1. Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) belongs to family Hepadnaviridae and is a DNA virus. HBV causes acute and chronic liver disease. Although HBV vaccine is currently used, HBV infection remains one of the 10 most common causes of the death worldwide. About 400 million of the world population is infected with HBV, and around 250,000 people die each year from HBV related liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (1). A high prevalence of HBV infection was reported in Iran (2).
Healthcare workers are exposed to blood and body fluids. They are also at risk of incidents like needle stick, sharp injuries, and the like that could make the transmission of HBV infection easy through health care workers (3). The risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection among the health care workers is about 10 times higher than other groups (4). The HBs antibody has an important role in the protection against HBV infection (5). The expression of antiviral, Th1 cytokines such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) can control hepatitis B infection (6). Hepatitis B vaccine can motivate the immune system to produce both HBsAb and specific HBs gamma interferon (7). Immunization with hepatitis B vaccine at first day, 30th day, and 180th day can create 90% and 95% protection in adults and children, respectively (8). Antibody protection for general population is found at the titer of > 10 mIU/mL (9, 10). Persons with anti-HBs titer < 10 mIU/mL are defined as non-responder, and persons with anti-HBs titer > 10 and < 99 mIU/mL are defined as hyporesponders. They usually show shorter period of detectable antibody called “waning antibody” or “waning immunity” (11, 12).
2. Objectives
The HBV vaccination program was started in Iran since 1989. This study aimed to evaluate the titer of HBsAb among the vaccinated health care workers of the Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran.
3. Patients and Methods
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 39 health care workers, including 13 general surgeons, 10 anesthesiologists, 5 neurosurgeons, 3 general physicians, 1 orthopedist, 2 urologists, and 5 nurses from Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, during 2013. Among them, 24 (61.5%) were males and 15 (38.4%) were females. The health care worker’s age ranged from 24 to 58 years with the mean age of 34.3 ± 7.4 y. Then, They grouped based on their HBsAb titer: < 10, 11-100, and > 100 mIU/mL. Another classification was done based on cases with antibody titer lower than 10 mIU/mL and higher than 10 mIU/mL for doing more statistical analysis. Based on our findings, HBsAb titer was lower than 10 mIU/mL in 12.8% (5) of participants. It was between 11 and 100 mIU/mL in 30.8 % (12) of them. And finally, the titer was higher than 100 in 56.4% (22) of cases. Vaccination history of health care workers and their antibody titer were showed in Table 1. All the health care workers had history of the needle stick injuries for several times.
Table 1.
Vaccination History Based on Elapsed Time and Their HBsAb Titera
| Elapsed time from vaccination | HBsAb Titer, mIU/mL | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | HBs Ab Titer, mIU/mL | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-10 | > 10 | 0-10 | 11-100 | > 100 | ||||
| < 5 years | 1 (10) | 9 (90) | 1.222, (0.098-15.230) | 0.876 | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | 8 (80) | 0.273 |
| 5–10 years | 1 (6.7) | 14 (93.3) | 0.607, (0.050-7.415) | 0.694 | 1 (6.7) | 4 (26.7) | 10 (66.7) | 0.854 |
| > 10 years | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | 1.438, (0.114-18.076) | 0.778 | 1 (11.1) | 5 (55.6) | 3 (33.3) | 0.104 |
| Total | 3 (8.8) | 31 (91.2) | - | 0.922 | 3 (8.8) | 10 (29.4) | 21 (61.8) | 0.255 |
aData are presented as No. (%).
3.1. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Hepatitis B Antibody Titration
Initially, a 5-ml blood sample was taken from each healthcare worker in a glass tube containing EDTA. After centrifugation, the plasma was collected and tested for the titer of anti-HBsAb and detection of HBc-IgG, using ELISA kit (Diapro, Italy) according to the manufacturer’s instruction.
3.2. Preparation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh blood supplemented with EDTA by Ficoll-Hypaque (Baharafshan, Iran) density gradient centrifugation. Briefly, 5 ml blood sample was added to a glass tube containing 2 ml Ficoll followed by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 2500 rpm. Then, the cell plate was suspended in RPMI medium and washed three times. One hundred and seven mononuclear cells of each health care worker was resuspended in RPMI 1,640 medium, supplemented with 2 mmol/L l-glutamine, 1 mmol/L sodium pyruvate, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 U/mL streptomycin, and 2.5 µg amphotericin B. Next, 2.5 µg purified recombinant HBs vaccine was added to each well containing 107 mononuclear cells. The plate was incubated at 5% CO2 for 72 hours. Culture’s supernatant was aspirated and the concentration of interferon γ was measured by human interferon γ ELISA test kit (eBioscience, Vienna, Austria) according to manufacturer’s instructions. An informed consent was taken from each health care worker participated in this study. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.
