1. Background
2. Objectives
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.1.1. Open Part of the East China Sea
3.1.2. Peter the Great Bay
3.2. Isolation of Bacteria in Pure Cultures and Phenotypic Characterization of the Isolates
3.3. 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis of Bacterial Isolates
3.4. Screening of Isolates for Inhibitory Interactions
4. Results
4.1. Identification of Bacteria
| Strain No./ Gene Bank Ref. No. | Source of Isolation | Close Phylogenetic Relatives | Identity, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam, Nha Trang Bay, South China Sea | |||
| 1242/GU726840 a | brass | P | 100 |
| 1248/GU726841 | brass | P. aeruginosa | 100 |
| 1263/GU726843 | bronze | Alteromonas sp. | 100 |
| 1341/GU726850 | brass | B | 100 |
| 1343/GU726852 | brass | Bacillus sp. | 99,6 |
| 1344/GU726853 | brass | P | 96,6 |
| 1345/GU726854 | brass | B | 100 |
| 1346/GU726855 | brass | B | 100 |
| 1347/GU726856 | brass | S | 100 |
| 1348/GU726857 | brass | B | 100 |
| 1349/GU726858 | brass | B | 99,8 |
| 1350/GU726859 | bronze | P | 97,3 |
| 1351/GU726860 | bronze | Alteromonas sp. | 99.9 |
| 1352/GU726861 | bronze | B | 100 |
| 1353/GU726862 | bronze | Alteromonas sp. | 99,9 |
| 1355/GU726863 | copper | P | 100 |
| 1360/GU726864 | copper | Enterobacter sp. | 99,5 |
| 1361/GU726865 | copper | B | 100 |
| 1364/GU726866 | copper | Brevibacterium sp. | 99,9 |
| 1365/GU726867 | copper | B | 100 |
| 1366/GU726868 | copper | B | 99,9 |
| 1367/GU726869 | brass | B | 100 |
| 1368/GU726870 | brass | B | 100 |
| 1369/GU726871 | brass | B | 100 |
| 1373/GU726872 | brass | P | 99,9 |
| 1374/GU726873 | seawater | V | 99,6 |
| 1382/GU726874 | aluminum | Stenotrophomonas sp | 100 |
| 1389/ | aluminum | P | 100 |
| 1391/GU726876 | copper | Paracoccus sp. | 99,1 |
| 1392/GU726877 | brass | Sphingobacterium sp. | 99,3 |
| 1405/GU726879 | sponge | B | 99,9 |
| 1441 | seawater | Staphylococcus sp. | n/d b |
| 1442 | seawater | Staphylococcus sp. | n/d |
| 1443 | seawater | Vibrio sp. | n/d |
| Vietnam, Nha Trang Bay, South China Sea; The East China Sea | |||
| 1444 | seawater | Ruegeria sp. | 99,9 |
| 1541 | seawater | P | n/d |
| 1542 | seawater | Vibrio sp. | n/d |
| Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea, Russia | |||
| 915/EU579451 | trepang | V | 99.8 |
| 929 | trepang | V | 99.1 |
| 1298/GU726844 | sea urchin | V | 99,9 |
| 1306/GU726845 | laminaria | V | 99,9 |
| 1314/GU726846 | soil | P | 100 |
| 1333 | ouster | P | 99,6 |
| 1335/GU726848 | ouster | S | 99,8 |
| 1336/GU726849 | ouster | S | 99,8 |
| 1561 | seawater | P | 99,5 |
| 1562 | seawater | P | 99,5 |
| 1567 | starfish | P | 99.9 |
| 1569/JN679848 | starfish | P | 99.9 |
| 1570 | sea urchin | P | 99.9 |
| 1573 | starfish | P | 97.3 |
| 1576 | starfish | P | 100 |
| 1579 | bivalve | P | 99.2 |
| 1582 | starfish | P | 99.6 |
| 1589 | starfish | P | 99.9 |
| 1593 | starfish | P | 99.9 |
| 1594 | sea urchin | P | 99.9 |
| 1595 | trepang | P | 97.1 |
| 1596 | bivalve | P | 99.9 |
| 1597 | holothurian | P | 99.9 |
| 1599 | bivalve | P | 99,9 |
| 1601 | bivalve | P | 99.8 |
| 1602 | sea urchin | P | 99.9 |
| 1603 | sea urchin | P | 99.9 |
| 1604 | sea urchin | P | 99.9 |
| 1605 | sea urchin | P | 99.9 |
| Strain No. | Source of Strain | Close Phylogenetic Relative | Identity, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1420 | Vietnam, holothurian | Bacillus | n/d |
| 1421 | Vietnam, holothurian | Bacillus | n/d |
| 1422 | Vietnam, holothurian | Bacillus | n/d |
| 1423 | Vietnam, holothurian | Vibrio | n/d |
| 1424 | Vietnam, holothurian | Vibrio | n/d |
| 1425 | Vietnam, holothurian | Vibrio | n/d |
| 1427 | Vietnam, ouster | Vibrio | n/d |
| 1430 | Vietnam, algae | Bacillus | n/d |
| 1437 | Vietnam, algae | Bacillus | n/d |
| 1438 | Vietnam, algae | Bacillus | n/d |
| 1478 | Vietnam, seawater | Bacillus | n/d |
| 1537 | Vietnam, seawater | Vibrio | n/d |
| 1543 | Vietnam, seawater | Xanthomonas | n/d |
| 1306 / GU726845 | Russia, laminaria | V | 99.9 |
| 1331 | Russia, trepang | Enterobacter sp. | n/d |
| 1333 / GU726847 | Russia, ouster | P | 99.6 |
| 1335 | Russia, ouster | S | 99.8 |
| 1336 | Russia, ouster | S | 99.8 |
| 1355 | Vietnam, copper | P | 100 |
| 1410 | Vietnam, aluminum | S | 99.9 |
| 1530 | Vietnam, bivalve | Vibrio sp. | n/d |
| ATCC 15034 | КММ, PIBOC* | E | n/d |
| КММ 455 | КММ, PIBOC | C | n/d |
| ATCC 21027 | КММ, PIBOC | S | n/d |
| B | КММ, PIBOC | B | n/d |
| КММ 4 | КММ, PIBOC | P | n/d |
4.2. Antimicrobial Activity
| 1420 | 1421 | 1422 | 1423 | 1424 | 1425 | 1427 | 1430 | 1437 | 1438 | 1478 | 1537 | 1543 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1242 | + a | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + |
| 1248 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | + | + |
| 1263 | - b | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1343 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1344 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - |
| 1348 | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1349 | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1350 | + | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | + | - | + | - | - |
| 1351 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1353 | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1355 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | - |
| 1361 | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
| 1366 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | - |
| 1373 | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + |
| 1374 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - |
| 1389 | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - |
| 1442 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
| 1443 | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1444 | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - |
| 1541 | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | - |
| 1542 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | - |
| E. coli | C. albicans | S. aureus | P. aeruginosa | B.subtilis | 1306 | 1331 | 1333 | 1335 | 1336 | 1355 | 1410 | 1530 | |
| 1242 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
| 1248 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
| 1263 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
| 1343 | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1344 | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1348 | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1349 | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1350 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1351 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1353 | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1355 | + | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | n/d c | + | + |
| 1361 | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1366 | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + |
| 1373 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | + |
| 1374 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
| 1389 | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1442 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1443 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1444 | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | - |
| 1541 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - |
| 1542 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1420 | 1421 | 1422 | 1423 | 1424 | 1425 | 1427 | 1430 | 1437 | 1438 | 1478 | 1537 | 1543 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 915 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 929 | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1298 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1306 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1314 | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | - |
| 1561 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1562 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1567 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | - | + | + | - | - |
| 1569 | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + |
| 1570 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | + | - |
| 1576 | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
| 1579 | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - |
| 1582 | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1594 | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | - |
| 1596 | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1597 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
| 1602 | + | + | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | - |
| 1603 | - | + | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1604 | - | + | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | - |
| 1605 | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
| 915 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 929 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1298 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
| 1306 | - | - | - | - | - | n/d | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1314 | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
| 1561 | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |
| 1562 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | - |
| 1567 | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1569 | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1570 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | + | + |
| 1576 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1579 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1582 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1594 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - |
| 1596 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | - |
| 1597 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1602 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | + | - |
| 1603 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - |
| 1604 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - |
| 1605 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
