1. Background
Non-invasive mapping of central nervous system (CNS) microstructure has been recently developed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffuse tensor imaging (DTI). The technique is based on Brownian motion of water molecules. Complex tissue barriers such as cell membrane, myelin sheath or even pathological tissue barriers can alter this molecular movement by hindrance. The directional variation of water molecules is termed diffusion anisotropy that facilitates the visualization of major fiber tracts, as diffusion component parallel to the tract direction is larger than its perpendicular counterpart (1, 2). Different scalar values defined for DTI, such as fractional anisotropy (FA) have been used for evaluation of white matter (WM) involved by the tumoral process. FA varies from 0 to 1, where the lower and upper limits represent isotropic diffusion and directional preference along the major eigenvector, respectively (3-5).
2. Objectives
In the current study, we assessed the value of FA for differentiating these types of WM tract involvement.
3. Patients and Methods
In a case-series study, 12 patients with a high presumption of having tumoral brain lesions were recruited for investigation in Babak imaging center in 2011, neither of whom having additional intracranial lesions, history of seizure or anti-epileptic medications. The ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) approved the study protocol.
A 1.5T MRI scanner (Siemens, Magnetom Avanto, Germany) with 18 channels, max gradient strength = 45 mT/m, slew rate = 200 T/m/s and a head coil with 8 channels was used. The images were obtained by application of a diffusion-weighted echo planar pulse sequence (SSEPI). High resolution structural images were acquired using a 3D T1-Weighted gradient echo sequence. All raw data were processed by MedINRIA software (version1.9.0) with the same setting.
The obtained scalar values were based on a ROI analysis technique, using color-coded FA maps in the peritumoral (PT) edema and some abnormally appearing WM tracts located in the PT region not within edema. The tracts in the contralateral hemisphere were employed as reference for normalization. In most cases, more than one region of interest (ROI) was selected to acquire more accurate scalar values from different regions of the same WM tract.
We categorized WM tract involvement into four types according to the study conducted by Witwer et al. (14). In two cases, however, we encountered fiber tracts that could not be placed in any of Witwer et al.”s categories. The abnormal fibers had increased volume and also increased FA in comparison with their corresponding fibers. With recourse to the literature, we finally decided to classify them as “infiltrated”(15).
Since all ROIs were defined by a hand-drawn procedure, a single specialist was employed only for this part of the work to minimize inter-observer errors. The ROIs were defined on the lesion side prior to the normal side and drawn symmetrically based on and almost equal to the size and shape of the ROIs on the lesion side.
For more accurate drawing of ROIs, the atlas provided by Kenichi et al. (16) was used in all steps. The formula proposed by Yen et al. for percentage of FA decrement (ΔFA%) (4) was used. This is defined as the percentage of FA decrement in the tumor to the normal FA in the corresponding tract (Equation 1)
Applying FA normal as the denominator eliminates the discrepancies between different individuals and different WM tracts. In this study, the standard deviation (SD) of normal FAs was considered as a benchmark for the classification of FAs into normal or abnormal.
The results were reported as Mean ± SD for the quantitative variables and percentages for the categorical variables. P values of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
4. Results
The imaging procedure was done prior to the surgical biopsy on 12 patients. According to the proven pathology, 7 patients had high grade tumors (grade III, IV), four had low grade lesions, and finally one had gliosis.
Overall, 200 ROIs were evaluated: 100 in the lesion zone and 100 in the contralateral normal WM and the FA was measured, based on which the percentage of FA was calculated.
Of the 100 ROIs on the lesion side, 74 were from high-grade lesions, 23 from low-grade ones, and three were related to the gliosis. We applied the SPSS software to divide the percentage of FA values into four quartiles (Table 1). The distribution of displaced and edematous lesions were mostly in the third and fourth quartiles (more than -35) and disrupted lesions were mainly in the first three quartiles (less than 0).
Table 1.