3.3. Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 19) software. Chi-Square test was done and P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
4. Results
Out of 39 health care workers, 24 (61.5%) were male and 15 (38.4%) were female. The health care worker’s age was between 24 and 58 years with the mean age of 34.3 ± 7.4 years. None of the health care workers were smoker; they were not overweight and did not have chronic liver disease, lung, or kidney disease. About 28 (80%) health care workers had received three doses of vaccine or more (Table 2). On the basis of HBsAb titer, the health care workers were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 had HBsAb titer below 10 IU. Group 2 had HBsAb titer between 10 and 100 IU and group 3 had HBsAb titer above 100 IU. About 34 (87.2%) health care workers showed HBsAb response to the vaccine as higher than 10 mIU/mL. Twenty-two (56.4%) health care workers who had received last dose of vaccine 6.6 ± 4.3 years ago had titer of HBsAb higher than 100IU/ml. Seventeen (43.6%) subjects who had received last dose of vaccine 10 ± 4.06 years ago, showed HBs titers lower than 100 IU and 3 (7.7%) health care workers were positive for HBc-IgG and HBsAb but negative for interferon γ.
Tables 3 and 4 show the measurement and distribution of HBsAb and interferon γ among the health care workers in different age groups. Table 3 indicates that first group had better response to vaccine (OR: 3.11) compared to other age groups. The mean of 18.9 ± 36.5 pg/µL of the specific interferon γ response was observed in the age group (30-39) that was higher than other age groups. Twenty-seven (69.2%) health care workers had positive specific interferon γ response against HBV vaccine, while 12 (30.8%) cases were negative for specific γ interferon (Table 4). Antibody and interferon responses in males and females were shown in Table 5.
Table 2.
Vaccination Situation of Health Care Workers Based on Vaccine Dose and HBsAg Titera
| Vaccination | HBsAb Titer, mIU/mL | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Vaccination Dose | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-10 | > 10 | 1 Dose | 2 Doses | 3 Doses | Upper | ||||
| Complete | 3 (10.3) | 26 (89.7) | 0.897, (0.792-10.015) | 0.410 | - | - | 25 (89.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0.000 |
| Incomplete | 0 (0) | 6 (100) | 0.897, (0.792-10.015) | 0.410 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | - | - | 0.000 |
| Total | 3 (8.6) | 32 (91.4) | 0.897, (0.792-10.015) | 0.410 | 1 (2.9) | 6 (17.1) | 25 (71.4) | 3 (8.6) | 0.000 |
aData are presented as No. (%).
Table 3.
Measurement and Distribution of HBsAb in Different Age Groupsa
| Age Group, y | HBsAb Titer, mIU/mL | P Value | HBsAb Titer, mIU/mL | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-10 | 11-100 | > 100 | 0-10 | > 10 | ||||
| 20-29 | 2 (25) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (37.5) | 0.377 | 2 (25) | 6 (75) | 3.11 (0.423-22.866) | 0.248 |
| 30-39 | 3 (13.6) | 5 (22.7) | 14 (63.6) | 0.460 | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | 1.184, (0.175-8.021) | 0.862 |
| 40-49 | 0 (0) | 4 (50) | 4 (50) | 0.276 | 0 (0) | 8 (100) | 1.192, (1.022-1.391) | 0.224 |
| 50 ≥ | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0.673 | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 1.152, (1.0172-1.303) | 0.698 |
| Total | 5 (12.8) | 12 (30.8) | 22 (56.4) | 0.538 | 5 (12.8) | 34 (87.2) | - | 0.494 |
aData are presented as No. (%).
Table 4.
