Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Morteza Jabbary Moghaddam1, Davood Ommi1, Alireza Mirkheshti1,*, Ali Dabbagh1, Elham Memary1, Afsaneh Sadeghi1, 
Mehdi Yaseri2Opium is a highly addictive agent and the most common narcotic often misused in Iran. The pharmacokinetic of anesthetic drugs in patients with opium addiction is one of the great challenges for anesthesiologists. Hemodynamic instability and postoperative side effects are of these challenges which should be managed correctly.
In this study we aimed to assess the effects of clonidine upon post anesthesia shivering and recovery time in patients with and without opium addiction after general anesthesia to decrease the subsequent complications related to the shivering and elongation of recovery time.\r\n
In a randomized clinical trial, 160 patients candidates for elective leg fracture operations under general anesthesia were studied in four groups of 40 patients: Group 1 (placebo 1) were patients without addiction who got placebo 90 minutes before the operation. Group 2 (placebo 2) were patients with opium addiction which received placebo as group 1. Group 3 (Clonidine 1) patients without addiction who got clonidine 90 minutes before the operation and group 4 (Clonidine 2) who were opium addicted ones which received clonidine as premedication.
None of the patients with and without addiction in clonidine groups had shivering after the operation but in placebo groups shivering was observed and the difference between clonidine and placebo groups was statistically significant (
Premedication with clonidine in patients with and without opium addiction can be effective to decrease the incidence of shivering and recovery time after operation.
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Ommi D, Teymourian H, Zali A, Ashrafi F, Jabbary Moghaddam M, et al. Effects of Clonidine Premedication on Intraoperative Blood Loss in Patients With and Without Opium Addiction During Elective Femoral Fracture Surgeries. Anesth Pain Med. 2015;5(4):e23626. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/aapm.23626
Mirkheshti A, Jabbari Moghadam M, Taheri M, Farzam T, Memary E. Effect of Dexmedetomidine Infusion During Orthopedic Surgery on Postoperative Analgesic Consumption in Opium Addict Patients; A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):e62321. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.62321
Shakhs Emampour BF, Sabaghian S, Abbasi D, Bijari B. Comparison of Block’s Quality and Complications After Spinal Anesthesia Using Two Different Doses of Marcaine and Fentanyl in Leg Fracture Surgery in Opium Abuser: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mod Care J. 2025;22(3):e150744. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/mcj-150744
Karbasy SH, Derakhshan P. Effects of Opium Addiction on Level of Sensory Block in Spinal Anesthesia With Bupivacaine for Lower Abdomen and Limb Surgery: a Case-Control Study. Anesth Pain Med. 2014;4(5):e21571. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/aapm.21571
Ghasemi M, Behnaz F, Hajian H. The Effect of Dexmedetomidine Prescription on Shivering during Operation in the Spinal Anesthesia Procedures of Selective Orthopedic Surgery of the Lower Limb in Addicted Patients. Anesth Pain Med. 2018;8(2):e63230. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/aapm.63230
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