1. Background
Precocious puberty in girls is defined as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics before eight years or menarche before nine years of age. Central precocious puberty (CPP) is due to the premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Precocious puberty may have significant physical and psychologic influence on affected patients and their parents. Increase in levels of sex steroid hormone may cause growth acceleration, advanced bone age, early menarche and impairment of final height. In a recent study, 3.2% of girls younger than eight years had tanner stage 2 of breast development (1.3% with normal weight and 12.1% of girls with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile) (1). Mogensen et al. reported a significant increase in the number of patients with CPP over a 16-year period (2). This trend was also reported in Korean girls with CPP over a five-year period (3). Depot preparations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) are the gold standard drugs for the treatment of rapidly progressive forms of CPP (4). Depot forms of GnRHa continuously release the GnRH so desensitizes the gonadotropic cells of the pituitary gland to the endogenous GnRH and efficiently delay the progression of sexual puberty (5). A concern about these drugs is obesity. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about the effect of GnRHa therapy on the prevalence of obesity and BMI in patients with CPP. Some of reported studies suggested an increase in BMI during GnRHa therapy (6-8). A study showed increase in total body fat, trunk fat mass, and insulin resistance in nine of 20 girls with idiopathic CPP treated with GnRHa (9). However, other data suggested that GnRHa therapy has no significant effect on weight excess in patients with CPP and a report suggested a reduction of BMI under gonadotropin-suppressive therapy (10-16).
2. Objectives
The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of GnRHa therapy on BMI, BMI standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS), and the prevalence of obesity in girls with CPP in comparison with untreated patients.
3. Patients and Methods
The diagnosis of precocious puberty in girls was made based upon the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before eight or menarche before nine years of age. Patients were included in the study if CPP has been confirmed with clinical and laboratory criteria and had good compliance with treatment strategy. Subjects with any additional conditions that might affect BMI (e.g. Cushing’s syndrome, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, anorexia nervosa, dieting, and new exercise program) were excluded. The weight, height, BMI, and pubertal stage were measured at baseline and sixth and 12th month of treatment. The subjects were divided to three groups according to their BMI using the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) growth charts: Obese, BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex; Overweight, 85th percentile ≤ BMI ≤ 95th percentile for age and sex; and Normal weight, BMI < 85th percentile for age and sex (17). Height and BMI were expressed as SDS for chronological age and were calculated according to CDC growth data (17). Greulich-Pyle method was used for bone age determination and Bayley-Pinneau method for prediction of adult height (18, 19). Marshall-Tanner method was used for sexual maturation staging (20). Target Height was calculated by mean of parental heights minus 6.5. The hormonal criteria for the diagnosis of CPP were used on the basis of international recommendations (21-23). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and hypothalamus-pituitary region was performed for patients with age of ≤ 6 year at the onset of puberty.
The GnRHa (Triptorelin) was administered intramuscularly every 28 days at a dose of 3.75 mg for the patients with rapidly progressive forms of CPP. Patients with slowly progressive forms of CPP and some patients that rejected treatment were considered as control group. This study design was approved by ethical committees of Kashan university of medical sciences, Kashan, Iran, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents of participants.
3.1. Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, the United States). Values were presented as Mean ± SD. P < 0.05 (two-sided) were considered statistically significant. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for determining differences between groups and the Friedman test was used to determine differences within each group.
4. Results
From 148 girls with CPP, 110 subjects met the inclusion criteria for study: 46 (41.8%) considered as intervention group and 64 (58.2%) as control group. General characteristic of two groups are shown in Table 1. The mean age by initial visit was 7.46 ± 1.03 years (7.89 ± 1.15 and 7.16 ± 0.81 years in intervention and control groups, respectively; P < 0.0001). The weight, BMI, and the prevalence of obesity and overweightness had no significant difference between study groups, but BMI-SDS was higher in control than in intervention group. The patients in intervention group had higher age and height than controls did, but height SDS was not different (Table 1). Moreover, the mean of target height was not significantly different between two groups (Table 1). The patients in intervention group had higher bone age and lower predicted adult height than control group did (Table 1). Bone age was 1.51 ± 1.24 years more than chronological age (1.75 ± 1.02 and 1.34 ± 1.46 years in intervention and control groups, respectively; P = 0.083). Basal luteinizing hormone LH) level was 1.17 ± 3.19 IU/L (0.87 ± 0.79 IU/L and 1.5 ± 4.3 IU/L in intervention and control groups, respectively; P = 0.35). Basal follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level was 2.43 ± 1.97 IU/L, (2.11 ± 1.48 IU/L and 2.71 ± 2.28 IU/L in intervention and control groups, respectively; P = 0.26).
