1. Background
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of cerebral palsy (CP) and other neurologic deficits in children. The prevalence of neonatal HIE is about 1.5/1000 live births (1). Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy can cause motor and cognitive disabilities, visual loss, hearing loss, and epilepsy in up to 30% of infants (2). Perinatal asphyxia is the most significant cause of HIE. Perinatal asphyxia may occur prenatally, intrapartum, or postnatally. Intrauterine asphyxia can occur due to placental abruption, uterine rupture, and tight nuchal cord, cord prolapse or avulsion (3).
Maternal diseases, such as preeclampsia, maternal hypotension, severe anemia, asthma, and chronic vascular disease, intrapartum maternal infections, and instrumental delivery can lead to perinatal asphyxia (4). Postnatal asphyxia results from conditions causing neonatal pulmonary failure, including severe hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia, or congenital cardiac disease (5).
L-carnitine is a hydrophilic amino acid derivative from lysine. It is synthesized in the body in the skeletal muscles, kidneys, liver, heart, and brain. It plays an essential role in the beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids, as it acts as a transporter of fatty acids through the inner mitochondrial membrane (6). It also affects the ketogenesis process by astrocytes in the brain, which is a source of energy for brain cells in the shortage of glucose (7). It also increases the synthesis of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in preterm neonates. L-carnitine decreases the incidence and mortality of respiratory distress syndrome (8). Transient tachypnea of the newborn is a respiratory problem in newborns occurring due to the lack of absorption of fluid in the fetal lung. The associated risk factors are elective cesarean section, gestational diabetes, and maternal asthma (9).
2. Methods
This prospective comparative and observational study included all the full-term HIE, and TTN cases admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of the Assiut University Children Hospital from December 2016 to June 2018. It is a tertiary care center receiving cases from all over Upper Egypt and providing management in multiple subspecialities. The newborns with perinatal asphyxia who died before admission, gestational age < 37 wks, and those with congenital anomalies were excluded. The study included 35 HIE patients and 12 TTN patients. Full perinatal history of the cases was collected, and all the cases were subjected to clinical examination. HIE cases were classified clinically by Sarnat staging (10). In the HIE cases, capillary blood gases, CBC, electrolytes, and renal function were examined. The demographic data and the results of HIE investigations were correlated to the outcome. The serum level of total L-carnitine was measured for both HIE and TTN cases by sending 1 ml of frozen newborn serum to be analyzed by human ELIZA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit (SinoGeneClon Biotech Co., Ltd) within the first week of life and compared with each other. Normal range in males and females is 17.4 - 58.7 µmol/l.
2.1. Statistical Analysis
Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22. Data are presented as number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and median. Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were used to compare the qualitative variables. Independent samples t-test was used to compare quantitative variables between the two groups, and ANOVA test was used for more than two groups in case of parametric data. Mann-Whitney U-test was run to compare the quantitative variables between the groups in case of non-parametric data. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
2.2. Ethical Considerations
The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine of the University IRB: 17300499 and by the head of Assiut University Children Hospital. Written consent was obtained from the participants’ parents after explanation of the research objectives and procedure.
3. Results
The study included 35 cases of HIE (group I) and 12 cases of TTN (group II). All the cases were full-term babies, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic data (sex, weight and maternal age) as shown in Table 1. There were 19 (54.3%) female and 16 (47.7%) male newborns in group I versus 33.3% female and 66.7% male newborns in group II as presented in Figure 1. The mean birth weight in the first group was 2.78 ± 0.50 kg versus 2.86 ± 0.28 kg in the second group (Table 1). Overall, 22 and 11 cases were delivered by cesarean section in the 1st and 2nd groups, respectively, while 1 and 13 cases were born through normal vaginal delivery in groups II and I, respectively.
Table 1.
Demographic Data of the Studied Groups
| Group I (N = 35), No. (%) | Group II (N = 12), No. (%) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.210 | ||
| Female | 19 (54.3) | 4 (33.3) | |
| Male | 16 (45.7) | 8 (66.7) | |
| Maternal age, y | 1.000 | ||
| < 35 | 25 (71.4) | 9 (75.0) | |
| ≥ 35 | 10 (28.6) | 3 (25.0) | |
| Birth weight | 0.682 | ||
| Mean ± SD | 2.78 ± 0.50 | 2.86 ± 0.28 | |
| Range | 1.9 - 4.0 | 2.50 - 3.2 |
Figure 1.
