1. Context
In the last decades and almost all around the world, the disease burden profile has changed from communicable diseases in childhood to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood (1, 2). Meanwhile, the worldwide healthy adjusted life expectancy (HALE) has grown slower than life expectancy (0.8 years for each 1 year) and in a few countries HALE even has been reduced (3, 4). In addition, non-fatal health outcomes have resulted in increasing years lived with disability (YLD), worldwide (5). The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study on 2010 identified high blood pressure (BP) as the top global burden risk factor. In most parts of Asia, Middle East, North Africa, and Central Europe, high BP was the leading factor. It had worldwide attributable deaths of about 9.4 million and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) of about 173.6 million and comprised 53 percent of ischemic heart disease (IHD) DALYs (1). Moreover, this study defined IHD, lower respiratory infections, and stroke as the three major causes for years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death (6), with high BP as one of the most important risk factors for all of them.
In 2001, high BP resulted in 7.6 million premature deaths and 92 million DALYs; it also caused 54% of strokes and 47% of IHDs worldwide (7). In 2002, IHD and stroke were the two principal causes of global death (8). The world health organization (WHO) ranked high BP (13% of global death) (9) and, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (45% of global deaths) (10) as the leading risk factors for global death in 2009 and 2011, respectively.
It is well documented that elevated BP during adulthood roots in childhood (11-13). Given the importance of tracking BP from childhood, the Fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high BP in children and adolescents highlighted that all children aged above 3 years, who are seen in a medical setting, should have their BP measured (14). The growing pattern of NCDs and the pattern of the GBD are of special concern in low- and middle-income countries (1). As a low-middle income country located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, Iran is facing rapid epidemiological transition and change in the disease pattern (15). Therefore, increasing our knowledge on the risk factors of NCDs, would be helpful for designing and implementing timely preventive health programs. There are scattered and independent studies in this regard in Iran. Their results mostly are from limited populations or confined areas. It seems necessary to cumulate their findings and estimate the overall burden of elevated BP for the country. Furthermore, comparing data at the local and sub-national levels might yield useful results, which could be used by health policy makers and health workers. None of the published articles has considered this issue. Even the GBD study has drawn an overview of the situation at global level and does not provide each country’s specific situation. Therefore in the current review, first we looked for the studies conducted on BP among Iranian pediatric population. Thereafter, we tried to deliberate the relevant trends and burdens in the country. Due to the scarcity of accessible information in many areas of the country, we need to use advanced statistical modeling methods in order to impute the missed data (16, 17).
2. Evidence Acquisition
The present systematic review is a sub-component of cardio-metabolic risk factors burden study in Iranian children and adolescents which itself is a part of the National and Sub-national burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors (NASBOD) study in Iran. We have described detailed designs and protocols elsewhere (18, 19), and here we explain it in brief.
2.1. Outcome Definition
The major outcome in the current review was elevated BP. According to the US national heart, lung, and blood institute (NHLBI), BP is considered normal when the systolic and diastolic values are less than the 90th percentile for the child’s age, sex, and height. Prehypertension, is diagnosed when a child’s average BP is above the 90th percentile but below the 95th. Every adolescent with a BP greater than 120.80 mmHg is also diagnosed to have prehypertension, even if the BP would be below the 90th percentile. Stage I hypertension is diagnosed if a child’s BP is greater than the 95th percentile but less than or equal to the 99th percentile plus 5 mmHg. Stage II hypertension is diagnosed if a child’s BP is greater than the 99th percentile plus 5 mmHg (14). In the current review, the majority of the retrieved articles had used these cut points or earlier definitions proposed by NHLBI (20, 21). Other definitions have been used in some of them (22, 23).
2.2. Measures Definition
Measures consisted of the values/mean (Standard Deviation, SD) values of SBP and/or DBP, or the frequency rates of high BP. In all studies selected for this review, BP value was measured by sphygmomanometer through brachial artery with appropriate cuff size and was reported in mmHg or cmHg. In most of them, BP was measured two to three times in a single session and the mean value was recorded. In some others, two to three measurements were made on separate occasions and the last one was included in their analysis.
2.3. Search Strategy
We searched international databases including PubMed/Medline, ISI web of Science, and Scopus, as well as the Iranian scientific databases (IranMedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), Irandoc) from January 1990 to January 2014.
The search terms were as follows: hypertension, blood pressure, high blood pressure, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, arterial pressure in any possible combination with school OR student OR girl OR boy OR child* OR adolescen* OR pediatr* OR paediatr* AND Iran for searching in the International databases; the Farsi equivalent of these terms were used for searching the national databases. A definite search strategy for each database was also designed and used (Appendix 1). Both search methods results were considered. We also looked at the reference list of relevant retrieved articles to find more publications.
2.3.1. National Data
To the best of our knowledge the only nationwide study on cardio-metabolic risk factors in Iranian pediatric population with the age specific definitions are the surveys of a national surveillance program entitled: Childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult non-communicable diseases (CASPIAN) study (24, 25). It has been conducted in four different surveys from 2003 to 2012 (25-29). We used the source data of these surveys.
2.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
We included all cross sectional studies on BP values and prevalence of high BP in 6 - 18 year-old Iranian population. We also included cohort and case-control studies if they had reported their baseline data. We limited the search to human studies conducted from January 1990 to January 2014 in Iran (Iran, I.R.Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran) or with Iran in the affiliation of the authors with no restriction in the language. Non-human studies and redundant publications were excluded. All document types were included at the first stage. We excluded the studies that reported population normal values or percentiles exclusively or reported findings in more extended age groups than our study age range, or did not use pediatric specific definitions for BP classification. In the case of finding multiple publications from one study, we selected the more comprehensive one.
2.5. Data Management
All retrieved publications underwent selection and qualification processes. The search was repeated throughout the study period to add any newly published articles. The selected documents were saved in computer files with back-ups.
2.6. Selection Process
In the first stage, the retrieved titles were screened to find relevant articles, at the second stage the abstracts were screened, and at the third stage full texts of relevant papers were screened (Appendix 2).
2.7. Quality Assessment
For quality assessment, we considered our study eligibility criteria, study design, sample size, sampling method, response rates, measurement tools and their calibration, as well as measurement methods and estimates. Two independent reviewers (ZF and RK) qualified the articles and the poor rated ones were excluded.
2.8. Data Extraction
The data extraction process is explained in detail elsewhere (19). For most papers, confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. For six papers for which complementary data were needed, we tried to make contact with main authors but unfortunately the response rate was not favorable.
3. Results
The search algorithm including the number of initial search results and included studies are shown in Appendix 2. At first step, we found 840 articles in international and 533 articles in domestic databases. After three steps of selection and then qualifying processes, we included 36 articles (30-68) (Tables 1 and 2) in our systematic review.
