1. Background
Urodynamic studies (UDS) has become one of the most popular non-invasive diagnostic tools in the evaluation of lower urinary tract function. It provides valuable information about urine storage and micturition in an easy cost-effective way (1). Uroflowmetry assesses urination function through measurement of total urine volume, mean and maximum urine flow rates. Reliable measurements however, depend on patient cooperation, investigator skills, and equipment calibration (2).
It is established that uroflowmetric indexes are affected by several factors such as age, sex, voiding volume, subject’s knowledge of the experiment’s procedure, and voiding position (3). These interventional parameters are more significant in pediatric population, as their emotional stress control and their ability to cope with unfamiliar situations is underdeveloped.
The role of voiding position in uroflowmetry is discussed in literature. Higher flow rates are observed in standing and squatting positions (4, 5), although some controversies still exist regarding the pediatric population (6, 7). There are some limitations in the evaluation of voiding positions in uroflowmetry. One such limitation is the effect of stressful voiding in an unfamiliar situation. This may cause hesitancy and affect uroflowmetry significantly (3). Another limitation is the fact that urodynamic equipment is assembled according to the western culture and standards, whereas voiding styles can differ considerably according to culture and social norms. This article assesses the effect of voiding habits on the results of uroflowmetry in the pediatric population.
2. Methods
Randomized sampling was performed among 7 - 9 year old healthy children in primary schools in Mashhad, Iran, in 2006. The medical ethics committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences approved this study as a non-invasive screening test for healthy volunteers.
Information regarding what to expect during and after the screening test was explained in simple terms and illustrations for parents. Consent forms were signed by participants’ parents or legal guardians.
Our exclusion criteria included refuse to participate or lack of patient cooperation, previous operation on urinary tract, known urinary tract disease like hypospadiasis or meatal stenosis, history of urinary symptoms such as incontinence, dribbling and dysuria, or any related neurological problem such as cerebral palsy or myelomeningocele. Those patients who failed to complete the study or those with total urine volume less than 20 cc or staccato patern or interrupted voiding curve were also excluded. Informed
In this study, Dantec Duet® 8.06 (Dantec Medical, Denmark) uroflowmeter was used. Participants were asked to come in two times a day with a full bladder, and were assigned to bathrooms that contained both eastern and western style toilets. The western style (sitting position) was the standard uroflowmetric equipment, whereas the eastern style (squatting position) was simulated for our trial in urodynamic department. The assignment of eastern or western test was determined randomly for each participant. A trained urodynamic nurse was blinded to each subject’s voiding style.
There were 76 participants who completed the study. Participants whose total urine volume were less than 20 cc or those with staccato or interrupted voiding curve were excluded. The data that was collected included: void volume, maximum flow rate (Q Max), mean flow rate (Q average) time to maximum flow rate, and voiding time.
Post-voiding residual urine was evaluated by trans-abdominal ultrasound at the end of each uroflowmetry session. Data was stratified according to gender, micturition habits, and voiding position. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test by SPSS 11.5 were utilized to compare data between groups.
3. Results
76 cases out of a total of 300 participants were completed the trail and fit the inclusion criteria properly. Among these children, 49 (64.5%) were boys with the mean age of 8.3 ± 1.7 and 27 (35.5%) were girls with the mean age of 9.1 ± 2.4 years. At home, out of a total of 76 participants, only 13 children (17%) [8 boys and 5 girls] used a western style of voiding (sitting position) while the other 63 participants [41 boys and 22 girls] used eastern voiding style (squatting position).
Comparing uroflowmetric indexes in eastern and western voiding positions among both genders (Table 1), we observed higher voided volume, mean and max flow rate in squatting position (eastern style) while shorter time to Q max and longer voiding time in eastern position. However, the differences were not statistically significant.
Table 1.
Comparing Uroflowmetric Indexes in Western and Eastern Voiding Positions Among Different Genders
| Uroflowmetric Indexes | Gender | Western Voiding Position | Eastern Voiding Position | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voided volume (mL) | Boys | 131.4 ± 58.9 | 146.6 ± 82.5 | 0.69 |
| Girls | 123.6 ± 81.4 | 129.7 ± 92.4 | 0.78 | |
| Mean flow rate (mL/s) | Boys | 9.4 ± 3.0 | 9.7 ± 5.1 | 0.86 |
| Girls | 10.1 ± 3.4 | 11.3 ± 3.6 | 0.73 | |
| Max flow rate (mL/s) | Boys | 18.3 ± 6.1 | 20.5 ± 6.8 | 0.51 |
| Girls | 22.6 ± 7.4 | 25.2 ± 12.2 | 0.64 | |
| Time to Q max (sec) | Boys | 5.6 ± 3.4 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 0.37 |
| Girls | 4.7 ± 4.1 | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 0.41 | |
| voiding time (s) | Boys | 14.2 ± 9.1 | 17.6 ± 7.2 | 0.11 |
| Girls | 11.4 ± 9.8 | 15.8 ± 9.5 | 0.28 | |
| Lag time (sec) | Boys | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 0.45 |
| Girls | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 0.51 |
aT test P value.
