1. Background
The nasogastric tube (NGT) is a flexible tube that enters the nose, esophagus, and, ultimately, the stomach (1, 2). The purpose of this procedure is usually to routinely discharge the stomach, irrigate the stomach, reduce the chance of nausea and vomiting, reduce the likelihood of pulmonary aspiration and pneumonia, and others based on indications (3, 4). NGT can be associated with complications such as sore throat, nausea, vomiting, esophageal rupture, and rare complications such as gastric pneumatosis. On the other hand, the benefits, and indeed, the reasons for the usual placement, are not fully proven empirically and practically (5).
It has been shown that NGT insertion during or after surgery increases the esophageal-gastric reflux recurrence, and even, its duration (6, 7). Mandal showed that reverse Sellick’s maneuver with neck flexion, lateral neck pressure, and guided-wire techniques were better options than the conventional method in intubated patients (8). In the study of Illias et al., neck flexion, lateral neck pressure, and thyroid cartilage elevation were highly successful (9). Moreover, Tsai et al. introduced the stylet-guided method (Rusch) with high success and confidence rate for NGT insertion in unconscious patients (10).
To reduce complications of NGT embedding, Najafi proposed a new method of nasogastric tube insertion, called SORT, which has four steps (sniffing position, NGT orientation, contralateral rotation, and twisting motion). In the sniffing position, NGT enters the nose and pharynx. At the moment of entry into the esophagus, the patient’s head is rotated 45 degrees opposite the nostril used to insert NGT. The piriform sinus is simultaneously compressed on the same side of the tube insertion. The tube is then directed to the esophagus and stomach (11).
2. Objectives
Since nasogastric tube insertion is one of the most common procedures in emergencies, and one of its major complications is pain during implantation, the use of more convenient implantation methods appears reasonable.
3. Methods
3.1. Study Design
This randomized clinical trial was performed at the EDs of two university hospitals (Imam Reza (AS) and Sina hospitals affiliated to the university of medical sciences) during Mar-Sep 2019. Due to the lack of a similar study and the prevalence of patients, we randomly included 200 patients in two groups, each with 100 patients, according to the randomized allocation software.
3.2. Setting and Selection of Participants
The sampling method was convenience sampling until the completion of the sample collection procedure. The inclusion criterion was conscious patients with GCS 15 over the age of 18 years who required NGT insertion based on diagnostic and treatment goals. Moreover, the exclusion criteria were patients with cervical spine problems who were unable to perform neck movements (both passive and active) and lack of consent to participate in the study. The flow diagram of the study is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The flow diagram of the study
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences under the code IR.TBZMED.REC.1397222. It was also registered on the Iranian clinical trial database with the code IRCT20130224012592N5.
3.3. Randomization and Blinding
All the patients were enrolled in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients completed informed consent forms before participating in the study. Before conducting the experiment, data including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), vital signs, current illness, the reason for NGT insertion, NGT size used, and previous history of NGT insertion were registered. The patients were assigned to two groups of 100 patients, each using a randomized block design.
3.4. Intervention
The procedure was based on a standard protocol in the control group. After consuming topical analgesic drugs such as lidocaine, NGT entered the nostril, and after reaching the oropharynx, the patients were asked to drink some water and help with NGT ingestion (12). In the intervention group, the SORT method (NGT orientation, contralateral rotation, and twisting motion) was performed.
3.5. Methods of Measurement
Finally, ease of insertion achieved according to the number of NGT insertion, pain severity during insertion (based on the VAS score of 1 - 10), patient satisfaction with the procedure (based on the score of 1 - 10), and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. The patients were also asked whether they had any previous NGT insertion experience.
3.6. Analysis
All the data were entered into SPSS 17.0 and analyzed. The normal distribution of the data was evaluated using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and then, descriptive statistics (mean ± SD), frequency, and percentage were used to describe the samples. Moreover, a chi-square test (qualitative variables) and an independent sample’s t test (quantitative data) were used to compare the two groups. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of Study Subjects
A total of 200 patients were studied in two groups (100 patients in an intervention group; 100 patients in a control group). The mean age of the patients was 49.87 ± 19.20 (18 - 60 years), and their BMI mean was 27.85 ± 3.76 (20 - 39.41 kg/m2). Thirty-nine patients (19.50%) were diagnosed with drug intoxication, 54 (27.00%) with trauma, 51 (25.50%) with acute abdomen, 11 (5.50%) with cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and 45 (22.50%) with gastrointestinal bleeding. Moreover, 22 patients (11.00%) had a positive history of NGT insertion.
4.2. Outcome
The comparison of the demographic features and the history variables between the two groups is shown in Table 1. According to this table, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of these variables.
Table 1.
