1. Background
Helicobacter pylori have infected nearly half of the world’s population. In the developing countries, more than 90% of adults are typically infected during their early childhood, and once acquired the infection would last for several decades (1). Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of gastritis and persistent chronic inflammation may lead to peptic ulcers or gastric cancer (2-4). Helicobacter pylori gastritis is associated with the expression of various cytokines and immune cells infiltration (1). It is recently demonstrated that IL-17, IL-8 and IL-18 are associated with H. pylori-related gastritis diseases (5-7). Recently, it is found that IL-17, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can recruit neutrophils by inducing the production of CXC chemokines, plays a vital role in the inflammatory response to the H. pylori-related diseases (8). Furthermore, it is also reported that IL-17, IL-8, and IL-18 are important to maintain the chronic gastric inflammation in the Mongolian gerbils model induced by the H. pylori (8-10). Considering that up-regulation of IL-17, IL-8 and IL-18 plays a crucial role in H. pylori infection, it was explored that the expression of IL-17, IL-8 and IL-18 in peripheral blood may be involved in the inflammatory response to H. pylori.
2. Objectives
The current study aimed to obtain evidence regarding the association between serum levels of IL-17, IL-8 and IL-18 and the stomach pathological changes induced by H. pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Animals
Three-week-old male specific pathogen-free Mongolian gerbils were purchased from Wenzhou Medical University Animal Experiment Center/China (approximately 25 g). They were kept in polypropylene cages on saw dust bedding in groups of two per cage, and caged under a LD 12:12 cycle. The animals used in the current study were cared for according to the institutional guidelines. The experimental protocol was approved by the animal care and use committee of Wenzhou medical university/China.
3.2. Bacterial Inoculation and Helicobacter pylori Colonization
Helicobacter pylori NCTC 11637 was provided by Prof. Jie Yan. The bacteria were cultivated in Columbia agar (OXOID England) with 10% sheep blood (Wenzhou Kont biology and technology, LTD, China) for two to three days at 37°C under microaerobic conditions (15% CO2) and high humidity, on a shaker at 100 rpm. After fasting, animals were inoculated every other day for three counts with 1 mL medium of H. pylori (109 CFU/ml) using a metal stomach catheter as one cycle. Animals had free access to food and water after administration for four hours. Infection was supported by urease test and culture. Mongolian gerbils were considered H. pylori positive when urease test and culture were positive. The infection rate in the inoculated animals was 100%.
3.3. Experimental Design
Mongolian gerbils were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 in each). The control group was inoculated into three counts of Columbia agar medium. Groups A, B and C were firstly inoculated by gavage with H. pylori NCTC 11637 for one cycle. Group A was enhanced inoculation for one count. Group B was enhanced inoculation for two counts, and group C was enhanced inoculation for three counts after the first inoculation. All the animals were sacrified under anesthesia at 35 weeks. Immediately after scarifying, the stomach was quickly removed and used for macroscopic, histological and electron microscopy examinations. Developed gastritis was diagnosed according to histological scores. Moreover, the serum was obtained and stored at -20°C. The serum levels of IL-17，IL-8 and IL-18 were measured using an ELISA Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All results were reported as means ± SD. Differences between the groups were tested by an ANOVA with subsequent Scheffe post-hoc test and the relationship between IL and gastritis serious were tested using Spearman test. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 16.0. The level of statistical significance was always set at P < 0.05.
4. Results
The assessment was performed for inflammation, neutrophil infiltrate, mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia using the semi quantitative scales (–, none; +, mild; ++, moderate; +++, severe) of the updated Sydney system (11) (Table 1).
Table 1.
| Control | Group A | Group B | Group C | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | + | ++ | +++ | - | + | ++ | +++ | - | + | ++ | +++ | - | + | ++ | +++ | |
| Inflammation | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
| Neutrophil infiltrate | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Atrophy | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Intestinal metaplasia | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
a Note. n= number of animals; −= none; + = mild; ++ = moderate; +++ = severe.
b For control and the other groups (n = 6).
The results of the analysis showed the correlation between enhance inoculation counts and gastritis serious. The serum levels of IL-17, but not IL-8 and IL-18 showed a correlation with the severity of gastritis (Figure 1)
Figure 1.
There was a correlation between serum levels of IL-17 and the degree of gastritis.
The current study showed that the serum levels of IL-17, IL-8 and IL-18 obviously increased compared to those of control group. Moreover, it indicated that the serum levels of IL-17 continuously increased after repetitive intragastric administration of H. pylori and were obviously correlated with the severity of gastritis. However, the serum levels of IL-8 and IL-18 were up-regulated after intragastric administration of H. pylori for one cycle and without increase after intragastric administration (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
A: IL-17; B: IL-8; C: IL-18.
The gastric mucosa of the control group and group A showed no visible changes. In group B, the stomach had several small ulcers and mucosa expanded and thickened slightly. In group C, erosive lesions with more ulcers were detected, covered by abundant mucus (Figure 3)
Figure 3.
A: control group; B: group A; C: group B; antral mucosa slightly expanded and several ulcers were detected (arrows); D: group C; mucosa was covered by abundant mucus (arrows).