Table 1.
The Mean Blood Pressure and the Prevalence of High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Population-Based Studies in Iranian Children and Adolescents
| Number | Reference | Location and Level of Study | Study Year | Publication Year | Age-group, y | Mean Age | Gender | Urban/Rural | HTN Definition | Sample Size, n | Mean Systolic BP mmHg | CI | Mean Diastolic BP mmHg a | CI | Prevalence of Systolic HTN | CI | Prevalence of Diastolic HTN | CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basiratnia et al. ( | Shiraz, district | 2010 - 2011 | 2013 | 11 - 17 | 13.85 (1.69) | Both | Urban | 2 and 3 | T:2000, B: 953, G: 1047, U: 2000, R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: 10.7, (preHTN 4.5), B: 8.2,G: 12.7, | T: 9.37-12.13 (preHTN 3.63 - 5.50), B: 6.61-10.22,G: 10.74-14.87 | T: 6.8, (preHTN 7.4), B: 7.3,G: 6.2, | T: 5.73 - 7.99, (preHTN 6.29 - 8.63), B: 6.61 - 10.22, G: 4.82 - 7.84 | |
| Amiri et al. ( | Iran, National screening | 2009 | 2012 | 6 | 6 | Both | Both | 1 | Total: 947967, Boys: 484891, Girls: 463076, Urban: 721403, Rural: 226564 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Total population: 0.1 | T: 0.09 - 0.106 | Total population: 0.1 | T: 0.09 - 0.106 | |
| Seyedzadeh et al. ( | Kermanshah, district | 2010 | 2012 | 6 - 12 | 9.5 | Both | Urban | NA | T: 160, B: 80, G: 80, U: 160, R: 0, | Cases: (T: 109.3 (9.97), G: 109.26 (9.7), B: 109.34 (10.3)), Controls: (T:105.47 (8.98), G: 105.06 (10), B: 105.88 (9.2) | Cases: (T: 107.16 - 111.59, G: 106.15 - 112.36, B: 106.04 - 112.63), Controls (T: 103.47 – 107.46, G: 101-86-108-25, B: 102.93 - 108.82) | Cases: (T: 64.9 (7.36), G: 64.66 (7.3), B: 65.18 (7.5)), Controls: (T:62.15 (7.01), G: 61.51 (7.43), B: 62.79 (6.61)) | Cases: (T: 63.28 - 66.55, G: 62.32 - 66.99, B: 62.78 - 67.57) controls (T: 60.59 – 63.71, G: 59.13 – 63.088, B: 60.67 - 64.90) | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Kelishadi et al. ( | Isfahan, provincial | 2011 - 2012 | 2012 | 3 - 10 | NA | NA | Both | NA | T: 241, B: 116, G: 125, U: 121, R: 120 | T: 102.05 (15.89), G: 101.32 (15.73), B: 102.85 (16.9) | T: 100.03 - 104.06, G: 98.53 - 104.10, B: ,99.74 - 105.95, | T: 64.3 (14.23), G: 64.54 (13.43), B: 64.4 (15.11) | T: 62.49 - 66.10,G: 72.16 - 76.91, B: 61.62 - 67.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Shajari et al. ( | Yazd, district | September 2009 - March 2010 | 2011 | 7 and 17 | 7 and 17 | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 4800, B (7 y): 1200, B (17 y): 1200, G (7 y): 1200, G (17 y): 1200, R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: -, Boys: 7 years 2, 17 years 2.5; Girls: 7 years old 1.50, 17 years 2 | T: -, B (7 y): 1.28 - 2.96, B (17 y): 1.69 - 3.54,G (7 y): 0.89 - 2.36, G (17 y): 1.28 - 2.96 | T: -, Boys: 7 years 1.5, 17 years 2.0, Girls: 7 years old 1. 0, 17 years 1.75 | T: -, B (7 y): 0.89 - 2.36, B (17 y): 1.28 - 2.96,G (7 y): 0.51 - 1.74, G (17 y): 1.08 - 2.66 | |
| Mohkam et al. ( | Tehran, district | 2008 - 2009 | 2011 | 7 - 11 | 8.9 (1.34) | Both | Urban | 2 and 3 | T: 425, B: 196, G: 229, U: 425, R: 0 | T: 102 (12.4), | 101.95 - 102.58 | T: 68.4 (9.8), | 68.36 - 68.44 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Moradmand et al. ( | Tehran, district | 2006 - 2009 | 2011 | 6 - 19 | 14.11 (3.47) | Both | Urban | 7 | T: 2043, B: 925, G: 1118, U: 2043, R: 0, | T: 109.37 (14.4), | 108.74 - 109.99 | T: 68.73 (16.63), | 68 - 69.45 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Mehrkash et al. ( | Gorgan, district | 2009 | 2011 | 15 - 17 | 16 (0.72) | Both | Urban | 9 | T: 450, B: 225, G: 225, U: 450, R: 0 | T: -, B: 119.06 (12.37), G: 108 (11.3) | T: -, B: 11.43 - 120.68 ,G: 106.51 - 0.48 | T: -, B: 69.42 (9.16), G: 70.02 (7.29) | -T: -, B: 68.21 - 70.62, G: 69.06 - 70.97 | T: 8, B: 12.9, G: 3.1 | T: 5.66 - 10.90, B: 8.80 - 17.98, G: 1.25 - 6.30 | T: 4.9, B: 6.70, G: 3.10 | T: 4.93.08 - 7.30, B: 3.77 - 10.75, G: 1.25 - 6.30, | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 1 1999 - 2001 | 2011 | 10 - 14 | 12.4 (1) | Male | Urban | 8 | B: 688 | 103 (11) | 102.17 - 103.82 | 69.5 (9) | 68.72 - 70.17 | 4.3 | 2.96 - 6.16 | 11.3 | 9.06 - 13.94 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 1 1999 - 2001 | 2011 | 15 - 19 | 16.8 (1) | Male | Urban | 8 | B: 734 | 110 (12) | 109.13 - 110.86 | 72.3 (9) | 71.64 - 72.95 | 2.5 | 1.56 - 4.01 | 4.6 | 3.22 - 6.41 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 2-2002 - 2005 | 2011 | 10 - 14 | 12.2 (1) | Male | Urban | 8 | B: 190 | 101 (11) | 99.42 - 102.57 | 65.6 (10) | 64.16 - 67.03 | 1.1 | 0.12 - 3.75 | 7.4 | 4.08 - 12.05 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 2-2002 - 2005 | 2011 | 15 - 19 | 17.1 (1) | Male | Urban | 8 | B: 346 | 108 (11) | 106.83 - 109.16 | 69.6 (10) | 68.54 - 70.65 | 0.9 | 0.17 - 2.51 | 1.8 | 0.63 - 3.73 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 3-2006 - 2008 | 2011 | 10 - 14 | 12.2 (1) | Male | Urban | 8 | B: 230 | 98 (12) | 96.44 - 99.55 | 63.8 (10) | 62.5 - 65.09 | 2.7 | 1.23 - 6.16 | 5.4 | 3.04 - 9.47 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey3-2006 - 2008 | 2011 | 15 - 19 | 17.2 (1) | Male | Urban | 8 | B: 278 | 108 (11) | 106.70 - 109.29 | 69 (10) | 67.81 - 70.18 | 0.4 | 0.009 - 1.98 | 3.3 | 1.73 - 6.51 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 1 1999 - 2001 | 2011 | 10 - 14 | 12.3 (1) | FeMale | Urban | 8 | G: 675 | 102 (11) | 101.16 - 102.83 | 70 (10) | 69.24 - 70.75 | 3.9 | 2.65 - 5.76 | 12.3 | 10.04 - 15.17 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 1 1999 - 2001 | 2011 | 15 - 19 | 17 (1) | Female | Urban | 8 | G: 913 | 106(11) | 105.28 - 106.71 | 72.9 (9) | 72.31 - 73.48 | 1.3 | 0.68 - 2.28 | 4.8 | 3.52 - 6.41 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS:Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 2-2002 - 2005 | 2011 | 10 - 14 | 12.3 (1) | Female | Urban | 8 | G: 214 | 97(11) | 95.51 - 98.48 | 66(10) | 64.65 - 67.34 | 1.6 | 0.51 - 4.71 | 0.7 | 0.11 - 3.33 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS:Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 2-2002 - 2005 | 2011 | 15 - 19 | 17.3 (1) | Female | Urban | 8 | G: 357 | 106 (10) | 104.95 - 107.04 | 69.2 (8) | 67.65 - 70.74 | 0.6 | 0.06 - 2 | 2.1 | 0.97 - 4.36 | |
| Hosseini-Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS:Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 3-2006 - 2008 | 2011 | 10 - 14 | 12.3 (1) | Female | Urban | 8 | G: 231 | 91 (12) | 89.44 - 92.55 | 62.3 (10) | 61 - 63.59 | 2.3 | 0.95 - 5.56 | 3.9 | 1.76 - 7.26 | |
| Hosseini - Esfahani et al. ( | Tehran, community (TLGS:Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) | Survey 3-2006 - 2008 | 2011 | 15 - 19 | 17.2 (1) | Female | Urban | 8 | G: 351 | 99 (11) | 97.84 - 100.15 | 65.6 (9) | 64.65 - 66.54 | 0.6 | 0.06 - 2.04 | 0.9 | 0.17 - 2.47 | |
| Salem et al. ( | Rafsanjan, district | 2008 - 9 | 2010 | 7 - 11 | NA | Both | Urban | 8 | T:1275,B: 500,G: 775,U: 1275,R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Pre HTN,T: 15.2,B: 16.6,G: 14.3,HTN,T: 11.8,B: 10.2,G: 12.9, | Pre HTN,T: 13.28 - 17.30,B: 13.44 - 20.15,G: 11.93 - 16.98,HTN,T: 10.04 - 13.66,B: 7.68 - 13.19,G: 10.62 - 15.46 | Pre HTN,T: 6,B: 4.8,G: 6.8,HTN,T: 3.6,B: 2.4,G: 4.3 | Pre HTN,T: 4.79 - 7.49,B: 3.09 - 7.05,G: 5.16 - 8.85,HTN,T: 2.65 - 4.78,B: 1.24 - 4.15,G: 3.05 - 6.07 | |
| Salem ( | Rafsanjan, district | 2007 - 8 | 2009 | Only said:middle and highschool adolescent | NA | Female | Both | 8 | T:1221,B: 0,G: 1221, -U: ,R: - | NA | NA | NA | NA | T (= F),Pre HTN: 5.2, HTN grade 1: 3.8, HTN grade 2: 1.2 | T (= F),Pre HTN: 4 - 6.64,HTN grade 1: 2.84 - 5.08,HTN grade 2: 0.68 - 2.01 | T (= F):,Pre HTN: 7.7, HTN grade 1: 1.4,HTN grade 2: 2.8 | T (= F):,Pre HTN: 6.26 - 9.33, HTN grade 1: 0.81 - 2.21, HTN grade 2: 1.93 - 3.86 | |
| Koohestani et al. ( | Arak, district | 2007 | 2009 | 3 - 18 | 13.31 (4.15) | Both | Urban | 2 | T:209,B: 103,G: 106,U: 209,R: 0, | T: 110.22 (15.02),G: 111/01 (12.94),B: 109.43 (15.43) | T:108.17 - 112.26,G: 108.5 - 113.49,B: 106.41 - 112.44 | T: 71.84 (12.76),G: 70.01 (10.63),B: 73.75 (11.04) | T:70.09-73.58,G: “ 67.96-72.05,B: 71.59-75.90 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Mahyar et al.( | Eghbalieh, district | 2005 | 2009 | 7 - 12 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 and 6 | T: 789,B: 306,G: 483,U: 789,R: 0, | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: 6.5,B: 5.2,G: 7.9, | T: 4.96 - 8.55,B: 3.01 - 8.35,G: 5.80 - 10.87 | T: 12.8,B: 18.1,G: 7.6, | T: 10.54 - 15.338,B: 14.13 - 23.09,G: 5.45 - 10.4 | |
| Mirhosseini et al.( | Mashad, district | Not declared | 2009 | 15 - 17 | 16.4 (0.9) | Female | Urban | 9 | T:622,B: 0,G: 622,U: 622,R: 0, | T: 95 (12.9) | 93.98 - 96.01 | T: 59 (9.3) | 58.26-59.73 | T: 7.2 | T: 5.32 - 9.56 | T:24.1 | T: 20.80 - 27.67 | |
| Kelishadi et al. ( | Isfahan, district | 2006 - 2007 | 2009 | 6 - 18 | 12.57 (3.3.) | Both | Urban | - | T: 1107,B: 486,G: 621,U: 1107,R: 0, | T: 103.39 (14.9) | 102.51 - 104.26 | T: 63.85 (10.3) | 63.24-64.45 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Zand et al.( | Arak,,district | 2007(?) | 2008 | 3 - 18 | 12.9(4.38) | Both | Urban | 2 | T:418,B: 209,G: 209,U: 418,R: 0 | T: 99.1 (13.2), | 97.29 - 100.9 | T: 60.6 (11.7), | 59-62.19 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Ataei et al. ( | Tehran, district | Feb 2004 – sep 2005 | 2007 | 13 - 18 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 | T:6038,B: 2758,G: 3280,U: 6038,R: 0, | NA | NA | NA | NA | T : 2.8 | T: 2.41 - 3.26 | T: 3.4 | T: 2.96 - 3.9 | |