Considering the voiding habits, uroflowmetric indexes were compared in familiar and unfamiliar voiding positions among boys and girls. Higher voided volume, mean and max flow rate and longer voiding time were observed in familiar position. Time to Q Max was significantly longer among boys in and lag time was also significantly longer in unfamiliar position among both girls and boys (Table 2).
Table 2.
Comparing Uroflowmetric Indexes Between Familiar and Unfamiliar Voiding Positions Among Different Genders
| Uroflowmetric Indexes | Gender | Unfamiliar Voiding Position | Familiar Voiding Position | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voided volume (mL) | Boys | 129.1 ± 49.9 | 148.9 ± 97.6 | 0.19 |
| Girls | 120.1 ± 95.4 | 133.2 ± 106.1 | 0.24 | |
| Mean flow rate (mL/s) | Boys | 9.1 ± 3.2 | 10.1 ± 4.8 | 0.37 |
| Girls | 9.9 ± 4.4 | 11.5 ± 4.1 | 0.66 | |
| Max flow rate (mL/s) | Boys | 18.1 ± 6.5 | 20.7 ± 6.4 | 0.11 |
| Girls | 22.2 ± 6.9 | 25.6 ± 10.1 | 0.24 | |
| Time to Q max (sec) | Boys | 5.9 ± 4.2 | 4.1 ± 3.2 | < 0.05 |
| Girls | 4.9 ± 3.7 | 4.0 ± 2.1 | 0.08 | |
| voiding time (s) | Boys | 15.6 ± 8.5 | 16.2 ± 9.3 | 0.31 |
| Girls | 12.1 ± 7.6 | 14.9 ± 10.1 | 0.61 | |
| Lag time (sec) | Boys | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 2.01 | < 0.05 |
| Girls | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | < 0.05 |
aT test P value.
Post-voiding residual volume was evaluated by ultrasound in all cases and mean residual volume was 16.7 ± 9.5 mL in eastern position, 23.7 ± 15.6 mL in western position, 16.1 ± 8.9 mL in familiar voiding position, and 25.1 ± 17.3 mL in unfamiliar voiding position. Therefore, the highest residual volume was observed in unfamiliar voiding position.
4. Discussion
Urodynamic studies (UDS) is a valuable non-invasive tool for functional assessment of bladder and urethra. Nonetheless, incorrect equipment set up and test performance may result in false data.
Several studies have assessed the role of voiding position on uroflowmetry in adults and the results are controversial. While some studies do not see any correlation between voiding position and flow rates (6, 7), other studies have demonstrated how voiding positions can significantly influence urodynamic indexes (1, 5, 8, 9). However, there is still no consensus on the role of any voiding position on a specific UDS index.
In this study we selected a group of healthy volunteer children to participate in a screening urodynamic study involving different voiding positions. The most common voiding position in eastern cultures is the squatting position, while standard UDS devices are assembled for use in sitting voiding position.
We considered the interrupted voiding pattern or staccato curve as exclusion criteria. All the volunteers were asymptomatic healthy children with no history of urinary tract problems. Post voiding ultrasound studies were also normal in all the cases. We had five cases with abnormal or staccato pattern (among total 81 volunteers) that count as 6.2%, which is a high rate among healthy normal population. After reviewing the questionnaires regarding voiding positions, it was realized that all the abnormal patterns were recorded in UDS during unfamiliar voiding positions.
Our findings highlighted the importance of familiar voiding position while performing UDS especially in children. Uncomfortable voiding position and stress may even lead to false results such as staccato pattern even in a healthy child.
Comparison of urodynamic indexes in different voiding positions revealed significant changes in lag time and time to max flow among children in unfamiliar voiding position, so we concluded that although sitting or squatting voiding positions may affect the UDS results, unfamiliar voiding position is the main factor that may alter the results of UDS in children. Importance of familiar voiding position in UDS was also reported in young adults previously (4, 8, 9) and articles have recommended performing uroflowmetry in preferred position of individuals (9).
Our study showed more significant role of voiding habits in pediatrics may be due to immature coping and stress control ability in pediatrics. Unfamiliar voiding position or lack of privacy may make the UDS a stressful experience for a child. This may affect the indexes, especially hesitancy (lag time) and time to Q max significantly. It may also cause incomplete bladder emptying or interrupted or staccato curve.
The issue will become more important considering the growing rate of immigration, health tourism and growing of new multi nationality communities.
Conclusion: Urodynamic studies in children should be performed in their preferred voiding position. Unfamiliar voiding position and stress may cause misleading results. Simulation of UDS devices considering the culture and voiding habits may help obtain more accurate results.