Histology examination was taken in the gastric mucosa of Mongolian gerbils. In the control group, inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria was inconspicuous. In group A, the gastric mucosa showed slight histological changes. The length of fundic mucosa decreased and the pyloric mucosa expanded. The normal gland cells disappeared, leaving elongated pseudopyloric glands with a little of mucins in the transitional zone mucosa. In the lamina propria of the pyloric mucosa, moderate amount of inflammatory infiltrating cells was observed. In group B, the histological changes were evident. Small erosions were found in the pyloric mucosa. The submucosa also located similar mucous glands surrounded by interstitium with a conspicuous infiltration of lymphocytes. In group C, several ulcers were found near the transitional zone and some of them reached the muscularis propria. In the vicinity of transitional mucosa between pylori and fundic mucosa large erosion was observed, which consisted of numerous inflammatory cells (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
A: control group; B: group A; few neutrophils infiltrated the epithelium in the transitional zone; C: group B; erosion was observed; D: group C; the glandular structures were damaged (H & E x400).
Electron microscopy observation was conducted on the Mongolian gerbils gastric mucosa. In the control group, no obvious pathological changes were found in the gastric mucosa. In group A, the nucleus showed mild pyknosis, mild expansion could be observed in rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the mitochondria edema could be observed in cellular. Moreover, gastric mucosa microvilli showed edema and falling off. In group B, the nucleus showed pyknosis and deformation, the mitochondria vacuoles appeared, and the mucus particles of glands epithelial cells became fusion and aggregation. In group C, the nucleus showed pyknosis. Gap of nuclear membrane and rough endoplasmic reticulum expanded, the edema, degeneration and necrosis could be observed in mitochondria (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
A: control group; no pathological changes were found. B: group A; the gastric mucosa microvilli edema and falling off (arrows); C: group B. the mucus particles of glands epithelial cells became fusion and aggregation (arrows); D: group C; autophagosome and autophagic vacuoles formatiom (arrows).
5. Discussion
In the present study, it was known that the regulation of cytokines in the gastric mucosa plays a significant role in the H. pylori infections such as IL-17, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α (1, 5, 9, 10, 12). Mongolian gerbils are perfect animals to study gastric disease pathogenesis details (13, 14). The current research enriches the cytokine profiles of the chronic phases of H. pylori infections. To the authors` best knowledge, there are no reports on the serum levels of IL-17, IL-8, IL-18 and the gastric mucosa pathological changes to date. Helicobacter pylori infections in the Mongolian gerbils induced an antral-predominant gastritis and gradually progressed to the whole corpus (14, 15). Some mucosal cytokines expression was paralleled with the acute inflammation such as IL-1β (16). In addition, gastric corporal mucosal chronic inflammation was paralleled with IFN-γ expression (17).
Pro-inflammatory gene activity was highly sublimated and the risk of gastric disease was promoted for the increased inflammatory cytokines. IL-17 as an emerging family member expressed in the T memory cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of some chronic inflammatory diseases (18-20). IL-17 can also stimulate the expression level of IL-8 and facilitate the chemotaxis of neutrophils (20, 21). Some clinical studies found that the levels of IL-17 increased in gastric mucosa of the patients infected with H. pylori (20). It was also known that the gastric mucosal levels of IL-17 increased in Mongolian gerbils with H. pylori infection, especially in the chronic inflammatory phase (8, 18-20). Up to now, almost all investigators only focused on studying the gastric mucosal levels of IL and the mRNA expression. The current study focused on studying the serum levels of IL-17 and it was confirmed to be bound up with the amount of neutrophils as well as the development of gastric disease. Numerous small ulcers appeared in the animals stomach and mucosa expanded and thickened slightly in the macroscopic observation.
An obvious neutrophils infiltration on the background of chronic inflammation could be perceived by the ordinary microscope and the edema, degeneration and necrosis in subcellular organelles could be observed through electron microscopy. The contemporaneous appearance of pathology changes and IL-17 level suggest that the inflammation of cells infiltration may be linked to the serum cytokines levels. These results suggest that IL-17 plays a significant role in the inflammatory response to H. pylori infection and may serve as a potential biomarker to diagnose and predict the chronic active gastritis. The IL-8 gene is located at chromosome 4q 13-q21. IL-8 acts as a chemo attractant which could enhance the migration of neutrophils and leukocytes, and regulate the processes of chronic inflammation (22). It is also engaged in human gastric cancer cells adhesion, migration, and invasion in vitro (23) and highly expressed in gastric cancer cells (24). Yamaoka Y, et al. reported that IL-8 and IL-18 are associated with H. pylori-related gastritis diseases (5, 7). The current study also demonstrated that IL-8 was a marked up regulation compared with the control group, and the increased serum levels of IL-8 may not promote the inflammatory response. IL-18 as a member of IL-1 superfamily induced by IFN-γ was correlated with the severity of gastric inflammation (25, 26).
Some researchers reported that IL-18 is important to maintain the chronic gastric inflammation in the Mongolian gerbils model induced by the H. pylori (8-10). However, other studies indicated that the mRNA levels of IL-18 are independent of H. pylori infections (25, 27). In the current study, the serum levels of IL-18 increased in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. However, the serum levels of IL-18 were not correlated with counts of enhanced inoculation or the severity of pathology changes. Therefore, in order to understand the role of IL-18 in human H. pylori infections further studies are needed.
In conclusion, the current study results demonstrated that the serum levels of IL-17, IL-8 and IL-18 play significant roles in the progression and regulation of Mongolian gerbils with H. pylori infections. Moreover, the serum levels of IL-17 differed among each group of animals, and depended on the severity of gastritis disease. Therefore, IL-17 might be related to the gastritis clinical prognosis and be used as a marker to predict the prognosis. However, in order to understand more correlation of the cytokines in H. pylori infections additional studies are required.