| Ashrafi et al. ( | Tehran, district | 1998 – 1999 and 1999 – 2000 school years | 2005 | 6 - 13 | NA | Both | Urban | 4 | T:10288,B: 4871,G: 5417,U: 10288,R: 0, | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: significant HTN 4.5, severe HTN 1.5,B: 4.9 , 2,G: 3.5, 0.9 | T sig.: 4.10 - 4.91,T sev: 1.28 - 1.76,B sig: 4.31 - 5.55,B sev.: 1.63 - 2.44,G sig.:3.03 - 4.03,G sev: 0.66 1.19 | T: significant HTN 6.5, severe HTN 1.4,B: 10.1 , 2.3,G: 3.35 , 0.5 | T sig.: 6.03 6.99,T sev: 1.19 - 1.65,M sig: 9.26 - 10.98,M sev: 1.89 - 2.76,F sig 2.89 - 3.87,F sev: 0.32 - 0.72 | |
| Khaji et al. ( | Tehran, community, | 2003 - 4 school year | 2005 | Median age 11 | 11.5 (0.59) | Both | Urban | 2 | T:2766,B: 1159,G: 1607,U: 2766,R: 0, | G:100.8 (12.7), B: 98.1 (13.8) | G: 100.17 - 101.42, B: 97.30 - 98.89 | G: 64.9 (9.8),B: 64.3 (10.9) | G: 64.42 - 65.37,B: 63.67 - 64.92 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Ayatollahi et al. ( | Shiraz,,district | 2003 - 5 school year | 2005 | 6 - 12 | NA | Both | Urban | NA | T:1244,B: 663,G: 581,U: 1244,R: 0,, | T: 93 (10.9),G: 93.4 (11.4),B: 92.6 (10.5) | T: 92.39 - 93.60,G: 92.47 - 94.32,B: 91.79 - 93.40 | T: 59.3 (8.8),G: ,60.3 (8.8),B: 58.5 (8.8) | T:58.81 - 59.78,G: 59.58 - 61.0,B: 57.82 - 59.17 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Kelishadi et al. ( | Isfahan, district | not mentioned probably 2001 | 2004 | 6 - under 12 | - | Both | Urban | 2 | T cases:369,U cases:369,T controls:1113,U controls:1113 | T cases: 107.4(15.1),T controls: 100.2 (12.3) | T cases:106.36 - 108.43,T controls:99.47 - 100.92 | T cases: 68.7(10.5),T controls: 61.1 (10.1) | T cases:67.62-69.77,T controls: 60.5-61.69 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Kelishadi et al. ( | Isfahan, district | not mentioned probably 2001 | 2004 | 12 - 18 | - | Both | Urban | 2 | T cases:377,U cases:377,T controls: 1125,U controls: 1125 | T cases: 110.7(14.5),T controls: 109.4 (14.1) | T cases:109.23 - 112.16,T controls:108.57 - 110.22 | Tcases: 79.2 (12.3),T controls: 70.4 (11.1) | T cases:77.95-80.44,T controls: 69.75-71.04 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Fallah et al. ( | Tehran, district | 2002 - 3 | 2003 | 7 - 11 | - | Both | Urban | - | T:1061,B: 542,G: 515,U: 1061,R: 0 | T: 90.1 (14) | 89.25 - 90.94 | T: 50.7 (11.4), | 50.01 - 51.38 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Fesharakinia et al. ( | Birjand, district | 2002 spring | 2002 | 7 - 11 | - | Both | Urban | 2 | T:1928,B: 1010,G: 918,U: 1928,R: 0, | G: 101.2 (9),B: 100.9 (9.5) | G: 100.61 - 101.78,M; 100.31 - 101.48 | G: 67(9), B: ,70 (9.5) | G: 66.41 - 67.58,B: 69.41 - 70.58 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Kelishadi et al. ( | Isfahan, district | Not declared | 2002 | 2 - 18 | 11.7 (0.4) | Both | Urban | - | T:200,B: 100,G: 100,U: 200,R: 0 | Cases: (T: 102.41 (4.8), G: 102.1 (5.2) , B: 104.1 (4.4),Controls:,(T:103.6 (4.5), G: 103.6 (4.8), B: 104.8 (5.4),, | Cases (T: 101.44 - 103.35,G: 100.62 - 103.57,B: 102.84 - 105.35),Controls: (T: 102.70 - 104.49,G: 101.83 - 104.56,B: 103.06 - 106.13) | Cases: (T: 52.4 (6.7), G: 51.2 (6.2) , B: 53.4 (7.1), Controls: (T: 50.81 (6.7), G: 50.81 (6.7), B: 50.81 (6.7), | Cases: (T: 51.07 - 53.72,G: 49.43 - 52.96,B: 51.38 - 55.41),Controls: (T: 49.48 - 52.13,,G: 48.9 - 52.71, B: 48.9 - 52.71) | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Kelishadi et al. ( | Isfahan,,district, | 1993 &1999 | 2001 | 2 - 18 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 4500 (3825), | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1993,G: 4.9,B: 2.5,1999,G: 5,B: 3.1 | NA | 1993,G: 6.10,B: 5.2,1999,G: 6.4,B: 5.5 | NA | |
| Motiee -Langroodi et al. ( | Qazvin, district | 1995 - 96 | 2000 | 7 - 12 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 | T:5917, B: 3046,G: 2871,U: 5917,R:0,, | T: 109.17, B: 108.4 (11.7) ,G: 110 (11.2) | NA | T: 70.35,B: 70.5 (10.7), G: 70.2 (10.7), | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Mirzaee Poor et al. ( | Kerman,,district | 1996 - 7 | 1998 | 14 - 17 | NA | Both | Urban | 10 | T:870,B: 409,G: 394,U: 870,R: o, | G: 119.4 (12.1),B: 120.2 (12.3) | G: 118.22 - 120.57,B: 118.98 - 121.41 | G: 72.1 (18.5), B: 76 (11.4) | G: 70.30 - 73.89,B: 74.87 - 77.12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Toroghi ( | Guilan,district | not mentioned | 1998 | 7 - 12 | NA | Both | Urban | NA | T:444,B: 230,G: 214,U: 444,R: o | Cases: ,(G: 103 (-) , B: 107.4 (-), Controls:,(G: 100 (-), B: 103.8 (-) | NA | Cases: ,(G: 62.8 (-) , B: 66.6 (-),Controls:,(G: 61 (-), B: 62.1 (-), | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| CASPIAN 1 ( | national | 2003 - 2004 | 2006 | 6 - 18 | 12.2 (3.3) | Both | Both | 11 | Total: 21111,Boys: 10253,Girls: 10858,Urban: 16680,R: 3048 | T: 102.46 (12.67),B: 103.27 (12.97),G: 101.58 (12.27),U: 102.59 (12.60),R: 101.95 (12.92) | T: 102.28 - 102.63,B: 103.02 - 103.51,G: 101.33 - 101.82,U: 102.39 - 102.78,R: 101.49 - 102.4 | T: 64.70 (10.65),B: 64.97 (10.97),G: 64.40 (10.30), U: 64.89 (10.56), R: 64.18 (11.26) | T: 64.55 - 64.84,B: 64.76 - 65.17,G: 64.19 - 64.60,U: 64.72 - 65.05,R: 63.77 - 64.58 | T: 4.2,B: 4.7,G: 3.8,U: 4.5,R:2.9 | T: 3.93 - 4.48,B: 4.27 - 5.07,G: 3.41 - 4.17,U: 4.19 - 4.83,R: 2.29 - 3.50 | T: 5.4,B: 6,G: 4.7,U: 5.6,R: 5.1 | T: 5.09 - 5.71,B: 5.52 - 6.43,G: 4.30 - 5.14,U: 5.23 - 5.93,4.33 - 5.92 | |
| CASPIAN 3 ( | national | 2009 - 2010 | 2013 | 10 - 18 | 14.7 (2.4) | Both | Both | 12 | T: 5738,B: 2863,G: 2875,U: 3585,R: 1529 | T: 103.22 (13.9),B: 101.51 (13.63),G: 104.98 (13.93),U: 103.27 (14.27),R: 103.17 (12.84) | T: 102084 - 103.55,M:101.01 - 102.00,G: 104.47 - 105.48,U: 102.80 - 103.73,R: 102.52 - 103.81 | T: 65.87 (10.85),B: 64.82 (10.49), G: 66.94 (11.11),U:65.9 (11.24),R: 66.27 (9.88) | T: 65.58 - 66.15,B: 64.43 - 65.20,G: 66.53 - 67.34,U: 65.53 - 66.26,R: 65.77 - 66.76 | T: 3.8,B: 2.7,G: 4.9,U: 3.8, R: 3.5 | T: 3.31 - 4.32, B: 2.15 - 3.38,G: 4.14 - 5.75,U: 3.21 - 4.5,R: 2.66 - 4.58 | T: 3.3,B: 2.3,G: 4.4,U: 3.9,R: 2.1 | T: 2.86 - 3.8,B: 1.78 - 2.92,G: 3.69 - 5.23,U: 3.29 - 4.59,R: 1.49 - 3.01 | |
| CASPIAN 4 ( | national | 2011 - 2013 | 2014 | 6 - 19 | 11.47 (3.36) | Both | Both | 13 | T: 13486 ,B: 6846,G: 6640,U: 10191,R: 3295 | T: 101.52 (13.46),B: 102.8,G: 100.2,U: 102.6,R: 98.1, | T: 101.29 - 101.74,B: 102.1 - 103.5,G: 99.6 - 100.8,U: 102.1 - 103.1,R: 97.1 - 99.1 | T: 64.88 (11.41), B: 65.6,G: 64.1,U: 65.5,R: 63, | T: 64.68-65.07,B: 65-66.2,G: 63.6 - 64.7,U: 65 - 66,R: 62 - 63.9 | T: 0.92 HTN,,3.25 preHTN: ,4.17 HBP), B: 1.3 HTN,G: 0.6 HTN,U: 1.1 HTN,R: 0.4 HTN, | T: 0.73 - 1.16 HTN, ,2.79 - 3.8 preHTN, 3.84 - 4.52 HBP),B: 1 - 1.6,G: 0.4 - 0.9,U: 0.2 - 0.7,R 0.7 - 1.2 | T: 3.08 HTN ,1.25 preHTN,,4.3 HBP),B: 3.6 HTN,G: 2.5 HTN,U: 3.1 HTN,R: 3 HTN | T: 2.58 - 3.67 HTN ,0.98 - 1.6 preHTN, 3.99 - 4.68 HBP),B: 3 - 4.5,G: 1.8 - 3.4,U: 2.6 - 3.8,R: 1.9 - 4.6 |
aValues are presented as mean (SD).
b1. High BP (systolic: 120+, and diastolic: 100+). 2. SBP more than 95th percentile, defined as hypertension, DBP more than 95th percentile, defined as hypertension or BP under 90th percentile for age and sex : normal, Between 90th to 95th : high normal, Above 95th : High blood pressure. 3. Prehypertension was defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure between the 90th and 95th percentiles for gender, age, and height. 4. For children aged 6 - 9 years, significant hypertension and severe hypertension were defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 122 mmHg and 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than 78 mmHg and 86 mmHg respectively. Significant and severe hypertension in children aged10 - 12 years was defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 126 mmHg and 134mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than 82 mmHg and 90 mmHg respectively(Second Task Force) (20-21). 5. According to Task Force. Report of the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children—1987.Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.Pediatrics. 1987;79:1-25 (20). 6. According to the Nelson textbook of pediatrics (22). 7. According to the harriet lane Handbook: A Manual for Pediatric House Officers (23). 8. According to the fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents(between 90 and 95 percentile: preHTN, between 95th percentile and 99th percentile+5 mmhg : stage 1 HTN and over 99th percentile+5 mmHg : stage 2 HTN (14). 9. Equal or greater than age- and gender-specific 90th percentile. 10. According to the Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (between 90th and 95th percentiles : significant HTN and over 99th percentile severe HTN) (21). 11. BP above the 95th percentile for that age and sex after adjusting for weight and height=HTN (19-21). 12. BP in the 90th percentile for their age, sex, and height=HTN (19-21). 13. Pre HTN = BP equal or greater than the age- and gender-specific 90th percentile after adjusting for weight and height or BP equal or more than 120/80 mm Hg When BP was equal or over the age- and gender-specific 95th percentile value, it was considered as HTN (14).
c Values unit is %.
Table 2.
