1. Background
Neonatal (0 to 28 days of life) mortality represents about 70% of infant mortality in Brazil, an indicator of living conditions and health of the population. Birth weight < 2,500 g is pointed out as the most influential factor in determining neonatal morbidity and mortality. The fetal growth is regulated by genetic, environmental, hormonal, nutritional, and placental factors (1).
IGF2 and H19 genes are of special interest, since in addition to their reciprocal imprinting patterns, they are closely linked on chromosome 11 in humans and are strong candidate genes for influencing birth weight variation (2). The human H19 is an untranslated gene that lies within 200 kb downstream of the paternally expressed allele (3). The maternally expressed H19 gene itself does not encode a protein, but the RNA has growth potentially suppressing functions (4) through inhibiting translation of IGF2 RNA (5). IGF2 appears to be an important growth factor and low expression of its gene might be associated with intrauterine fetal life damaging resulting in low birth weight (LW) of newborn and may predispose the individual to chronic diseases in post-natal life such as obesity and hypertension (6). Studies have shown an association between birth weight with polymorphisms of IGF2 and H19 genes (7).
2. Objectives
The aim of our study was to establish the association between H19 gene polymorphism and LW in children born in Pernambuco, state of Brazil.
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. DNA Extraction
We selected 89 children, 40 LW and 49 normal birth weight (NW) and 71 mothers (40 mothers of NW newborns and 31 mothers of LW newborns) who attended Hospital Dom Malan, Petrolina, PE-Brazil. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the/Faculty of Medicine/UFPE. Written consent was obtained from parents of the subjects.
3.2. DNA PCR and Genotyping
DNA PCR amplification was based on Petry and Ong (8) with H1 (sense) and H3 (anti-sense) primers. The PCR products were digested with RsaI 4 hour at 37°C and electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel and stained by ethidium bromide.
3.3. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using the program BioEstat version 5.0. Genotype and allele frequencies in groups were compared by I2 test with significance set for a P value < 0.05. Hardy-Weinberg test was used to verify if the genotypes of the control group NW and LW were in equilibrium.
4. Results
Allele and genotype frequencies H19/RsaI polymorphism are shown in Table 1. We observed in this study that the frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes did not differ significantly between LW and NW children (P = 0.4873) as well as the allele frequencies (P = 0.2897; OR = 0.6). Also no association was observed between maternal H19 allele polymorphism and LW newborns (P = 0.7799; OR = 0.85) or NW newborns (P = 0.8976; OR = 1.01). Genotype frequencies in both groups did not differ significantly. In the present study, we observed a higher frequency of allele B for both groups in relation to gene polymorphism H19/RsaI. It was also shown that the value of genotypic frequency of allele B of the gene H19 was higher than the A allele for both NW children (55.10%) and mothers of NW children (52.5%).
Table 1.
| Frequencies | Children NW | LW | Mothers NW | LW |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA | 4 (8.16) | 5 (12.5) | 2 (5) | 6 (19.35) |
| AB | 18 (36.73) | 18 (45) | 17 (42.5) | 12 (38.71) |
| BB | 27 (55.10) | 17 (42.5) | 21 (52.5) | 13 (41.94) |
| A | 26 (26.53) | 28 (35) | 21 (26.25) | 24 (38.71) |
| B | 72 (73.47) | 52 (65) | 59 (73.75) | 38 (61.29) |
a Abbreviations: HW, Hard-Weinberg equilibrium; LW, Low weight; NW, normal weight.
b Data are presented as No. (%).
Table 2.
P value and OR (95% CI) Calculation for Different Types of Allels and Genotypes a
| Genotypes | Alleles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children NW × LW | Mothers NW × LW | Children NW × Mothers NW | Children LW × Mothers LW | Children NW × LW | Mothers NW × LW | Children NW × Mothers NW | Children LW × Mothers LW | |
| 0.4873 | 0.1689 | 0.7705 | 0.7169 | 0.2897 | 0.1613 | 0.8976 | 0.7799 | |
| 0.67 (0,35-1.27) | 0.56 (0,28-1.15) | 1.01 (0.52-1.98) | 0.85 (0.43-1.69) | |||||
a Abbreviations: HW, Hard-Weinberg equilibrium; LW, Low weight; NW, normal weight.
5. Discussion
It was believed that the relationship of IGF2 and H19 could influence birth weight. SNP located in H19 gene that may alter mRNA structure could influence the imprint of IGF2, which is a major fetal growth factor (9). However our results did not reveal an association of H19/RsaI polymorphism with LW children, outcomes that are consistent with those described by Araujo (10). Study of polymorphism of the IGF2 gene in this same population found no association of this polymorphism with LW children (11).
Despite the few studies on the association of H19 gene polymorphism with LW children, the findings detect association of the polymorphism with the condition of children born with LW. SNPs in the 5’ region of the H19 (rs2067051, rs2251375, and rs4929984) gene were associated with birth weight (2). Petry and Ong found that birth weight of offspring showed association with H19 2992C >T SNP genotype of mothers (8). The small size of sample may be the explanation for these results; future studies with more patients are needed to confirm the effect of H19/RsaI polymorphism on birth weight of LW newborns.