Sex distribution in group I and II
The serum level of total L-carnitine decreased in both groups with a mean of 5.51 ± 1.30 µmol/L in group I versus 6.22 ± 2.56 µmol/L in group II as demonstrated in Table 2 and Figure 2. The analysis of the correlation between the demographic data and HIE outcomes showed a significant correlation between male factor and death (death of 66% of males with HIE) and a significant correlation between outcome and grade III of HIE (86.7% of grade III patients died) were noted (Table 3). There were a significant correlation between hyponatremia (132.63 ± 9.30) and death of HIE cases and between abnormal serum creatinine (1.4 [0.7 - 15.0]) and death of HIE cases (Table 4).
Table 2.
Comparison Between Means of Serum Level of Total L-carnitine
| L-carnitine Level | Group I (N = 35) | Group II (N = 12) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | 5.51 ± 1.30 | 6.22 ± 2.56 | 0.225 |
| Range | 3.6-9.0 | 4.3-12.9 |
Table 3.
Correlation Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and the Outcome of Group I
| Outcome | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Discharged | Died | ||
| Sex | 0.031* | ||
| Female | 14 (70.0) | 5 (33.3) | |
| Male | 6 (30.0) | 10 (66.7) | |
| Maternal age | 1.000 | ||
| < 35 years | 15 (75) | 10 (66.7) | |
| ≥ 35 years | 5 (25) | 5 (33.3) | |
| Maternal occupation | 1.000 | ||
| Working | 3 (15) | 2 (13.3) | |
| Not working | 17 (85) | 13 (86.7) | |
| Maternal diseases | |||
| Normal | 14 (70.0) | 8 (53.3) | 0.313 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 0.429 |
| Diabetes mellitus and hypertension | 1 (5.0) | 1 (6.7) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) | 0.176 |
| Others | 5 (25.0) | 3 (20.0) | 1.000 |
| Father occupation | 1.000 | ||
| Working | 4 (20) | 3 (20) | |
| Not working | 16 (80) | 12 (80) | |
| Gravidity | 0.486 | ||
| Primigravida | 9 (45.0) | 5 (33.3) | |
| Multiparous | 11 (55.0) | 10 (66.7) | |
| Mode of delivery | 0.486 | ||
| NVD | 7 (35.0) | 7 (46.7) | |
| CS | 13 (65.0) | 8 (53.3) | |
| Antenatal history | 0.278 | ||
| Fetal deceleration | 7 (35.0) | 8 (53.3) | |
| Not | 13 (65.0) | 7 (46.7) | |
| Natal history | 0.695 | ||
| Significanta | 15 (75) | 10 (66.7) | |
| Not | 5 (25) | 5 (33.3) | |
| Postnatal history | |||
| Irritability | 2 (10.0) | 1 (6.7) | 0.627 |
| Convulsion | 1 (5.0) | 3 (20) | 0.458 |
| Apnea | 9 (45.0) | 4 (26.7) | 0.295 |
| Lethargy | 2 (10.0) | 4 (26.7) | 0.689 |
| Arrested and received prolonged resuscitation | 6 (30.0) | 3 (20) | 1.00 |
| Single or twins | 0.496 | ||
| Single | 18 (90.0) | 15 (100.0) | |
| Twins | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| HIE grade | 0.041* | ||
| Grade I | 12 (60) | 0 | |
| Grade II | 5 (20) | 2 (13.3) | |
| Grade III | 3 (15) | 13 (86.7) | |
Abbreviations: CS, cesarean section; HIE, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; NVD, normal vaginal delivery.
aSignificant natal history (obstructed labor, ruptured uterus, meconium stained, postdate placental insufficiency, and foot presentation) and other maternal diseases (thrombosis, secondary infertility, hypercoagulability, placenta previa centralis, liver disease, premature rupture of membranes PROM and antepartum hemorrhage).
Table 4.
