Dear Editor,
Aspergillus is a genus of filamentous, ubiquitous, and opportunistic pathogenic fungi. Patients with underlying lung disease are susceptible to Aspergillus due to their immunodeficiency, but the symptoms become atypical as other lung diseases are contracted (1-3). Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger are the primary pathogenic species in most literatures (4, 5). The principal forms of pulmonary aspergillosis (PA) are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), chronic (and saprophytic) pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). In non-neutropenic patients, various forms are considered a semi-continuous spectrum of aspergillosis (4). The analysis of the clinical features can deepen our understanding of the spectrum of clinical manifestations of Aspergillus infection and provide references for its diagnosis.
Forty-two PA patients (30 males and 12 females) in the Respiratory Department of our hospital were enrolled in the present study from January 2016 to December 2017. Patients with a hematological disease or granulocytic deficiency were excluded. The average age ± standard deviation (SD) was 62.45 ± 16.09 years. All patients were divided into three groups, including CPA, ABPA, and IPA, according to the consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary mycosis (6). Proven IPA was dependent on the histological analysis or positive Aspergillus cultures in sterile sites. Probable IPA met the criteria for a host factor, a clinical criterion, and a mycological criterion, according to the criteria of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) (7). Only cases of proven and probable IPA were included in the IPA group. Clinical features, chest CT, total serum IgE, and Aspergillus species-specific IgE were employed in combination to diagnose ABPA. The underlying lung diseases were comprised of COPD (11/42), bronchiectasis (11/42), TB (6/42), lung cancer (3/42), and interstitial lung disease (3/42).
Beta-Glucan (BG) test was performed using a 1-3-β-D- Glucan test kit (Zhanjiang A&C Biological Ltd, China), galactomannan (GM) test was conducted with the Platelia Aspergillus EIA test kit (Bio-rad Laboratories, USA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) was detected with the CRP test kit (QuikRead go, Finland). Aspergillus was identified by the mass spectrometry (Bruke MALDI Biotype) after being cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar. Clinical symptoms, chest CT, BG test, GM test, CRP, and fungal cultures were analyzed. Tests were defined as positive when the GM index ≥ 0.5 and the 1-3-β-D-Glucan (BG test) ≥ 100 pg/mL. Differences between the groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. A P < 0.05 was the threshold for statistical significance.
The majority of the PA patients presented with cough, expectoration, and chest tightness. Hemoptysis was primarily present in CPA and presumed to be associated with aspergilloma, invading the intercostal artery. Wheezing was primarily present in ABPA and was likely to be associated with a complex hypersensitivity reaction. The IPA patients had the highest rate of fever. The CT findings in CPA, ABPA, and IPA consisted of bronchiectasis (66.67%, 50.00%, and 43.48%), nodular or mass shadow (66.67%, 60.00%, and 34.78%), flake shadow (44.44%, 70.00%, and 43.48%), cavity (33.33%, 10.00%, and 21.74%), pleural thickening (88.89%, 20.00%, and 56.52%), lung obstruction collapse (44.44%, 0.00%, and 0.00%), pulmonary emphysema (55.56%, 40.00%, and 21.74%), and pulmonary bullae (44.44%, 0.00%, and 13.04%).
Serum G and GM tests were performed in all CPA cases, 8 ABPA (8/10), and 22 IPA (22/23). bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) BG and GM tests were carried out in the remaining patients. No statistically significant differences were established in the serum BG and GM test values in CPA, ABPA, and IPA patients (χ2 = 2.676, P = 0.262 and χ2 = 3.166, P = 0.205), but the CRP values were statistically different (χ2 = 7.913, P = 0.019) (Table 1). The BALF BG and GM tests were performed in 11 PA patients. Eight patients with negative serum GM underwent BALF GM simultaneously, six of them were positive.
Table 1.
Analysis of BG, GM, and CRP in CPA, ABPA, and IPA patients
| CPA (n = 9) | ABPA (n = 8) | IPA (n = 22) | Total | χ2 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum GM test ODI | 3.166 | 0.205 | ||||
| Median | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.30 | ||
| Minimum value | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.13 | ||
| Maximum value | 2.50 | 3.30 | 4.18 | 4.18 | ||
| Serum BG test (pg/mL) | 2.676 | 0.262 | ||||
| Median | 37.20 | 24.60 | 78.20 | 53.55 | ||
| Minimum value | 24.80 | 18.20 | 17.40 | 17.40 | ||
| Maximum value | 528.03 | 538.90 | 5000.0 | 5000.00 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 7.913 | 0.019a | ||||
| Median | 10.93 | 1.00 | 20.70 | 8.40 | ||
| Minimum value | 1.00 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.38 | ||
| Maximum value | 59.67 | 44.62 | 319.58 | 319.58 |
Abbreviations: ABPA: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; BG test: 1-3-β-D-Glucan; CPA: chronic pulmonary aspergillosis; CRP: C-reactive protein; GM: galactomannan; IPA: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; ODI: optical density index.
aP < 0.05, statistically significant.
Fungal cultures were positive in none of the CPA cases (0/9), 6 ABPA (6/10), and 14 IPA (14/23). One case of A. flavus and five cases of A. fumigatus were identified in the ABPA patients, whereas A. fumigatus was isolated in 14 cases of IPA patients. The number of males was higher than that of females, and the age range was from 50 to 70 years. The clinical characteristics were non-specific. Although the CT findings facilitated an improved PA diagnosis, the imaging results were diverse and non-specific.
The sensitivity of BG and GM tests for the diagnosis of PA in non-neutropenic patients was insufficient. Consistent with Zhou et al. (8), GM antigen levels were greater in BALF as this represented the site of infection. Neutrophils eliminated GM antigens in the serum, which reduced the available levels of detection. Similar to previous studies (9), the median of CRP in IPA patients was the highest, followed in a descending order by that in CPA and ABPA. These findings suggest that CRP could be used in combination with other tests to identify PA.
Sputum fungal cultures were unsuitable for the diagnosis of CPA due to the presence of hyphae that restricted the release into sputum, but the positive rates of the sputum fungal cultures were higher than those of the serum BG and GM in IPA and ABPA. In conclusion, our findings revealed that the symptoms were non-specific. Additionally, the imaging results were diverse, and the microbiological indices were insufficiently sensitive. Therefore, the development and implementation of new indicators or methods to facilitate PA diagnosis are required.
