6C. albicans
99Male63-----14C. albicans
100Male69-+--+7C. albicans
Gel electrophoresis of ITS-PCR amplicons of <i>Candida</i> species after digestion with MspI restriction enzyme. Lanes 1, 5, and 6 are <i>C. albicans</i> (238 and 297 bp), lane 2 is <i>C. tropicalis</i> (184 and 340 bp), lane 3 is <i>C. parapsilosis</i> (520 bp), lane 4 is <i>C. glabrata</i> (314 and 557 bp), and lane L is a 100-bp DNA size marker.
Figure 1.
Gel electrophoresis of ITS-PCR amplicons of Candida species after digestion with MspI restriction enzyme. Lanes 1, 5, and 6 are C. albicans (238 and 297 bp), lane 2 is C. tropicalis (184 and 340 bp), lane 3 is C. parapsilosis (520 bp), lane 4 is C. glabrata (314 and 557 bp), and lane L is a 100-bp DNA size marker.

5. Discussion

UTI is regularly found in patients with immunosuppressive conditions, long hospitalization, and who have undergone surgical procedures. Alvarez-Lerma from Spain showed that 10% - 15% urinary tract infections in the ICU patients are caused by the Candida species and 22% of critically ill patients hospitalized for more than seven days in ICUs revealed candiduria (13). During 1995 - 2001, there was 25,000 cases of candiduria per year in the United States (14). Diabetes mellitus is a formidable risk factor for the infection, since the mucous membranes in this group are more susceptible to UTI due to immune deficiencies (15). Candida colonization was elevated in the present of nitrogenous compounds and acidic pH. In the present study, 44% of patients were diabetic as a major predisposing factor for UTI. The majority of UTI cases are catheter users (16). In accordance, all patients in the present investigation used urethral catheters. In agreement with our findings, Candida albicans is the most prevalent Candida species causing candiduria (17, 18), however there is a substantial trend to non-albicans Candida species (19, 20). A high number of cases of UTI due to the non-albicans species may be in connection with fluconazole consumption as a first line antifungal therapy because many Candida species are inherently resistant to flocuazole or susceptible only to high doses of this antifungal drug such as Candida krusei and Candida glabrata (1). The limitation of our study was the lack of determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the clinical isolates which is strongly recommended for further studies. Some studies introduce Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon asahii as etiologic agents of UTI (21) but, Candida was the only fungus isolated from patients enrolled in the present investigation. A recurrent Candida UTI is a rare clinical manifestation and appears in diabetic patients or anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract (22). Diabetes mellitus is a main risk factor for development of candidemia and is reported in nearly one third of all UTI patients (23). We followed up all patients especially diabetic patients (44%) and fortunately nobody presented systemic candidiasis in the present investigation. Similar to the present study, females usually have a higher chance for candiduria and UTI (24) in connection with vulvovaginal colonization by Candida species and their anatomy (6, 25), however, in many investigations males are the predominant population among UTI patients (11, 26). Candida species are isolated from 20-60% of UTI in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and pediatric intensive care units (PICU) (27), but in the present study, the frequency of UTI among infants was only 1%. Since older individuals reveal natural modifications of the immune system, so longer hospitalization in intensive care units and use of urinary catheters was seen more commonly in this population (28, 29). Similar to most surveys in this field (6, 27), most patients in the present investigation were over 65 years old. The median absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 1.5 × 109/L is considered as neutropenia (30, 31). In the present study 11% of patients were neutropenic with the mid age of 65.2 years.

5.1. Conclusions

Patients with candiduria and UTI in ICU have increased mortality rates (13), so good management of patients depends on quick and precise intercessions. Since Candida albicans was a predominant species in the present study (94%), and it shows different sensitivities to antifungal drugs, determination of MIC for clinical isolates are recommended to determine the best choice for this potentially dangerous infection.