The Comparison of the Demographic Features and the History Variables Between the Two Groups
| Variables | Group | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Method | SORT Method | ||
| Age (year) | 48.70 ± 19.45 | 51.03 ± 18.77 | 0.392a |
| Gender (male/female) | 59/41 | 67/33 | 0.153b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.13 ± 3.53 | 27.57 ± 3.98 | 0.295a |
| Diagnosis | 0.119b | ||
| Drug intoxication | 14 (14%) | 25 (25%) | |
| Trauma | 34 (34%) | 20 (20%) | |
| Acute abdomen | 23 (23%) | 28 (28%) | |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 6 (6%) | 5 (5%) | |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 23 (23%) | 22 (22%) | |
| Positive history of NGT insertion | 11 (11%) | 11 (11%) | 0.589b |
aIndependent samples t test
bChi square
After NGT insertion, patient satisfaction level, pain severity during insertion, and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups, as shown in Table 2. Based on the results of the table, patient satisfaction level and pain severity during insertion were significantly lower in the conventional method group (P value < 0.001), as compared to the other group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the incidence of complications (P value > 0.05). To eliminate the effect of primary diagnosis as a confounding factor, a comparison of the groups in terms of pain relief and patient satisfaction level based on primary diagnosis is shown in Table 3. As shown in the table, there are statistically significant differences between the groups about pain severity and satisfaction level (P value < 0.05) except the satisfaction level in the CVA group (P value > 0.05).
Table 2.
Comparison of the Study Groups in Terms of Pain and Patient Satisfaction Level Based on Primary Diagnosis
| Primary Diagnosis | Group | P Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Method | SORT Method | ||
| Drug intoxication | |||
| Pain severity | 3.21 ± 2.72 | 4.96 ± 1.74 | 0.008 |
| Satisfaction level | 6.07 ± 2.43 | 4.20 ± 1.71 | 0.019 |
| Trauma | |||
| Pain severity | 3.47 ± 2.17 | 6.35 ± 2.25 | < 0.001 |
| Satisfaction level | 5.85 ± 1.95 | 3.85 ± 1.63 | < 0.001 |
| Acute abdomen | |||
| Pain severity | 4.09 ± 1.81 | 5.82 ± 2.24 | < 0.001 |
| Satisfaction level | 6.26 ± 1.76 | 4.04 ± 1.91 | 0.004 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | |||
| Pain severity | 3.67 ± 2.42 | 5.00 ± 0.70 | 0.025 |
| Satisfaction level | 5.83 ± 2.14 | 3.20 ± 0.44 | 0.268 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | |||
| Pain severity | 3.83 ± 2.25 | 6.23 ± 1.99 | < 0.001 |
| Satisfaction level | 5.78 ± 2.35 | 3.41 ± 1.56 | < 0.001 |
aIndependent samples t test
Table 3.
Comparison of the Study Groups in Terms of Pain, Patient Satisfaction Level, and Incidence of Complications
| Variables | Group | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Method | SORT Method | ||
| Pain severity | 3.67 ± 2.18 | 5.76 ± 2.06 | < 0.001a |
| Patient satisfaction level | 5.9 ± 2.05 | 3.86 ± 1.68 | < 0.001a |
| Incidence of complications | 0.186b | ||
| None | 96 (96%) | 92 (92%) | |
| Vomiting | 4 (4%) | 8 (8%) | |
aIndependent samples t test
bChi square
5. Discussion
This study aimed to evaluate the ease of NGT insertion using the conventional and SORT methods. To this end, two groups of 100 patients were evaluated. No significant difference was observed between the two groups with regard to the demographic features and the history variables. However, the satisfaction level and pain severity scores were significantly higher in the group receiving the conventional method than in the other group; however, the complication rate was not significantly different.
Most studies compared different NGT insertion methods in unconscious or intubated patients, and only a low number of them compared the methods in conscious patients. Illias et al. compared methods of neck flexion with lateral pressure and elevated thyroid cartilage techniques and reported them to be highly successful. However, the time required for NGT insertion was shorter in the group treated with thyroid cartilage lifting compared to the other group (9). Uri et al. studied the effect of lidocaine gel on NGT insertion and showed that the use of lidocaine gel 5 minutes before the procedure could improve pain relief and patient cooperation (13). A meta-analysis study showed that nebulized lidocaine could reduce 57.7% of patients’ pain during NGT insertion (14).
In 2016, Najafi et al. introduced the SORT maneuver for NGT insertion. The maneuver was successfully performed for a 61-year-old intubated patient, and the authors recommended conducting clinical trials to compare the maneuver with other methods (11). In the studies of Ann et al. (2013), Appukutty and Shroff (15), Mandal et al. (8), and Tsai et al. (10), different methods of NGT insertion were compared with the conventional method in unconscious or intubated patients, and the new methods proved to have advantages over the conventional method (9, 16).
Our study results did not show any significant difference between the SORT maneuver and the conventional method. It is concluded that in conscious patients with active GAG reflexes, the use of the SORT maneuver increases pain and decreases patient satisfaction. Results of a clinical trial in 2016 showed that using a non-swallow method for NGT insertion in conscious patients produced better results, i.e., less pain and more satisfaction (17). However, in the present study, the conventional method showed better results than the SORT method, including sniffing position, NGT orientation, contralateral rotation, and twisting motion. It appears that performing these movements in conscious patients causes more discomfort and pain.
5.1. Limitation
One limitation of our study was the lack of cooperation of some conscious patients to receive SORT maneuver during NGT insertion. Another limitation of our study was the lack of neck movement in multiple traumatic patients while performing the SORT maneuver.
5.2. Conclusion
The results of this study showed that using the conventional method in comparison with the SORT maneuver for NGT insertion in conscious patients was significantly better in terms of patient satisfaction and pain relief. Therefore, it is recommended not to use the SORT method in conscious patients.
