1. Introduction
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the third most common cause of stroke, following embolic and atherothrombotic occlusion (1). While the most common cause of primary ICH is hypertension, secondary causes such as vascular malformation, aneurysm, coagulopathy, and substance- or drug-induced factors should be always considered in the absence of a history of hypertension and presence of underlying medical and/or neurological disorders (2).
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic and debilitating neurological disorders in young and middle-aged individuals, with major impacts on the patient’s quality of life (3). The probability of superimposed medical and neurological disorders is always a concern in these patients (4). Although the correlation between hemorrhagic events and MS has not been reported per se, there are different reports of hemorrhagic events in the presence of interferon (IFN) therapy in the literature.
Herein, we present the case of an MS patient, who was receiving IFN therapy for a long period of time and was referred to our hospital with ICH.
2. Case Presentation
A 52-year-old woman with secondary progressive MS was referred to the emergency department with reduced consciousness. Her symptoms had started the night before admission with an acute headache, which was described as generalized and throbbing; the patient had no prior experience of such headaches. Drowsiness, without nausea or vomiting, was reported upon admission. Vital signs including blood pressure (BP) were reported to be normal during a home visit by the emergency medical service provider.
Upon admission to the emergency department, the patient’s BP was 130/80 mmHg. Neurological examination showed drowsiness, associated with left upper limb weakness. She had a nine-year history of MS, with secondary progression over the past four years; the patient was wheelchair-bound for two and a half years. Treatment with IFN β-1α (44 mcg, three times per week) was started since the onset of the disease and continued up to hospital admission, regardless of the progressive course of the disease. Prior history of trauma or cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, and associated systemic disorders, was not reported in the patient. She was receiving fluoxetine, tizanidine, clonazepam, and oxybutynin for symptomatic treatment.
Laboratory tests including routine blood and coagulation studies were normal (Table 1). Brain computed tomography (CT) scan revealed massive ICH in the right hemisphere, involving the basal ganglia with an extension to temporal and parietal lobes (Figure 1A). Repeated CT scan after four days showed the expansion of hematoma and a smaller focus of hematoma in the left basal ganglia (Figure 1B). The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan did not reveal any vascular malformation, aneurysm, or brain tumor (Figure 1C and 1D). Neurosurgical intervention was not performed due to the increased risk-to-benefit ratio.
Table 1.
Including Routine Blood and Coagulation Studie
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| WBC | 5900 |
| Hb | 16.5 |
| HCT | 44.7 |
| PLT | 172000 |
| BS | 107 |
| Urea | 23 |
| Cr | 0.74 |
| PT | 13.5 |
| PTT | 29.9 |
| INR | 1.01 |
Figure 1.
A, massive ICH in the right hemisphere involving the basal ganglia with an extension to temporal and parietal lobes; B, repeated CT scan after four days indicated the expansion of hematoma and a smaller focus of hematoma in the left basal ganglia; C and D, the brain MRI did not reveal vascular malformation, aneurysm, or brain tumor.
3. Discussion
IFN β-1α has been one of the most widely used treatment agents in MS patients over the past years. This is mainly due to the overall safety profile of this drug, which has been confirmed by its long-term use since its introduction in the mid 1990’s (5, 6). More common side-effects, such as local injection reactions, flu-like symptoms, hepatotoxicity of variable degrees, and hematological and thyroid abnormalities are well-known and more easily manageable (7, 8).
While an almost good safety profile is considered for IFN-β, an increasing number of reports have indicated some previously unknown adverse events, which may be potentially serious in some cases. Among these, thrombotic microangiopathy, arterial hypertension, Raynaud’s phenomenon, livedo reticularis, capillary leak syndrome, pulmonary artery hypertension, and retinopathy warrant consideration (9-16). There seems to be a common angiopathic mechanism involved in these more recent complications. The effect of IFN-α with a similar chemical structure on vascular events has been described in the literature before (17).
Some of the adverse events have occurred with the long-term use of high-dose, high-frequency IFN therapy, suggesting a dose-dependent manner. However, some events occur soon after the initiation of IFN therapy. Therefore, according to evidence available in the literature, it seems that we should be more vigilant with regard to the continuation of IFN therapy in a subgroup of patients with MS, who are less likely to benefit from this type of therapy.
Adverse vascular events mentioned above may be associated with microangiopathy and capillary leak syndrome. This in fact can be a good reason to suppose a correlation between IFN-β and vascular changes. The present report is in line with several previous cases of ICH, associated with IFN therapy. Some reports have indicated this complication in some patients with hepatitis C, treated with IFN-α alone or in combination with antiviral therapy (18-20).
Hemorrhagic and ischemic retinopathy, subdural hematoma, vaginal bleeding, and intraocular hemorrhage have been also reported in patients receiving IFN therapy for different conditions (e.g., hepatitis) of variable durations; some of these complications resolved after drug discontinuation (21-24). Our patient was a middle-aged woman who had a long-term history of MS with a secondary progressive course for three years, receiving IFN β-1α therapy. Currently, there is no evidence indicating the benefits of IFN treatment in MS patients with a progressive course without superimposed relapses.
3.1. Conclusion
The increasing number of reports, revealing more serious but uncommon adverse effects of IFN therapy in patients with MS, highlights the need for more attention to this treatment. Angiopathic complications, including ischemic and hemorrhagic events, may be due to IFN therapy if alternative causes are excluded. According to the available evidence, we should be more vigilant with regard to the continuation of IFN (as an apparently safe drug) therapy in a subgroup of MS patients who may not benefit from this type of treatment.
