1. Background
Infertility is a critical reproduction problem with social consequences. Male infertility factors include a high proportion of all infertility cases that may be observed along with female infertility factors or alone (1, 2). Male infertility is a complex problem that can occur due to environmental and genetic/epigenetic factors (3, 4). Idiopathic male infertility includes approximately 40% of all male infertility cases that may be associated with genetic and genomic factors (5, 6). In recent years, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes involved in sperm development have been identified that can increase the risk of male infertility (7, 8).
The AURKC gene is a major cause of monomorphic teratozoospermia (macrozoospermia), which is known as macrocephalic multiflagellar spermatozoa syndrome (9). This disorder is commonly associated with oligozoospermia and characterized by large-headed and multiflagellar spermatozoa (6). The AURKC gene encodes the third member of the Aurora subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases and is commonly expressed in the testis. Evidence suggests that the AURKC protein plays an essential role in the production of euploid gametes through the control of microtubule-kinetochore attachment and verifying the bi-orientation of tensions preceding chromosome segregation (10, 11). Moreover, the AURKC protein participates in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that inhibits the production of aneuploid cells in mitosis and incorrect microtubule segregation in meiosis, which reduces chromosomally abnormal gametes (12, 13). Previous studies have reported that several mutations and SNPs in the AURKC gene cause defects in the function of encoded proteins, which are associated with male infertility (14, 15).
2. Objectives
So far, numerous studies have investigated the association of the AURKA gene polymorphisms and male infertility in various populations. However, the reported results by these studies are very inconsistent. This is the first attempt to evaluate the association of the AURKC gene polymorphism (rs58264281) and idiopathic male infertility in the Iranian Azeri population.
3. Methods
3.1. Study Subjects
This case-control study was conducted among 100 infertile men (25 - 50 years old) with idiopathic azoospermia and oligospermia as the case group and 100 healthy men (age and ethnic matched and genetically unrelated) with previous successful reproduction as the control group. The participants were from Azerbaijan, Iran, and were referred to the Department of Infertility, Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. In the case group, the patients with cryptorchidism, hypogonadotropic, hypogonadism, orchitis, ejaculatory duct obstruction, microdeletions on Y chromosome, and abnormal karyotype were excluded from the study. We recorded the demographic characteristics of all the patients and healthy controls by questionnaires and interviews (Table 1). All the patients and healthy controls were first informed of the study objectives and then signed a consent form. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran (code of ethics: IR.IAU.TNB.REC.1399.030).
3.2. Genotype Analyses
Genomic DNA extraction was carried out using 5-mLwhole blood samples by the proteinase K method. The quality of the extracted genomic DNA samples was investigated using electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel. In addition, the quantity of the extracted genomic DNA samples was investigated using a nanodrop instrument. The genotype analyses of the DNA samples were carried out using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (Tetra-ARMS PCR) method. The designed primers included: (1) forward outer in: 5′-GGTGTATGCGTTGTTCATTCCCACA-3′; (2) reverse outer in: 5′-TCCTGAACCCTCTGGATGGCTGTT-3′; (3) forward inner: 5′-GTAGCAGTGAGACATCAGTGAGGC-3′; (4) reverse inner: 5′-CGCTTCCAATCCTGCTCGTCCTGTAA-3′. The amplification was conducted using a 50-ng template DNA (1 μL), 250 nM each primer (0.5 μL), and 1 X Master Mix (12.5 μL) in a total volume of 25 μL. Condition: 1 cycle for the initial denaturation (5 minutes in 94°C), 30 cycles for denaturation (40 seconds in 94°C), annealing (45 seconds in 60°C), and extension (45 seconds in 72°C), and 1 cycle for the final extension (5 minutes in 72°C). The amplified PCR products were separated using electrophorese on 2% agarose gel, and the sizes of the fragments were estimated by a 50-bp ladder (122 bp for allele C and 366 bp for allele T).
3.3. Statistical Analysis
The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS, version 21.0. The demographic characteristics of the case and control groups were analyzed by independent samples t-test. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was investigated by the chi-square (χ2) test and Fisher’s exact test. The correlation of the AURKC gene rs58264281 polymorphism and male infertility risk was investigated by logistic regression. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
4. Results
4.1. Demographic Characteristics
The demographic characteristics of the patients and healthy controls are demonstrated in Table 1. The statistical analysis demonstrated that positive family history of infertility and tobacco smoking in the control group was significantly less than the case group (P < 0.05), suggesting that positive family history of infertility and tobacco smoking are significant genetic and environmental factors increasing the risk of infertility in Iranian Azeri men. Moreover, we observed that the concentration, motility, and volume of sperm in the control group were significantly higher than in the case group (P < 0.05). However, the statistical analyses indicated no significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol consumption (P > 0.05).
Table 1.