| Variable | Total, n=110 | Intervention Group, 46 Patients (41.8%) | Control Group,64 Patients (58.2%) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 7.46 ± 1.02 | 7.89 ± 1.16 | 7.16 ± 0.81 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 31.6 ±7.48 | 31.14 ±7.48 | 31.93 ±7.53 | 0.634 |
| Height, cm | 127.49 ± 7.56 | 128.92 ± 7.99 | 126.47 ± 7.12 | 0.031 |
| Height-SDS | 0.62 ± 1 | 0.45 ± 0.94 | 0.74 ± 1.04 | 0.224 |
| Tall stature, % | 8.3 | 4.4 | 10.9 | 0.302 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 19.28 ± 3.47 | 18.55 ± 3.26 | 19.8 ± 3.55 | 0.081 |
| BMI-SDS | 1.22 ± 1.31 | 0.84 ± 1.0 | 1.49 ± 1.29 | 0.01 |
| Obesity, % | 38.5 | 28.9 | 45.3 | 0.11 |
| Overweight, % | 20.2 | 22.2 | 21.4 | 0.809 |
| Bone age, y | 8.96 ± 1.66 | 9.66 ± 1.70 | 8.43 ± 1.43 | < 0.001 |
| PAH, cm | 156.31 ± 7.61 | 153. 38 ± 5.56 | 158.57 ± 8.34 | < 0.001 |
| Target Height, cm | 158.06 ± 4.75 | 158.32 ± 4.35 | 157.75 ± 8.34 | 0.454 |
a Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PAH, predicted adult height; and SDS, standard deviation score.
b Results are presented as means ± SD or percentage.
Findings of brain MRI were normal in majority of patients. Other patients had abnormalities in brain MRI including microadenoma of hypophysis (two case), Chiari malformation type I (one case), fat deposition around hypophysis (one case), and prominent pineal gland (one case).
4.1. Body Mass Index Changes During Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy
The weight of patients had increase significantly in intervention and control groups at sixth and12th months compared with the baseline values (P < 0.0001) (Table 2). The height in both groups increased significantly (P < 0.0001). At baseline, the mean of height was higher in intervention group (128.92 ± 7.99 cm) than in control group (126.47 ± 7.13 cm) (P = 0.031); this difference persisted at the sixth month (P = 0.015), but disappear in 12th month of treatment (P = 0.18) (Table 2).The BMI increased significantly in intervention and control groups at sixth and 12th months compared with the baseline (P < 0.001). The BMI-SDS in intervention and control groups was not significantly different at sixth and 12th months compared with the baseline (P = 0.26 and P = 0.84, respectively). The difference in weight and BMI was not significant between intervention and control groups at baseline and at sixth and 12th months of therapy. However, BMI-SDS was significantly higher in intervention group than in control group at baseline (P = 0.01) and at sixth month of therapy (P = 0.018), but not at 12th month of treatment (P = 0.051). The prevalence of obesity increased in controls and decreases in intervention group, but the difference was not significant (P = 0.51 and P = 0.47, respectively). The prevalence of obesity was not different between intervention and control groups at baseline and at sixth and 12th months of therapy (P = 0.11, P = 0.07, and P = 0.052, respectively) (Table 2). In addition, the prevalence of overweightness was not different between intervention and control groups baseline and at sixth and 12th months of therapy (P = 0.81, P = 0.64, and P = 0.34, respectively). The comparison of our results with other researches showed in Table 3.
Table 2.
The Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy on Body Mass Index During One-Year Follow-Up
| Variable | Time of Measurement | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 mo | 12 mo | ||
| Weight, kg | ||||
| Total | 31.6 ± 7.49 | 34.2 ± 7.68 | 36.53 ± 8.53 | < 0.0001 |
| Cases | 31.14 ± 7.48 | 34.05 ± 7.53 | 36.03 ± 7.94 | < 0.0001 |
| Controls | 31.92 ± 7.84 | 34.31 ± 7.85 | 36.98 ± 9.08 | < 0.0001 |
| Height, cm | ||||
| Total | 127.49 ± 7.56 | 131.1 ± 7.66 | 134.44 ± 7.99 | < 0.0001 |
| Cases | 128.92 ± 7.99 | 133 ± 7.66 | 135.39 ± 7.98 | < 0.0001 |
| Controls | 126.47 ± 7.13 | 129.81 ± 7.44 | 133.59 ± 7.99 | < 0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| Total | 19.28 ± 3.48 | 19.75 ± 3.56 | 20.02 ± 3.44 | < 0.0001 |
| Cases | 18.55 ± 3.26 | 19.13 ± 3.11 | 19.47 ± 2.96 | < 0.0001 |
| Controls | 19.80 ± 3.55 | 20.2 ± 3.48 | 20.52 ± 3.79 | < 0.0001 |
| BMI-SDS | ||||
| Total | 1.22 ± 1.22 | 1.19 ± 1.03 | 1.17 ± 1.04 | NS |
| Cases | 0.84 ± 1.01 | 0.93 ± 0.93 | 0.92 ± 0.82 | NS |
| Controls | 1.49 ± 1.28 | 1.42 ± 1.06 | 1.39 ± 1.16 | NS |
| Obesity, n (%) | ||||
| Total | 42 (38.5) | 42 (41.2) | 33 (36.3) | NS |
| Cases | 13 (28.9) | 14 (30.4) | 11 (25.6) | NS |
| Controls | 29 (45.3) | 28 (50) | 22 (45.8) | NS |
| Overweightness, n (%) | ||||
| Total | 22 (20.2) | 24 (23.5) | 23 (25.3) | NS |
| Cases | 10 (22.2) | 12 (26.1) | 13 (30.2) | NS |
| Controls | 12 (21.4) | 12 (21.4) | 10 (20.8) | NS |
Table 3.
Summary of Studies About the Changes of Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score During Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy in Girls a
| Author (year), Reference | No | Treatment BMI-SDS for CA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Duration of Therapy, Mo | Final Visit | P Value | ||
| Current study | |||||
| Intervention group | 46 | 0.84 ± 1.01 | 0.92 ± 0.82 (12 mo) | ___ | NS |
| Control group | 64 | 1.49 ± 1.28 | 1.49 ± 1.16 (12 mo) | ___ | NS |
| Arrigo (2004) | |||||
| Intervention group | 101 | 1.39 ± 1.07 | 0.61 ± 0.79 (12 mo) | 0.11 ± 0.52 | < 0.001 |
| Control group | No control group | ||||
| Yuan (2011) | |||||
| Intervention group | 57 | 0.35 ± 0.79 | 0.49 ± 0.72 (12 mo) | -0.12 ± 0.58 | 0.03 |
| Control group | 77 | 0.39 ± 0.89 | ___ | 0.29 ± 0.94 | NA |
| Lee (2012) | |||||
| Intervention group | 38 | 0.58 ± 1.18 | 0.79 ± 0.84 (12 mo) | 0.96 ± 0.83 | < 0.05 |
| Control group | No control group | ||||
| Traggiai (2005) | |||||
| Intervention group | 29 | 1.7 | 1.8 (12 mo) | 1.6 | NR |
| Control group | 45 | 2.1 | 1.6 (12 mo) | 1 | NR |
| Poomthavorn (2011) | |||||
| Intervention group | 47 | 1.26 ± 0.95 | NR | 0.16 ± 1 | NA |
| Control group | 11 | NA | |||
| Oostdijk (1996) | |||||
| Intervention group | 30 | 1.7 | 1.824 mo | 1.44 | NS |
| Control group | No control group | ||||
| Palmert (1999) | |||||
| Intervention group | 96 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.136 mo | 0.9 ± 0.1 | NS |
| Control group | No control group | ||||
a Abbreviations: BMI-SDS for CA, body mass index standard deviation score for chronological age; NA, not available; NS, not significant.
