1. Background
Milk and dairy products enhance global food and nutrition security by providing essential animal proteins, vitamins, and fatty acids across all age groups. However, ensuring the safety of these indispensable food commodities is of utmost importance, necessitating their freedom from pathogens, toxins, and carcinogens (1). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a potent carcinogen, has emerged as a notable contaminant in milk, originating from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in contaminated animal feed. The metabolic conversion of AFB1 to AFM1 in animals' livers, followed by its excretion into milk, poses significant health risks to consumers (2).
The occurrence of AFM1 in milk can be attributed to unfavorable fodder storage conditions that facilitate the proliferation of aflatoxin-producing fungi. These toxins resist conventional thermal processing methods employed in the dairy industry, underscoring the critical role of monitoring programs in mitigating exposure risks. The rate of AFB1 conversion to AFM1 is impacted by various factors, including the health status of animals and the quality of their diet. Different international regulatory guidelines have been established for AFM1 levels in milk, with defined thresholds set by reputable organizations such as the European Commission (EC) at 50 ng/kg and by national organizations such as the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) at 100 ng/kg (1).
2. Objectives
Consequently, the main objective of this paper is to furnish a “health policy brief" tailored for stakeholders and health policymakers in Iran, elucidating the critical significance of meticulous and persistent surveillance of animal feed quality and storage conditions to mitigate AFM1 contamination.
3. Methods
This study purposefully reviewed the latest and most comprehensive research on AFM1 contamination in Iranian dairy products. The primary focus was on comprehensive review studies that reported the presence of AFM1 in Iranian dairy products during the last two decades. The research team extensively searched international databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for relevant literature to conduct this evaluation.
4. Results
Based on the research on AFM1 contamination in milk in Iran, the mean AFM1 level in Iranian milk was 77 ± 159 ng/kg, surpassing the EC regulation threshold of 50 ng/kg but falling below ISIRI regulations set at 100 ng/kg. The predominant source of AFM1 contamination was livestock farms, with levels reaching 90 ng/kg, particularly in raw milk at 84 ng/kg. In addition, 33.9% of the samples exceeded the EU regulation limit. The study highlighted elevated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk indices associated with AFM1 consumption through milk, especially concerning children and adolescents (1). In another related review focusing on Iranian cheese, the average AFM1 concentration was 160 ± 175 ng/kg, below the EC regulation threshold of 250 ng/kg. However, a significant portion (72.42%) of cheese samples tested positive for AFM1 contamination, with 13% exceeding regulatory limits. Among the sampling locations, markets and livestock farms had the highest and lowest AFM1 levels, respectively. Health risk assessments underscored substantial health hazards associated with AFM1 in Iranian cheese consumption, particularly concerning children (2). Furthermore, a review study into common dairy products in Iran including yogurt, kashk, ice cream, doogh, butter, and tarrakhine revealed that 67.54% of samples were contaminated with AFM1, with 12.49% surpassing maximum EC and ISIRI limits. Pasteurized kashk exhibited the highest AFM1 concentration at 73 ± 110 ng/kg, while traditional doogh had the lowest at 5 ± 7 ng/kg. Overall risk assessments indicated unacceptable health risks for children due to dairy product consumption in Iran (3).
5. Discussion
Aflatoxin M1 contamination in Iranian dairy products presents a significant public health concern, particularly for children, with research pointing to livestock feed as the primary source of this issue. Rigorous and ongoing monitoring of animal feed quality and storage conditions is essential to mitigate AFM1 contamination and address this challenge effectively. The necessity for such monitoring is underscored by the widespread contamination observed in Iranian dairy products, surpassing safety thresholds and emphasizing the need for consistent monitoring to uphold product safety standards. Furthermore, the potential health risks associated with AFM1 consumption, especially for children, highlight the critical role monitoring plays in safeguarding public health by preventing exposure to this harmful toxin (1-4).
Several critical components are essential in executing a comprehensive monitoring strategy. Firstly, enforcing stricter regulations by regulatory bodies plays a crucial role in establishing and upholding elevated standards for feed quality and storage conditions. Regular testing procedures for AFB1 contamination in animal feed are vital to ensure the timely detection and prevention of its transmission to milk and dairy products. Collaboration among governmental entities, dairy farmers, and feed producers is indispensable to implementing best practices throughout the supply chain, fostering a culture of accountability and adherence to safety protocols. Additionally, raising public awareness regarding the risks associated with AFM1 and the significance of consuming safe dairy products is pivotal in empowering informed consumer decisions and propelling industry-wide enhancements (2).
The advantages of rigorous and continuous monitoring extend beyond mitigating AFM1 contamination in Iranian dairy products. The presence of this toxin in dairy products can be minimized by diminishing AFB1 levels in animal feed through sustained monitoring practices, thereby enhancing overall food safety measures within Iran. Furthermore, this approach not only safeguards public health by mitigating exposure to AFM1 but also specifically benefits vulnerable populations such as children who are at heightened risk. Strengthening consumer confidence through consistent monitoring ensures the safety of Iranian dairy products and fosters trust in the industry's dedication to quality and safety standards (1-4).
In conclusion, the indispensable nature of rigorous and continuous monitoring of animal feed quality and storage conditions cannot be overstated in mitigating AFM1 contamination in Iranian dairy products. This holistic strategy, supported by collaboration efforts and public awareness initiatives, serves as a cornerstone for safeguarding public health and ensuring the safety of Iranian dairy products, focusing on protecting vulnerable populations such as children from potential health risks associated with AFM1 exposure.