The Mean Blood Pressure and Prevalence of High Systolic and/or Diastolic Blood Pressure in Population-Based Studies on Iranian Children and Adolescents
| Number | Reference | Location and Level of Study | Study Year | Publication Year | Age-Group y | Mean Age | Gender | Urban/Rural | HTN Definition | Sample Size, n | Mean Systolic BP, mmHg | CI | Mean Diastolic BP mmHg | CI | Prevalence of Sys .and/or Dias. HTN | CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basiratnia et al. ( | Shiraz, district | 2010 - 2011 | 2013 | 11 - 17 | 13.85 (1.69) | Both | Urban | 2and3 | T: 2000, B: 953, G: 1047, U: 2000, R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: 11.8,B: 10.40, G: 13 | T: 10.41 - 13.29,B: 8.52 - 12.5, G: 11.01 - 15.17 | |
| Amiri et al. ( | Iran,National screening | 2009 | 2012 | 6 | 6 | Both | Both | 1 | Total:947967, Boys: 484891, Girls: 463076, Urban: 721403, Rural: 226564 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Under 0.1% (both systolic and diastolic) | NA | |
| Moradmand et al. ( | Tehran, district | 2006 - 2009 | 2011 | 6 - 19 | 14.11 (3.47) | Both | Urban | 7 | T: 2043, B: 925, G: 1118, U: 2043, R: 0 | T:109.37 (14.4) | 108.74 - 109.99 | T:68.73 (16.63) | 68 - 69.45 | T: 3.4, B: 3.5, G: 4.8 | T: 2.68 - 4.3, B: 2.46 - 4.97, G: 3.64 - 6.25 | |
| MehrAlizadeh et al. ( | Semnan, district | 2006 - 7 | 2010 | 9 - 17 | NA | Both | Urban | 8 | T: 2127, B: 1058, G: 1067, U: 2127, R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: 6.7, B: 6.10, G: 7.30 | T: 5.69 - 7.87, B:4.77 - 7.76, G: 5.82 - 9.03 | |
| Rafraf et al. ( | Tabriz, district | NA | 2010 | High school | NA | Female | Both | 8 | T: 985, B: 0, G: 985, U: -, R: - | NA | NA | NA | NA | T (= f): preHTN, 13.9, HTN, 19.4 | T (= F): preHTN, 11.80 - 16.22, HTN, 16.96 - 22 | |
| Koohestani et al. ( | Arak, district | 2007 | 2009 | 3 - 18 | 13.31 (4.15) | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 209, B: 103, G: 106, U: 209, R: 0 | T: 110.22 (15.02), G: 111/01 (12.94), B: 109.43 (15.43) | T: 108.17 - 112.26, G: 108.5 - 113.49, B: 106.41 - 112.44 | T: 71.84 (12.76), G: 70.01 (10.63), B: 73.75 (11.04) | T: 70.09 - 73.58, G: 67.96 - 72.05, B: 71.59 - 75.90 | T: 4.31 | T: 1.98 - 8.01 | |
| Mirhosseini et al. ( | Mashad, district | Not declared | 2009 | 15 - 17 | 16.4 (0.9) | Female | Urban | 9 | T: 622, B: 0, G: 622, U: 622, R: 0 | T: 95 (12.9) | 93.98 - 96.01 | T: 59 (9.3) | 58.26 - 59.73 | T: 6.1 | T: 4.35 - 8.28 | |
| Zand et al. ( | Arak, district | 2007 | 2008 | 3 - 18 | 12.9 (4.38) | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 418, B: 209, G: 209, U: 418, R: 0 | T: 99.1 (13.2) | 97.29 - 100.9 | T: 60.6 (11.7) | 59 - 62.19 | T: 1.9 | T: 0.82 - 3.73 | |
| Ataei et al. ( | Tehran, district | Feb 2004 – Sep 2005 | 2007 | 13 - 18 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 6038, B: 2758, G: 3280, U: 6038, R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: 4.7 | T: 4.18 - 5.26 | |
| Kelishadi et al. ( | Isfahan, Najafabad, Arak, 3 districts | 2001 | 2005 | 11 - 18 | 14.3(1.2) | Both | Both | 2 | T: 2000, B: 1000, G: 1000, U: 1300, R: 700 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: 5.7, B: 7.4, G: 4, Isfahan 6.7, Najafabad 17.10, Arak 1.5 | T: 4.72 - 6.80, B: 5.85 - 9.20, G: 2.87 - 5.40 | |
| Derakhshan et al. ( | Hamedan, district | 1996 | 2002 | 11 - 17 | NA | Both | Urban | 5 and 6 | T: 1495, B: 732, G: 763, U: 1495, R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: -, B: 0.8, G: 1 | T: -, B:0.30 - 1.77, G: 0.45 - 2 | |
| Fesharakinia et al. ( | Birjand, district | 2001 - 2 school year | 2002 | 7 - 11 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 1760, B: 925, G: 835, U: 1760, R: 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | T: 8.1 | T: 6.89 - 9.5 | |
| Fesharakinia et al. ( | Birjand, district | 2002 spring | 2002 | 7 - 11 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 1928, B: 1010, G: 918, U: 1928, R: 0 | G: 101.2 (9), B: 100.9 (9.5) | G:100.61 - 101.78,M; 100.31 - 101.48 | G: 67(9), B: ,70 (9.5) | G: 66.41 - 67.58, B: 69.41 - 70.58 | T: 7.9, B: 7.1, G: 8.7 | T: 6.76 - 9.23, B: 5.61 - 8.89, G: 6.97 - 10.72 | |
| Motiee-Langroodi et al. ( | Qazvin, district | 1995 - 96 | 2000 | 7 - 12 | NA | Both | Urban | 2 | T: 5917, B: 3046, G: 2871, U: 5917, R: 0 | G:110 (-), B: 108.4 (-) | NA | G: 70.2(-), B: 70.5(-) | NA | T: 6.9, B: 7.2, G: 6.6 | T: 6.27 - 7.58, B: 6.32 - 8.2, G: 5.73 - 7.58 | |
| Mirzaee Poor et al. ( | Kerman,,district | 1996 - 7 | 1998 | 14 - 17 | NA | Both | Urban | 10 | T: 870, B: 409, G: 394, U: 870, R: o | G: 119.4 (12.1), B: 120.2 (12.3) | G: 118.22 - 120.57,B: 118.98 - 121.41 | G: 72.1 (18.5), B: 76 (11.4) | G: 70.30 - 73.89, B: 74.87 - 77.12 | Significant, B: 6.5, G: 7.8,Severe, B: 1.7, G: 1.3 | Significant, B: 4.39 - 9.45, G:5.4 - 10.98, Severe, B: 0.69 - 3.49, G: 0.41 - 2.93 |
aValues are presented as mean (SD).
b1. Hypertension (systolic: 120+, and diastolic: 100+). 2. SBP more than 95th percentile, defined as hypertension, DBP more than 95th percentile, defined as hypertension or BP under 90th percentile for age and sex: normal, Between 90th to 95th: high normal, Above 95th: High blood pressure. 3. Prehypertension was defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure between the 90th and 95th percentiles for gender, age, and height. 4. For children aged 6 - 9 years, significant hypertension and severe hypertension were defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 122 mmHg and 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than 78 mmHg and 86 mmHg respectively. Significant and severe hypertension in children aged 10 - 12 years was defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 126 mmHg and 134 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than 82 mmHg and 90 mmHg respectively (Second Task Force) (20 - 21). 5. According to the Task Force. Report of the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children - 1987.Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.Pediatrics. 1987;79:1-25 (20). 6. According to the Nelson textbook of pediatrics (22). 7. According to the harriet lane Handbook: A Manual for Pediatric House Officers (23). 8. According to the fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents(between 90 and 95 percentile: preHTN, between 95th percentile and 99th percentile+5 mmhg: stage 1 HTN and over 99th percentile+5 mmHg: stage 2 HTN (14). 9. equal or greater than 90th percentile. 10. according to the Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (between 90th and 95th percentiles: significant HTN and over 99th percentile severe HTN) (21).
cValues unit is %.