Acknowledgments

Footnotes

  • Authors' Contribution: Study concept and design: Somayeh Haghighipour and Morteza Pourahmad. Acquisition of data: Mahta Noorbakhsh. Analysis and interpretation of data: Mahta Noorbakhsh and Rasoul Mohammadi. Drafting of the manuscript: Rasoul Mohammadi. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Somayeh Haghighipour and Rasoul Mohammadi. Statistical analysis: Mahta Noorbakhsh. Administrative, technical, and material support: Somayeh Haghighipour and Rasoul Mohammadi. Study supervision: Somayeh Haghighipour and Rasoul Mohammadi.

  • Conflict of Interests:The authors declare no conflict of interests.

  • Ethical Approval: IR.MUI.REC.1396.3.429.

  • Funding/Support: This investigation was supported by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (No. 396429).

  • Patient Consent:The patient provided a written informed consent for the publication of this report.

References

  • 1.
    Ding CH, Wahab AA, Muttaqillah NA, Tzar MN. Prevalence of albicans and non-albicans candiduria in a Malaysian medical centre. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(12):1375-9. [PubMed ID: 25842581].
  • 2.
    Vaezi A, Fakhim H, Khodavaisy S, Alizadeh A, Nazeri M, Soleimani A, et al. Epidemiological and mycological characteristics of candidemia in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Mycol Med. 2017;27(2):146-52. [PubMed ID: 28318900]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.02.007.
  • 3.
    Diba K, Makhdoomi K, Nasri E, Vaezi A, Javidnia J, Gharabagh DJ, et al. Emerging Candida species isolated from renal transplant recipients: Species distribution and susceptibility profiles. Microb Pathog. 2018;125:240-5. [PubMed ID: 30240817]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.026.
  • 4.
    Kauffman CA, Fisher JF, Sobel JD, Newman CA. Candida urinary tract infections--diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52 Suppl 6:S452-6. [PubMed ID: 21498838]. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir111.
  • 5.
    R Y, M PS, U AB, R R, K BA. Candiduria: prevalence and trends in antifungal susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital of mangalore. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(11):2459-61. [PubMed ID: 24392372]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3879894]. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/6298.3578.
  • 6.
    Lima GME, Nunes MO, Chang MR, Tsujisaki RAS, Nunes JO, Taira CL, et al. Identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from the urine of patients in a university hospital in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2017;59. e75. [PubMed ID: 29267583]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5738760]. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201759075.
  • 7.
    Rishpana MS, Kabbin JS. Candiduria in catheter associated urinary tract infection with special reference to biofilm production. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(10):DC11-3. [PubMed ID: 26557518]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4625237]. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/13910.6690.
  • 8.
    Ozhak-Baysan B, Ogunc D, Colak D, Ongut G, Donmez L, Vural T, et al. Distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species causing nosocomial candiduria. Med Mycol. 2012;50(5):529-32. [PubMed ID: 21988703]. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2011.618996.
  • 9.
    Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ghanavati F. The susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolated from urine samples to posaconazole and caspofungin. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(3). e24298. [PubMed ID: 25861442]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4386077]. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.24298.
  • 10.
    Sobel JD, Fisher JF, Kauffman CA, Newman CA. Candida urinary tract infections--epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52 Suppl 6:S433-6. [PubMed ID: 21498836]. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir109.
  • 11.
    Jain M, Dogra V, Mishra B, Thakur A, Loomba PS, Bhargava A. Candiduria in catheterized intensive care unit patients: Emerging microbiological trends. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54(3):552-5. [PubMed ID: 21934219]. https://doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.85091.
  • 12.
    Pouladian S, Movahedi M, Mohammadi R. Clinical and mycological study of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC); identification of clinical isolates by polymerase chain reaction-fragment size polymorphyim (PCR-FSP) technique. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2017;12(2). e62761. https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.62761.
  • 13.
    Alvarez-Lerma F, Nolla-Salas J, Leon C, Palomar M, Jorda R, Carrasco N, et al. Candiduria in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care medical units. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(7):1069-76. [PubMed ID: 12756441]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-1807-y.
  • 14.