Characteristics of White Matter Involvement in Calculated ΔFA% a
| Type of Involvement | ΔFA% Strata | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Quartile (< -60) | 2nd Quartile (-60 to -35) | 3rd Quartile (-34.9 to 0) | 4th Quartile (> 0) | |
| Infiltration | 14 (25.9) | 20 (37.0) | 18 (33.3) | 2 (3.7) |
| Within Edema | 14 (34.1) | 19 (46.3) | 7 (17.1) | 1 (2.4) |
| Outside Edema | 0 | 1 (7.7) | 11 (84.6) | 1 (7.7) |
| Displacement | 0 | 0 | 7 (31.8) | 15 (68.2) |
| Within Edema | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (100) |
| Outside Edema | 0 | 0 | 7 (33.0) | 14 (66.7) |
| Disruption | 9 (60.0) | 5 (33.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Within Edema | 9 (60.0) | 5 (33.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0 |
| Outside Edema | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Edema | 0 | 0 | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) |
a Data are presented as No. (%); ΔFA%: Percentage of Fractional Anisotropy Decrement.
ΔFA% ranges are presented in Table 2. As noted, the least mean ΔFA% can be seen in “disrupted” lesions (-63.52) and the most for “displacement”. In infiltrated lesions, ΔFA% values were significantly higher outside the PT edema than within the edema, but such significant difference was not found in displaced fibers. It was also revealed that mean ΔFA% of ROIs located within the PT edema was significantly lower in comparison with the fibers outside the edema and mean ΔFAs% within and outside the edema lie in the second and third quartiles, respectively. The relationship between the WHO grading of the tumors and different types of fiber involvement is demonstrated in Table 3. It shows that the major type of involvement, both in low-grade and high-grade tumors, is infiltration, whereas edematous fibers comprise the minority.
Table 2.
Mean of ΔFA% and Its Range in Different Involved Tracts Within and Outside Edema
| Involvement | Mean ΔFA, % | FA Range, Lesion | ΔFA Range, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Displacement | |||
| Total | 4.564 a | 0.39 - 0.87 | (-11.44) - (+18.41) |
| Within edema | 17.08 b | 0.67 - 0.67 | (+17.08) - (+17.08) |
| Outside edema | 3.97 c | 0.39 - 0.87 | (-11.44) - (+18.41) |
| P Value | NS | ||
| Disruption | |||
| Total | -63.52 a | 0.09 - 0.43 | (-83.75) - (-21.39) |
| Within edema | -63.52 a | 0.09 - 0.43 | (-83.75) - (-21.39) |
| Infiltration | |||
| Total | -42.70 a | 0.09 - 0.77 | (-83.65) - (+8.47) |
| Within edema | -50.62 b | 0.05 - 0.65 | (-83.65) - (+1.09) |
| Outside edema | -17.72c | 0.31 - 0.77 | (-37.46) - (+8.47) |
| P Value | 0.021 | ||
| Edema | 3.98 a | 0.35 - 0.76 | (-15.36) - (+38.41) |
a P value = 0.002.
b P value < 0.001.
c P value = NS.
Table 3.
Relationship Between Tumor Grade and Type of White Matter Involvement a
| Grading | Values |
|---|---|
| Low Grade Tumors | |
| Displacement | 7 (30.5) |
| Infiltration | 15 (65.2) |
| Disruption | 1 (4.3) |
| Edema | 0 (0.0) |
| High Grade Tumors | |
| Edema | 9 (12.2) |
| Disruption | 14 (19) |
| Infiltration | 36 (48.6) |
| Displacement | 15 (20.2) |
a Data are presented as No. (%).
5. Discussion
In this study, we applied DTI and FA value for categorization of fiber involvement inside and outside PT edema. In neither “displaced” nor “edematous” fibers, ΔFA% was less than -35. Furthermore, none of the “disrupted” fibers were found to have a positive ΔFA%, and actually their distribution was mostly in the first and second quartiles. Therefore, it can be concluded that most “disrupted” fibers possess a ΔFA% of less than -35. Whereas, the “infiltrated” fibers had scattered distribution among all quartiles (mostly in negative quartiles), so we were unable to infer that all fibers with ΔFA% of less than -35 can be categorized as “disruption”. Similarly, there is overlap in the third and fourth quartiles between “edematous” and “displaced” fibers making it impossible to establish a definite cut-off point for them.
The majority of the “displaced” fibers located outside the PT edema possessed a positive ΔFA% and thus were placed in the fourth quartile. Although Yen et al. (4) had come to the conclusion that ΔFA% of less than -30 is consistent mostly with “disruption”, this cut-off value was not reached in our study. Instead, ΔFA% less than -35 can be suggestive of either “infiltration” or “disruption” that cannot be subdivided.