Altogether, this review included 1,096,263 total population (515,098 girls, 47%) and 277 data-points. They were from four national, one provincial, 29 district and two community study levels.
Mean BP value had variation in different studies. The least value of mean SBP (90.10 ± 4.00 mmHg (95% CI 89.25, 90.94)) and mean DBP (50.7 ± 11.40 (50.01, 51.38) mmHg) are both reported from Tehran city in the same study (54). The highest mean values reported are 120.2 ± 12.30 (118.98, 121.41) mmHg for mean SBP from Kerman city (59) and 79.20 ± 12.30 (77.95, 80.44) mmHg for mean DBP from Isfahan city (53). The study of Kerman city also had the second rank of highest DBP, i.e. 76 ± 11.4 (4.87, 77.12) mmHg (59).
As presented in Tables 1 and 2, almost all articles reported mean BP values. From 36 published articles, fifteen reported prevalence rates of isolated high SBP and high DBP (Table 1). Fifteen articles reported the prevalence of high SBP and/or high DBP (Table 2).
Table 1 also presents the national data of CASPIAN studies (66-68). The reported mean BP values do not show large variations in these three surveys. The CASPIAN-I study was a nationwide survey conducted in 2003 - 2004 in 23 provinces, and included 21,111 students, aged 6 - 18 years. Elevated BP was defined as values equal or greater than 95th percentile, and the prevalence of high SBP, DBP as well as SBP and/or DBP in total population was 4.2% (3.96, 4.51), 5.4% (5.05, 5.67) and 7.7 % (7.38, 8.11), respectively (66). The CASPIAN-III study was conducted in 2009 - 2010 among 5,738 students aged 10 - 18 years living in 27 provinces. It reported prevalence rates for high BP (values equal or greater than 90th percentile) as follows: 3.8% (3.31, 4.32), 3.3% (2.86, 3.8), and 6% (5.41, 6.65) (66). The corresponding figures reported by CASPIAN-IV study, conducted in 2011 - 2012 on 13,486 students from 30 provinces, were 4.17% (3.84, 4.52), 4.33% (3.99, 4.68) and 6.88% (6.45, 7.32), respectively (68). These rates were slightly higher than those reported from CASPIAN-III study.
As it is obvious from these two tables, the reported range of high BP in Iranian pediatric population in sub-national studies in the two past decades varies widely, with rates as low as 0.40% (95% CI 0.009, 1.98) for high SBP in Tehran province for 15 - 19-year-old boys (39-41) and as high as 24.10% (20.80, 27.67) for high DBP in Khorasan-Razavi province (46). Moreover, in national screening of 6-year-old children at school entry, the prevalence of high BP was 0.10% (0.09, 0.109) (31).
Based on the use of ≥ 95th percentile to define hypertension, the prevalence of hypertension would be expected to be around 5% and in fact 1 - 3% (69). Our findings showed that the number of sub-national studies in Iranian pediatric population that reported high BP rates above 5% (30, 45, 46, 55, 58, 61, 62, 65) was equal to studies that reported rates below 5% (31, 34, 36, 42, 44, 48, 49, 64). In eight papers, the rates from both ranges (below and above 5%) for different age or sex categories are reported (37-41, 43, 50, 57, 63). Seven studies reported at least one prevalence rate of elevated BP of more than 10 percent (30, 37-39, 41, 43, 50, 62, 63).
4. Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first systematic review on studies related to BP in the pediatric population, not only in Iran, but also, in the MENA region. As expected, we found that the prevalence of elevated BP was not negligible in healthy children and adolescents in Iran, and varied in different regions. It should be considered that in addition to detecting prehypertension and hypertension at early stages, BP screening programs would help in monitoring the mean SBP and DBP over time.
Though a decrease from 41% in 1990 to 25% in 2010 has occurred in the contribution of pediatric mortality and morbidity to global DALYs (3), considering that many adult NCDs actually start from earlier stages of life, the importance of this side of pediatric health and its significant sequels in the adult life should not be neglected. Even because of the high susceptibility of fetal life to environmental and nutritional disorders, preventive measures should focus on this stage of life (70). The childhood obesity epidemic has resulted in left ventricular hypertrophy and evidence for premature development of atherosclerosis, therefore it makes the issue of tracking BP and screening for elevated BP of special concern in the pediatric age group (71).
Children and adolescents with pre-hypertension and hypertension tend to maintain this situation over time (1, 72-76). Many risky behaviors as smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, and unhealthy dietary habits are developed during adolescence period. Changing such lifestyle habits would be difficult after establishment, and would have lifelong consequences including NCDs and their risk factors as high BP (77). A longitudinal study with 17 years of follow up of a pediatric population showed a 6.88 fold increase in the prevalence of hypertension in those who had high BP at baseline (78).