The Demographic Characteristics of the Studied Patients and Healthy Controls a
| Variables | Patients (n = 100) | Controls (n = 100) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 29.33 ± 2.78 | 27.6 ± 3.06 | 0.298 |
| BMI (kg/m) | 26.25 ± 2.18 | 26.48 ± 2.34 | 0.699 |
| Tobacco smoking | |||
| Never | 76 (76) | 89 (89) | - |
| Ever | 34 (34) | 11 (11) | 0.004 b |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Never | 39 (39) | 31 (31) | - |
| Ever | 61 (61) | 69 (69) | 0.376 |
| Family history | |||
| Negative | 79 (79) | 100 (100) | - |
| Positive | 21 (21) | 0 (0) | 0.008 b |
| Semen parameters | |||
| Concentration (× 106/mL) | Median: 3.5 (0 - 6.37); Mean: 3.71 ± 3.94 | 125.5 (94 - 156.3); 126 ± 40.3 | < 0.0001 b |
| Motility (%) | Median: 48.5 (0 - 63); Mean: 33.95 ± 30.48 | 60 (49 - 70); 59.6 ± 11.55 | < 0.0001 b |
| Volume (mL) | Median: 3.5 (2.35 - 4); Mean: 3.23 ± 1 | 4 (3 - 5); 4.18 ± 3.19 | < 0.0001 b |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
a Values are expressed as No. (%) or mean ± SD.
b Statistically significant P < 0.05.
4.2. Genotype and Allele Distribution
The genotypic distribution of the AURKC gene rs58264281 polymorphism in the case and control groups was in agreement with HWE (P > 0.05). The obtained results demonstrated that the risk of male infertility was significantly increased in the presence of CA (P = 0.0046; OR = 7.08; 95% CI: 1.7 - 32.2) and AA (P = 0.022; OR = infinity; 95% CI: 1.7-infinity) genotypes. Moreover, our results demonstrated that the presence of A mutant allele (P = 0.0001; OR = 12.2; 95% CI: 3.2 - 53.1) significantly increased the risk of male infertility (Table 2). These results suggest a significant association between the AURKC gene rs58264281 polymorphism and male infertility in the Iranian Azeri population. The genotypes and alleles distributions in the case and control groups are demonstrated in Table 2.
Table 2.
Genotype and Allele Frequencies of AURKC Rs58264281 Polymorphism in Patients and Healthy Control
| Gene (Polymorphism) | Inheritance Models | Genotype and Allele | Case (%) | Control (%) | P-Value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AURKC (rs58264281) | Codominant | CC | 83 (83) | 98 (98) | Ref | Ref = 1 |
| CA | 12 (12) | 2 (2) | 0.0046 a | 7.08 (1.7 - 32.2) | ||
| AA | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.022 a | infinity (1.7 - infinity) | ||
| Dominant | CC | 83 (83) | 98 (98) | Ref | Ref = 1 | |
| CA + AA | 17 (17) | 2 (2) | 0.0004 a | 10.04 (2.37 - 44.5) | ||
| Recessive | AA | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | Ref | Ref = 1 | |
| CA + CC | 95 (95) | 100 (100) | 0.059 | infinity (1.5 - infinity) | ||
| Overdominant | CA | 12 (12) | 2 (2) | Ref | Ref = 1 | |
| CC + AA | 88 (88) | 98 (98) | 0.010 a | 6.68 (1.6 - 30.4) | ||
| Alleles | C wild | 178 (89) | 198 (99) | Ref | Ref = 1 | |
| A mutant | 22 (11) | 2 (1) | 0.0001 a | 12.2 (3.2 - 53.1) |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a Statistically significant P < 0.05.
5. Discussion
We investigated the association of the AURKC gene rs58264281 polymorphism and idiopathic male infertility among 100 patients with azoospermia and/or oligospermia and 100 healthy controls with previous successful reproduction from the Iranian Azeri population. Our results indicated a significant correlation between the AURKC gene rs58264281 polymorphism and idiopathic male infertility. We suggest that A mutant allele can increase infertility risk in Iranian Azeri patients.
Our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of male infertility is insignificant and more studies are required for the identification of the main cause of azoospermia or oligospermia (16). Hence, extensive studies have been conducted for the identification of the genetic causes of male infertility; however, the etiology of approximately 40% of all the cases of male infertility remains unknown, which is called idiopathic male infertility. Previous studies demonstrated that mutations and SNPs on spermatogenesis-related genes are the common genetic causes of male azoospermia or oligospermia (17, 18). The AURKA gene is involved in the regulation of G2 to M phase transition during cell cycle (18). Several variants of the AURKC gene have been identified to be associated with male infertility (14, 15).
In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the association of various mutations and SNPs in the AURKC gene with male infertility in various races and geographical areas. In a study by Ben Khelifa et al., a heterozygous variant of the AURKC gene (c.436-2A>G) was identified in infertile men with macrozoospermia and non-megaloheaded spermatozoa (14). In another study by Ben Khelifa et al., a novel nonsense mutation in the AURKC gene (p.Y248*) was reported in infertile men from European and North African populations (12). A study by Ghédir et al. reported that approximately 80% of infertile men with macrozoospermia were homozygous for a mutation on the AURKC gene (c.144delC) in the population of Tunisia (16). However, in a study by Mohamed Larbi et al., no mutations on the AURKC gene were noted in Algerian men with infertility (19). These results demonstrated that the molecular analysis of the AURKC gene in infertile men is key for the efficient management of reproduction problems in men.
To our knowledge, our study is the first positive report on the significant correlation of the AURKC gene rs58264281 polymorphism and male infertility in the Iranian Azeri population. The discrepancies in the results of previous studies may be due to the interaction of other genes involved in male infertility. Moreover, differences in genetic background, geographical area, sample selection bias, sample size, environmental factors, ethnicity, and race are the possible could account for the contradiction in previous findings (20-22).
5.1. Conclusions
In sum, our study suggests that the AURKC gene rs58264281 polymorphism is significantly associated with male infertility risk in the Iranian Azeri population. However, due to the widely inconsistent results by different studies, we recommend further extensive studies among other populations, races, and ethnic groups with larger sample sizes.