5. Discussion
5.1. Obesity and Central Precocious Puberty in Girls
The prevalence of obesity is progressively increasing worldwide; therefore, any treatment that aggravates obesity is undesirable. One frequently asked question from pediatric endocrinologists is the risk of obesity during GnRHa therapy. At present, a few studies have been performed to answer this question. Some studies have been compared the body composition of patients before and after discontinuation of treatment; in addition, because of long duration of therapy (mean, 5-6 years), several factors may affect body composition. We performed a clinical trial to assess changes in weight, height, and BMI in 110 girls with CPP that occur during first year of GnRHa therapy. In this study, the prevalence of obesity and overweightness in girls with CPP was higher from that reported worldwide and in Iranian children. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, the overall prevalence of obesity and overweightness in Iranian children were estimated to be about 5.1% and 10.8%, respectively (24). The prevalence of obesity and overweightness in our study was 38.5% and 20.2%, respectively. Similar result was seen by Palmert et al. in patients with CPP (48% and 26% with BMI-SDS of over 85th percentile and over 95th percentile, respectively), Glab et al. (9.8% of children had BMI-SDS between 90th and 97th percentile and 22.0% above 97th percentile) and Arrigo et al. (23.8% of children had BMI-SDS ≥ 2) (10, 11, 16). Our data also indicate that the prevalence of obesity in girls with slowly progressive form of CPP is not different from rapidly progressive forms. Other important finding in this study was no difference in the prevalence of obesity and overweightness during treatment or follow-up in intervention and control groups. Similar results were achieved by some researchers (10, 11, 13). Only one research reported the reduction of prevalence of obesity and overweightness during GnRHa therapy after an average follow-up of 44 months (16).
5.2. Body Mass Index Standard Changes During Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy
The experimental data are rather controversial and there is no general agreement on BMI changes during GnRHa therapy. In this study, we compared the patients that received treatment with the patients that rejected receiving drug or had slowly progressive form of CPP and therefore, no indication of treatment as control group. Most similar studies had not control group. Approximately, 60% of our patients had criteria for being overweight or obese at the baseline, and similar percentages were overweight or obese at the end of study. The BMI increased significantly in both intervention and control groups compared with baseline; however, BMI-SDS did not change significantly in both groups during study. The increase in BMI naturally occurs throughout childhood and no increase in BMI-SDS means that intervention had no effect on incidence of obesity. Thus, GnRHa therapy did not seem to be a risk factor for obesity in girls with CPP. These finding are in agreement with previous studies (10, 11, 25, 26) (Table 3).
In a study by Gillis et al. 34 girls with CPP treated with a GnRHa (23 with monthly injections of triptorelin depot and 11 with histrelin implant) were evaluated before, and the end of treatment until menarche. Changes of BMI-SDS was not significant in neither group (26). Historically, Boot et al. have performed dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) before and during treatment with GnRHa in girls with CPP and early puberty. Their findings showed that BMI-SDS, fat mass, and percent of body fat for chronological age increased during GnRHa therapy (27). The recent study by Karamizadeh et al. on 30 non-obese female with idiopathic CPP showed that GnRHa therapy does not cause metabolic syndrome, but it may cause central obesity and hyperlipidemia (7). Tascilar et al. investigated the changes in body composition and insulin resistance in 20 girls with idiopathic CPP and reported moderate increase in total body fat, increase in trunk fat mass, and insulin resistance, and an insignificant slight increase in BMI (9).This study had not control group; also they had not reported BMI-SDS changes in their patients. We cannot evaluate these parameters in our patients. On the other hand, Ko et al. assessed percentage of body fat with DEXA method, at baseline and after one year of GnRHa therapy in 121 Korean girls and concluded that GnRHa therapy does not increase the prevalence of obesity in girls with CPP (13). Previously, these authors had reported an increase in BMI-SDS during GnRHa treatment in 38 Korean girls with CPP (8). One of the researches that had similar method to our study was the one performed by Yuan et al. (Table 3). They observed a slight increase in BMI-SDS at the end of treatment in comparison with control group, but both cases and controls at near adult height had BMI-SDS of lower than baseline without significant difference at baseline and at the end of study (12). Only one report has shown the reduction of BMI-SDS and obesity prevalence (from 4% to 0%) under GnRHa therapy in girls with idiopathic CPP (16). Similar to our patients, their patients had high prevalence of obesity at baseline, and the authors did not mention the change in exercise or diet habit of these patients. Traggiai, et al. reviewed BMI-SDS changes in 29 female patients with idiopathic CPP during GnRHa therapy compared with 45 healthy girls with normal puberty. Mean BMI-SDS increased in girls with idiopathic CPP during therapy, but 2.5 years after the end of therapy, the values were not different from baseline. On the other hand, mean BMI-SDS, decreased in girls with normal puberty. This difference was attributed to the treatment (6). In this study control group had not CPP and was not a good candidate for intervention. In other study, mean BMI z-score of 47 GnRHa-treated girls with idiopathic CPP was 1.26 at baseline and 0.16 at the time of reaching adult height (15).