National studies in American children and adolescents found that that the mean BP levels (79), as well as the prevalence of high BP (80) are gradually rising over time. The situation in Iran seems similar. The mean age of Iranian population is estimated to be increasing by 6.5 years in the two coming decades. Presuming the persistent prevalence of risk and protective factors and only because of that increase in the age, the country’s YLL from CVDs will be duplicated in 2025 compared to 2005, without difference in terms of gender (81). A Study in 2003 showed that in Iran 58 percent of DALYs resulted from NCDs and the country health burden is changing from communicable diseases to NCDs and road accidents (82). WHO has reported an age-standardized mortality rate of 420.8 (males) and 348.0 (females) per 100000 for CVD and diabetes in Iran for 2008, and estimated a prevalence rate of around 33.7% for hypertension (7). A national survey (SuRFNCD) in 2007 showed a remarkable prevalence of NCDs and their risk factors among Iranians aged 15 – 65 (83). Another national study showed that high SBP is responsible for most deaths in all regions of Iran. It is expected that by optimizing SBP, the years of life expectancy would increase by 3.2 (2.6, 3.9 95% uncertainty interval) years in men and by 4.1 (3.2, 4.9 UI) years in women, therefore it is concluded that prevention and control of high BP should be considered as a health priority for Iran (84). Many studies documented high rates of cardio-metabolic predisposing factors in Iranian pediatric population (25-29, 85-90). The CASPIAN-I study (25, 26), showed that the percentiles of SBP and DBP of Iranian children and adolescents were in close agreement with reference values (14). As mentioned earlier, the study has continued to the 4th survey till now and different rates of elevated BP are reported. Overall, these surveys showed that in recent years, the prevalence of elevated BP has increased slightly. The variation between surveys could be attributed to differences between definitions of elevated BP (the first phase was conducted before the introduction of pediatric pre-HTN) and differences in study populations, i.e. different proportion of age and gender subgroups, different provinces, different total populations and changes in the prevalence of associated conditions as obesity, unhealthy dietary habits, inactivity, air and noise pollution, urbanization, etc. (69, 91).
Given the association of BP level with excess weight as well as with environmental factors as air pollution, noise pollution, and passive smoking (91), and the high sodium intake of Iranian children (33), it is proposed that in the near future, the mean BP and the prevalence of high BP will be escalating in Iranian children and adolescents.
The high prevalence of NCD risk factors in various age groups of Iranians, underscores the necessity of conducting comprehensive research and preventive programs to achieve a multidisciplinary intervention plan involving the whole health system of Iran (92). Both in the 53rd session of Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) (93) and September 2011 session of the United Nations (UN) in New York, all members committed to develop national strategies as well as preventive and controlling action plans, to involve all stakeholders and to organize financial resources targeting NCDs. It seems that still no effective public and community interventions have been done in this regard. The GBD study 2010 revealed that some parts of underachievement of the WHO 4th millennium goal is because of the lack of relevant information from the pediatric age group (94). Presenting the information regarding pediatric studies to policymakers in a systematic and concluding manner would be of help for planning action-oriented programs. Moreover, there is increasing need to know where and how the complementary research and action plans must be implemented.
The current study summarized the information on the mean BP and the prevalence of high BP in the Iranian pediatric population. The wide heterogeneity of the retrieved papers and their point estimates led the researchers not to consider a meta-analysis. It is planned to draw the trend of BP changes across these years. As mentioned before, we will use advanced statistical modeling for missed data handling and estimations. After that, YLDs, YLLs, DALYs and burden of the HBP in pediatric population of Iran will be estimated.
The importance of BP tracking and the pediatric hypertension per se and as a CVD risk factor becomes more obvious, making it important for including BP measurement in screening programs and conducting further comprehensive and cumulative studies on its time trends, primary prevention and early diagnosis.
Health policies on prevention and early control of high BP can be effective in reducing the prevalence and the adverse consequences of high BP in adulthood. Therefore, the findings of the current systematic review and succeeding works on BP of Iranian children and adolescents would be useful for future health policies and research activities aimed to reduce the burden of high BP at individual and public health levels. Follow up surveillance programs and comparison of BP trends of children and adolescents over time are recommended.
Appendix 1.
Search Strategy
| Search strategy in PubMed/Medline | (“high blood pressure” [MeSH Terms] OR “high blood pressure” [Title/Abstract] OR “blood pressure” [MeSH Terms] OR “blood pressure” [Title/Abstract] OR hypertens* [MeSH Terms] OR hypertens* [Title/Abstract] OR prehypertens* [MeSH Terms] OR prehypertens* [Title/Abstract] OR pre-hypertens* [MeSH Terms] OR pre-hypertens* [Title/Abstract] OR “systolic pressure” [MeSH Terms] OR “systolic pressure” [Title/Abstract] OR “diastolic pressure” [MeSH Terms] OR “diastolic pressure” [Title/Abstract] OR “arterial pressure” [MeSH Terms] OR “arterial pressure” [Title/Abstract]) AND (pediatric [Title/Abstract] OR child* [Title/Abstract] OR adolescent [Title/Abstract] OR school [Title/Abstract] OR preschool [Title/Abstract] OR pre-school [Title/Abstract] OR teenager [Title/Abstract] OR “teen-ager” [Title/Abstract] OR boys [Title/Abstract] OR girls [Title/Abstract]) AND (“Islamic Republic of Iran” [All Fields] OR Iran* [All Fields] OR Persia* [All Fields] OR “I.R Iran” [All Fields] OR “I.R.Iran” [All Fields] OR Iran [Affiliation]) AND (“1985/01/01” [Date-Publication]: ”2013/12/31” [Date-Publication]) |
| Search strategy in ISI Web of Science | Time span = 1985 - 2013. Databases = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH. Topic = (“blood pressure” OR “hypertens*” OR “prehypertens*” OR “pre-hypertens*” OR “systolic pressure” OR “diastolic pressure” OR “arterial pressure” OR “high blood pressure”). AND Topic = (pediatr* OR child* OR adolescent OR student OR teenager OR boys Or girls). AND ( (“Iran” OR Iranian OR I.R.Iran OR “persia”) OR Address = (Iran)) |
| Search strategy in Scopus | (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“high blood pressure” OR “blood pressure” OR “hypertension” OR “prehypertension” OR “pre-hypertension” OR “systolic pressure” OR “diastolic pressure” OR “arterial pressure”)) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (pediatr* OR child* OR adolescent OR student OR teenager OR boys OR girls). AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY (Iran OR Iranian OR I.R.Iran OR Persia) OR (AFFIL (Iran)) AND PUBYEAR > 1985 AND PUBYEAR < 2013 |
| Search strategy in IranMedex, SID, Irandoc, | “high blood pressure” OR “blood pressure” OR “hypertension” OR “prehypertension” OR “ pre-hypertension “ OR “systolic pressure “ OR “diastolic pressure “ OR “arterial pressure ““ in combination with terms pediatr* OR child* OR adolescent OR student OR teenager OR boys OR girls in English language search and “fesharekhoon”, “Fesharekhoonebala”, “porfeshariyekhoon”, “pishporfeshariyekhoon”, ”fesharesystoli(k)”, “fesharediastoli(k)”, “fesharesharyani”, perehipertansioon, perehhipertansioon, pere-hipertansioon, hipertansioon, haypertansioon, haypertenshen, perehaypertansioon, perehaypertenshen with different letter spacings in combination with terms “koodak”, “atfal”, “nowjavan”, “daneshamooz”, “madreseh”, “madares”, “dokhtar”, “pesar” in Farsi (Persian) language search. |
Appendix 2.
Search Algorithm