In addition, as no “disrupted” fiber was found in the fourth quartile with positive ΔFA%, we deduced that a positive ΔFA% can rule out the diagnosis of “disruption”. When ΔFA% is more (positive) than -35, distinction between the types of fiber involvement is elusive due to their overlap.
Data analysis in Table 2 reveals two points. First, clear determination of fiber involvement cannot be done using ΔFA%. Moreover, mean ΔFA% for four types of involvement, is the least for “disruption”(-63.52) and gradually increases toward “displacement” (4.58) with “infiltration” and “edematous involvement” in between (P value = 0.002).This correlates well with the fact that “disruption” is overall the most aggressive process and the aggressiveness gradually decreases toward displacement, in such a way that more destructive patterns, i.e. “disruption” and “infiltration” have negative mean ΔFAs%, but less aggressive types of involvement have positive mean ΔFAs%.
Compared to the findings of Yen et al. we classified all lesion involvement types into two categories according to their location inside or outside the PT edema (4). This does not apply to edematous fibers, which are all located within the edema.
In the “infiltration” subgroup, we detected that the mean ΔFA% outside the PT edema is significantly larger than the mean ΔFA% within the edema (P value < 0.001).
The most common involvement here, both in high-grade and low-grade lesions, was “infiltration”. This contrasts the results of the study conducted by Li et al. (1), in which “infiltration” and “destruction” were the most common involvement in high-grade tumors, and “displacement” was the major involvement in low-grade ones.
Although this study does not yield definite diagnostic cut-off points for ΔFAs% between four major types of WM tract involvement, a sensitivity analysis, which includes sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and P values for each presumptive cut-off is performed for “disrupted” fibers (Table 4). Three examples of DTI reconstruction are shown in Figures 1-3.
Table 4.
Evaluation of Presumptive ΔFAs % Cut Points for Disruption a
| Presumptive Δ FA% Cut Points | With Disruption | Without Disruption | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | P Value | Odds ratio(95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Δ FA% cut point: -10 | 100 | 38.8 | 22.4 | 100 | 0.003 | |||
| < - 10 | 15 | 52 | ||||||
| ≥ - 10 | 0 | 33 | ||||||
| Δ FA% cut point: -30 | 93.3 | 54.1 | 26.4 | 97.9 | < 0.001 | 16.5 (2.07 - 131.27) | ||
| <-30 | 14 | 39 | ||||||
| ≥ -30 | 1 | 46 | ||||||
| Δ FA% cut point: - 60 | 60 | 83.5 | 39.1 | 92.2 | < 0.001 | 7.6 (2.33 - 24.79) | ||
| < - 60 | 9 | 14 | ||||||
| ≥ - 60 | 6 | 71 | ||||||
| Δ FA% cut point: -65 | 60 | 84.7 | 40.9 | 92.3 | < 0.001 | 8.30 (2.52 - 27.3) | ||
| < - 65 | 9 | 13 | ||||||
| ≥ - 65 | 6 | 72 | ||||||
| Δ FA% cut point: - 70 | 53.3 | 92.9 | 57.1 | 91.9 | < 0.001 | 15 (4.05 - 55.8) | ||
| < -70 | 8 | 6 | ||||||
| ≥ -70 | 7 | 79 | ||||||
| Δ FA% cut point: -80 | 6.7 | 97.6 | 33.3 | 85.6 | 0.367 | 2.96 (0.25 - 34.91) | ||
| < - 80 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| ≥ - 80 | 14 | 83 |
a Abbreviations: NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value.
Figure 1.
DTI reconstruction, the normal corticospinal tract (green) versus the contralateral (yellow) tract, displaced by the tumor bulk, viewed from the posterior
Figure 2.
DTI reconstruction, the normal fornix (green) versus the contralateral fornix (purple), which is mostly destroyed by the tumor bulk (not shown). Reconstruction schematically shows the disrupted fornix as just one single remained normal white matter fiber
Figure 3.
DTI reconstruction, the normal IFO (inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus) (red) versus the contralateral (yellow) side destroyed by the tumor bulk, viewed from lateral. Reconstruction schematically shows the disrupted tract as having a few maintained white matter fibers