Correlation Between Clinical Data and the Outcome of Group I
| Fate, Mean ± SD | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Improved | Died | ||
| Maternal age | 26.35 ± 7.01 | 29.36 ± 9.03 | 0.305 |
| Birth weight | 2.72 ± 0.45 | 2.87 ± 0.57 | 0.429 |
| WBCs | 14.88 ± 9.02 | 23.66 ± 14.72 | 0.096 |
| Hb | 15.75 ± 3.09 | 14.93 ± 3.53 | 0.546 |
| PLTs | 200.50 ± 68.12 | 150.55 ± 94.49 | 0.158 |
| PH | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 7.27 ± 0.14 | 0.167 |
| PCO2 | 32.38 ± 10.37 | 42.35 ± 12.43 | 0.066 |
| Base deficit | |||
| Median (range) | -6.0 (-15.5-2.5) | -5.8 (-21.7-14.9) | 0.747 |
| HCO3 | 18.60 ± 5.51 | 20.03 ± 7.57 | 0.637 |
| Serum Na | 140.00 ± 5.15 | 132.63 ± 9.30 | 0.025a |
| Serum K | 5.31 ± 1.06 | 6.13 ± 1.73 | 0.181 |
| Serum CA | 8.78 ± 0.42 | 8.78 ± 0.52 | 1.000 |
| Blood urea | |||
| Median (range) | 10.9 (3.0-141.0) | 11.4 (3.1-109.0) | 0.848 |
| Serum creatinine | |||
| Median (range) | 0.6 (0.2-2.8) | 1.4 (0.7-15.0) | 0.013a |
Abbreviations: CA, calcium; Hb, hemoglobin; HCO3, bicarbonate; K, potassium; Na, sodium; PCO2, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PLT, platelet; WBCs, white blood cell,
aP < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Figure 2.
Mean of serum of total L-carnitine in groups I and II
4. Discussion
The study included 35 cases of HIE and 12 cases of TTN admitted to the NICU of Assiut University Children Hospital (a tertiary care center) during a period of 18 months. This decreased number in both groups can be explained in group I by proper antenatal care, the increased awareness of its importance in our community, and improved resuscitation practices. In group II, the decreased number could be due to the good prognosis of these cases who were treated in other primary and secondary care centers without the need for referral to a tertiary care center. There were 19 (54.3%) females and 16 (47.7%) males in the first group versus 33.3% females and 66.7% males in the second group. This was in line with Simiyu et al. (11) findings, which showed that more than half (52.9%) of the infants were females. This was in contrast with Namusoke et al. (12) findings, which demonstrated that the majority of HIE cases (53%) were males. This was in contradiction with Wilson et al. (13) report, which indicated that the diagnosis of HIE was more common among males.
Overall, 22 and 11 cases were delivered by cesarean section in groups I and II, respectively. This was consistent with Simiyu et al. (11) results, which showed that 70% of cases of HIE were delivered by cesarean section. The frequency rate of HIE grade I was 34.3%, frequency rate of HIE grade II was 22.9%, and the frequency rate of HIE grade III was 42.9%. This could be attributed to the fact that the study setting was a tertiary care center that receives severe and complicated cases. This was against Simiyu et al. (11) results, who found that the majority of cases (50.8%) were mild HIE. This was also against Namusoke et al. (12) reports, which indicated that the majority of cases (43.5%) were mild HIE.
The serum level of total L-carnitine was found to decrease in group I, and this was in agreement with Lopez-Suarez et al. (14) and Wilson et al. (13) results, which revealed that change in acylcarnitine profile may be considered in the identification of HIE cases, and in the present study it also decreased in group II. This can be explained by the fact that both groups had hypoxia, perinatal asphyxia in group I, and postnatal minimal respiratory hypoxia in group II. This was also acknowledged by the mean serum level of total L-carnitine in the two groups (5.51 ± 1.30 and 6.22 ± 2.56 for groups I and II, respectively).
The overall mortality was 16 (45.7%) cases in group I. This could be explained by the fact that the majority of HIE cases were severe cases, and TTN cases had good prognosis. This was against Simiyu et al. (11) results, which demonstrated that the mortality rate among HIE cases was 9.1%. Also, Namusoke et al. (12) results revealed that the mortality rate of HIE cases was 26%, which is in disagreement with our results.
There was a significant correlation between male factor and death (death of 66% of males with HIE). This was in agreement with Boskabadi et al. (15) findings, which exhibited an association between poor prognosis and male factor in HIE cases. There was a significant correlation between grade III HIE (86.7%) and death. This could be justified by the poor prognosis of grade III HIE cases. This was in agreement with Simiyu et al. (11) results, which showed that most deaths were in cases of grade III HIE. There was a significant correlation between hyponatremia, abnormal serum creatinine, and death of HIE cases. This could be explained by Thakur et al. (16) results, which suggested that hyponatremia is directly proportional to the degree of birth asphyxia. This was in consistent with Glopal (17) findings, which revealed increased mortality rate (18.75%) in asphyxiated patient with acute kidney injury.
4.1. Conclusions and Recommendation
It was found that serum total L-carnitine decreased in both cases of HIE and TTN. Male factor with changes in the serum level of sodium (hyponatremia) and raised serum level of creatinine were related to the death outcome of cases with HIE. Our findings underscore the key role of antenatal care and neonatal resuscitation. We recommend the use of total L-carnitine as a marker for hypoxia and treatment with L-carnitine in hypoxic patients in future studies.