    Shay AC, Miller LG. An estimate of the incidence of Candiduria among hospitalized patients in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(11):894-5. [PubMed ID: 15566016]. https://doi.org/10.1086/503489.
  • 15.
    Brieland J, Essig D, Jackson C, Frank D, Loebenberg D, Menzel F, et al. Comparison of pathogenesis and host immune responses to Candida glabrata and Candida albicans in systemically infected immunocompetent mice. Infect Immun. 2001;69(8):5046-55. [PubMed ID: 11447185]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC98599]. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.8.5046-5055.2001.
  • 16.
    Colodner R, Nuri Y, Chazan B, Raz R. Community-acquired and hospital-acquired candiduria: comparison of prevalence and clinical characteristics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(4):301-5. [PubMed ID: 18097694]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-007-0438-6.
  • 17.
    Jain N, Kohli R, Cook E, Gialanella P, Chang T, Fries BC. Biofilm formation by and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from urine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(6):1697-703. [PubMed ID: 17261524]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC1828833]. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02439-06.
  • 18.
    Zarei-Mahmoudabadi A, Zarrin M, Ghanatir F, Vazirianzadeh B. Candiduria in hospitalized patients in teaching hospitals of Ahvaz. Iran J Microbiol. 2012;4(4):198-203. [PubMed ID: 23205252]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3507310].
  • 19.
    Goyal R, Sami H, Mishra V, Bareja R, Behara R. Non-albicans candiduria: An emerging threat. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2016;6(3):48-50. https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2016.60308.
  • 20.
    Falahati M, Farahyar S, Akhlaghi L, Mahmoudi S, Sabzian K, Yarahmadi M, et al. Characterization and identification of candiduria due to Candida species in diabetic patients. Curr Med Mycol. 2016;2(3):10-4. [PubMed ID: 28681023]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5490284]. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.3.10.
  • 21.
    Kauffman CA, Vazquez JA, Sobel JD, Gallis HA, McKinsey DS, Karchmer AW, et al. Prospective multicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(1):14-8. [PubMed ID: 10619726]. https://doi.org/10.1086/313583.
  • 22.
    Suzuki R, Kuroda H, Matsubayashi H, Ishii A, Toyoda F, Kawarai Lefor A, et al. Candidemia from an upper urinary tract infection complicated by candida endophthalmitis. Intern Med. 2015;54(20):2693-8. [PubMed ID: 26466713]. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4691.
  • 23.
    Pfaller M, Neofytos D, Diekema D, Azie N, Meier-Kriesche HU, Quan SP, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 3648 patients: Data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH Alliance(R)) registry, 2004-2008. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;74(4):323-31. [PubMed ID: 23102556]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.10.003.
  • 24.
    Kauffman CA. Candiduria. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41 Suppl 6:S371-6. [PubMed ID: 16108001]. https://doi.org/10.1086/430918.
  • 25.
    Jacob S, D'Souza D; Udayalaxmi. Comparison between virulence factors of Candida albicans and non-albicans species of candida isolated from genitourinary tract. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(11):DC15-7. [PubMed ID: 25584218]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4290236]. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/10121.5137.
  • 26.
    Gholamipour P, Mahmoudi S, Pourakbari B, Ashtiani MT, Sabouni F, Teymuri M, et al. Candiduria in children: A first report from an Iranian referral pediatric hospital. J Prev Med Hyg. 2014;55(2):54-7. [PubMed ID: 25916021]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4718326].
  • 27.
    Phillips JR, Karlowicz MG. Prevalence of Candida species in hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16(2):190-4. [PubMed ID: 9041599]. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199702000-00005.
  • 28.
    Kauffman CA. Diagnosis and management of fungal urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28(1):61-74. [PubMed ID: 24484575]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.004.
  • 29.
    Colombo AL, Garnica M, Aranha Camargo LF, Da Cunha CA, Bandeira AC, Borghi D, et al. Candida glabrata: An emerging pathogen in Brazilian tertiary care hospitals. Med Mycol. 2013;51(1):38-44. [PubMed ID: 22762208]. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2012.698024.
  • 30.
    Gong RL, Wu J, Chen TX. Clinical, laboratory, and molecular characteristics and remission status in children with severe congenital and non-congenital neutropenia. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:305. [PubMed ID: 30386760]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6198072]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00305.
  • 31.
    Vial T, Bailly H, Perault-Pochat MC, Default A, Boulay C, Chouchana L, et al. Beta-lactam-induced severe neutropaenia: A descriptive study. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2019;33(2):225-31. [PubMed ID: 30289173]. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12419.

