1. Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder in different societies (1-3). Abdominal muscles endurance has been commonly associated with LBP. Anterolateral abdominal muscles are considered as postural muscles and trunk stabilizers (4). The Transverses Abdominis (TVA), Internal Oblique (IO), and External Oblique (EO) muscles compose a muscle cylinder, which provides the lumbar stability (5-7). Considerable evidence indicates abdominal muscle activity in patients with LBP (6, 8-12). Also, several studies have shown decreased abdominal muscles endurance in patients with LBP (4, 13). Assessment of trunk muscle endurance has a greater discriminative validity than evaluation of muscle strength (14, 15) and is considered as one of the important causes of LBP (16). Measurement and monitoring of the abdominal muscles activity seems to be very important in clinical setting. Several clinical types of static endurance tests have been used to assess the trunk muscles endurance (17-21).
Side-lying endurance test is commonly used to assess endurance of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles in clinics (19-21). Ultrasound imaging is a reliable technique to assess muscle structure, function, and activity. It is particularly useful for deep muscles such as deep anterolateral abdominal muscles (22-24). The reliability of this method has been shown before (22). Furthermore, to assess its validity, several studies have compared ultrasound measurements with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electromyography (EMG) (25). Extensive studies have assessed the thickness of deep anterolateral abdominal muscle in subjects with LBP and have shown changes in the thickness of abdominal muscles in the subjects with LBP (26-29).
2. Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between side-lying endurance test and ultrasound thickness measurement of the abdominal muscles.
3. Patients and Methods
Fifty-five healthy people aged 20 - 30 years (25 male, 30 female) participated in the study. Subjects were included in the study if they had no history of LBP, spinal surgery, spinal or pelvic fracture, hospitalization for severe trauma or injuries from a car accident, osteoarthritis or fracture of the lower extremities as well as any systemic diseases such as arthritis or tuberculosis. Before participating in the study, all subjects signed an informed consent form approved by the human subjects committee at the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Then, all participants filled out a simple health questionnaire.
3.1. Testing Procedures
An ultrasound imaging B-mode unit (Ultrasonix-ES500, Canada) with a 3.5 MHz linear head transducer was used to measure the thickness of the abdominal muscles (TVA, IO, and EO) at rest (12, 23-25, 28, 29). The measurements were made on the right side of the abdominal wall in supine position. The lumbar spine was positioned in neutral posture. The ultrasound transducer was located in transverse position across the abdominal wall over the anterior axillary line in the middle between the 12th rib and the iliac crest. The cursor points measured the muscle thickness between the facial bands in ultrasound. The image was frozen on the screen and the muscle thickness was measured in millimeter by the marker (Figure 1). The participants were relaxed and examiner took 3 images of abdominal muscles at rest, and the mean value was used for the analysis.
Figure 1.
TVA, transverse abdominis; IO, internal oblique; EO, external oblique
3.2. Side-Lying Endurance Test
In this test, the subject was positioned in right side-lying. The superior hand is placed on the left side of the body and the inferior hand is placed on the floor. The subject was asked to raise both legs and maintain them as long as possible. The time was recorded in seconds, and the test was terminated when the subject can no longer maintain this condition.
3.3. Data Analysis
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was utilized to assess the normality of the distribution for tested variables. Normal distribution was observed for variables. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between ultrasound thickness measurement and side-lying endurance test for abdominal muscles. The significance level was set as 0.05.
4. Results
Descriptive statistics for the subjects and measurement scores are presented in Table 1. Table 2 presents the Pearson correlation coefficient between the variables. No significant relationship was found between the side-lying endurance test and the ultrasound thickness measurements of TVA (r = 0.06, P = 0.65), IO (r = 0.06, P = 0.62), and EO (r = 0.08, P = 0.54) muscles (Table 2).
Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for the Subjects and Measurement Scores a
| Variables | Mean ± SD | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 21.37 ± 1.37 | 20.00 | 26.00 |
| Weight, Kg | 66.51 ± 13.87 | 40.00 | 108.00 |
| Height, cm | 169.24 ± 9.87 | 147.00 | 189.00 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 23.10 ± 3.71 | 17.07 | 33.33 |
| US thickness for TVA, mm | 3.16 ± 0.98 | 1.53 | 6.13 |
| US thickness for IO, mm | 6.09 ± 2.39 | 2.01 | 12.50 |
| US thickness for EO, mm | 3.95 ± 1.55 | 1.59 | 9.35 |
| Side-lying endurance, test (s) | 80.27 ± 61.71 | 15.00 | 274.00 |
aAbbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; US, Ultrasound; TVA, Transverse abdominis; IO, Internal oblique; EO, External oblique; SD, Standard deviation.
Table 2.
Pearson correlation Coefficient Between the Ultrasound Measurements and Side-Lying Endurance test for Abdominal Muscles a
| Variables | TVA Thickness | IO Thickness | EO Thickness |
|---|---|---|---|
| Side-lying endurance test (s) | |||
| Pearson Correlation | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| P Value | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.54 |
aAbbreviations: TVA, Transverse abdominis; IO, Internal oblique; EO, External oblique.
5. Discussion
The results of this study showed that there is no significant correlation between the side-lying endurance test and abdominal muscles thickness. Deep abdominal muscles are considered as postural muscles and primary stabilizers of the trunk to provide the stability of the lumbar spine during functions (4). Considering their anatomical, biomechanical, and physiological features, these muscles have slow twitch nature muscle fibers and are activated at low resistance levels (30 ± 40% MVC), which are suitable for endurance activities.
Real-time ultrasound imaging has been recently used to evaluate muscle structure, thickness, function, and activation patterns. Ultrasound muscle thickness measurement is used to estimate muscle volume and strength. Ultrasound thickness of the TVA and IO muscles are commonly measured as an indicator of the abdominal muscle activity (22-24). The reliability of this method for measuring TVA muscle thickness has been established before (22). Validity studies have compared ultrasound measurements with those obtained using MRI or EMG (25). These findings support the use of ultrasound imaging as a non-invasive technique to measure abdominal muscle thickness and to approximate qualified muscle activity. Side-lying endurance test is commonly used to assess endurance of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles in clinics (19-21). Good sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value for abdominal muscles endurance tests in LBP have been reported both in males and females.
No significant relationship was found between the side-lying endurance test and the ultrasound thickness measurements of abdominal muscles. However, in this study subjects without LBP were not included and only healthy subjects participated. It is thought that side-lying endurance test assess the activity of the lateral section of the abdominal muscles. We found no relationship between the variables, as other muscles such as quadratus lumborum, hip abductors, and latissimus dorsi may contribute in performing side-lying test and abdominal muscles are not the only muscles which perform trunk side-flexion.
However, we acknowledge some limitations. One of the limitations of this study was the exclusion of the subjects with LBP. We suggest that this study is performed on the subjects with LBP to provide more insight regarding the relationship between ultrasound thickness measurement and side-lying endurance test for the abdominal muscles. Also, in this study, we disregard using EMG to monitor the activity of the different sections of the abdominal muscles during testing procedure. We suggest that this study could be done using EMG and ultrasonography.