Interferon Response in Different Age Groups a
| Age Group, y | Interferon, pg/µL | Number of cases, No. (%) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20-29 | 8.2 ± 7.9, (0-22) | 8 (21.1) | 0.636 |
| 30-39 | 18.9 ± 36.5, (0-167) | 22 (57.9) | 0.670 |
| 40-49 | 16.2 ± 27.3, (0-91) | 8 (21.1) | 0.432 |
| 50 ≥ | - | 0 (0) | No Statistic is Computed |
| Total | 16.1 ± 30.3, (0-167) | 38 (100) | 0.621 |
aData are presented as No. (%).
Table 5.
Antibody and Interferon Response Based on Gendera
| Gender | HBsAb Titer, mIU/mL | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | HBsAb Titer, mIU/mL | P Value | Interferon pg/µL | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-10 | > 10 | 0-10 | 11- 100 | > 100 | ||||||
| Male | 2 (8.3) | 22 (91.7) | 0.364, (0.053-2.487) | 0.289 | 2 (8.3) | 9 (37.5) | 13 (54.2) | 0.376 | 24 (63.2) | 0.449 |
| Female | 3 (20) | 12 (80) | 0.364, (0.053-2.487) | 0.289 | 3 (20) | 3 (20) | 9 (60) | 0.376 | 14 (36.8) | 0.449 |
| Total | 5 (12.8) | 34 (87.2) | 0.364, (0.053-2.487) | 0.289 | 5 (12.8) | 12 (30.8) | 22 (56.4) | 0.376 | 38 (100) | 0.449 |
aData are presented as No. (%).
5. Discussion
The risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is high among health care workers (HCWs) because of their much exposure to blood or its products. There are few reports about HBV prevalence in health care workers in Iran. One study reported that 23% of the health care workers of National Iranian Oil Company had exposure to HBV infection (13). This report suggests that injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin should be mandatory in those health care workers who had negative HBsAb. Based on reports, about 13% to 60% of individuals who have received first HBV vaccine may lose antibody against hepatitis B virus later (in years) (10). It seems that a booster HBV vaccine could be useful for those health care workers that recognized as hyporesponders (immunity lower than 100 IU/mL).
In Iran, some studies showed the persistence of hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) in 47%-80% of people who received the last dose of vaccine 10-16 years ago (14-16). In this study, the age group (20-29 years) shows better antibody response (OR: 3.11) compared to other groups, which is similar to previous reports (12, 17). The age group (30 to 39) shows better gamma interferon response to HBV vaccine, although 12 (30.7%) health care workers were negative for gamma interferon, which is consistent with the findings of Lu et al. study (18). There was no significant difference in the rate of high anti-HBs titer (> 100 IU/mL) between females and males (P > 0.05); however, some studies reported that females show better response to HBV vaccine than males (12). We found that in 87.1% of individuals who received HBV vaccine, HBsAb titer is higher than 10 mIU/ml, which is similar to report of Bahmani et al. (17) and Saberifiroozi et al. (19).
Twenty-seven (69.2%) health care workers had positive specific interferon γ response against HBV vaccine. Interferon γ plays an important role in the prevention of HBV infection in the presence of low titer of HBsAb (18). Previous reports have shown that increase in interferon γ expression in coordination with CD8 and CD4 T cell will help to complete virus clearance (20). Other studies suggest that increase in interferon γ concentration will decrease serum hepatitis B viral load. It means that hepatitis B viral load and interferon γ level have negative correlation (21). In this study, 12 (30.7%) health care workers were negative for interferon γ. Only 2 (5.1%) of them received last dose of HBV vaccine about two years ago, however they had high titer of HBsAb.
It is estimated that about 5% to 7% of the population are nonresponsive to vaccine. It could be due to a sort of defectiveness in specific T or B cell generation, expression of some kind of leukocyte antigens (HLA), degradation of B cells by cytotoxic T cell, tolerance or even imbalance in T-helper cells (12, 22). Some of HLA antigens like DR7 DR3 and DQ2 have negative effects on vaccination outcome and cytokine secretion like interferon γ (23). In our study, HLA antigens of health care workers were not investigated, but it could be a reason for decrease in interferon γ concentration in some cases. In our study, 3 (7.7%) cases were positive for anti HBc, which indicates the presence of the past HBV infection. Bahmani et al. (17) reported that 6.4% of the health care workers had positive HBc-IgG. All three cases were surgeons, probably because of their occupation, which is a risk factor for HBV infection. These three cases could be candidates for occult hepatitis B infection. However, occult HBV infection requires further investigation.