Copyright

Copyright © 2019, Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

Similar Articles

21
Mar
2015
The Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Species Isolated From Urine Samples to Posaconazole and Caspofungin

The Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Species Isolated From Urine Samples to Posaconazole and Caspofungin

Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi,
Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei,
Fataemeh Ghanavati
PDF

Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ghanavati F. The Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Species Isolated From Urine Samples to Posaconazole and Caspofungin. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(3):e24298. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.24298

5
Jul
2022
Epidemiologic and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candiduria Among Patients Hospitalized in The Nephrology and Intensive Care Unit Wards, Tehran, Iran

Epidemiologic and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candiduria Among Patients Hospitalized in The Nephrology and Intensive Care Unit Wards, Tehran, Iran

Faezeh Ahmadi,
Roshanak Daie Ghazvini,
Seyed Jamal Hashemi,
Zahra Ramezanalipour,
Javaher Chabavizadeh,
Zahra Rafat
,et al.
PDF

Ahmadi F, Daie Ghazvini R, Hashemi SJ, Ramezanalipour Z, Chabavizadeh J, et al. Epidemiologic and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candiduria Among Patients Hospitalized in The Nephrology and Intensive Care Unit Wards, Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2022;15(5):e126418. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-126418

29
Aug
2016
The Epidemiology of Candida Species Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections

The Epidemiology of Candida Species Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections

Mohammad Salehi,
Abdolmajid Ghasemian,
Seyyed Khalil Shokouhi Mostafavi,
Farshad Nojoomi,
Danial Ashiani,
Hassan Rajabi Vardanjani
PDF

Salehi M, Ghasemian A, Shokouhi Mostafavi SK, Nojoomi F, Ashiani D, et al. The Epidemiology of Candida Species Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2016;11(4):e37743. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.37743

17
Aug
2016
Prevalence of Candida Infection at the Intensive Care Unit with Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Using Primer Mixes Specific to Candida DNA Topoisomerase II Genes

Prevalence of Candida Infection at the Intensive Care Unit with Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Using Primer Mixes Specific to Candida DNA Topoisomerase II Genes

Mohammad Rahbar,
Sahar Vossoghian,
Shadi Alimehr,
Hamideh Shekari Ebrahim Abad,
Mona Mohammadzadeh,
Fatemeh Fallah
,et al.
PDF

Rahbar M, Vossoghian S, Alimehr S, Shekari Ebrahim Abad H, Mohammadzadeh M, et al. Prevalence of Candida Infection at the Intensive Care Unit with Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Using Primer Mixes Specific to Candida DNA Topoisomerase II Genes. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2016;11(4):e36166. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.36166

20
Jul
2013
Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Strains Isolated From Blood Specimens in Iran

Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Strains Isolated From Blood Specimens in Iran

Mohammad Ghahri,
Hossein Mirhendi,
Kamiar Zomorodian,
Nahid Kondori
PDF

Ghahri M, Mirhendi H, Zomorodian K, Kondori N. Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Strains Isolated From Blood Specimens in Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2013;8(3):e14529. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.14529

More by these authors

Somayeh HaghighipourPubMedScholar
Morteza PourahmadPubMedScholar
Mahta NoorbakhshPubMedScholar
Rasoul MohammadiPubMedScholar

Find related work

PubMed
Google Scholar
Create citation alert
Download PDF572.85 KBPeer review comments
Share
Cited by
Metrics
Comments
Number of Comments:0
Indexed in
logoWeb of Sciences Core Collections
logoScopus