1. Background
Obesity is a severe multifactorial disorder that is strongly associated with several life-threatening complications (1). As a growing health concern, it’s estimated that 2.1 billion people are affected by obesity all around the world, and it also claims 3.4 million lives each year (2). It’s well-documented that a sedentary lifestyle is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity (3). There are various ways to define obesity (4). Body fat is a simple divide of body weight (kg) and height (m2), which is called body mass index (BMI). Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, a BMI over 25 is overweight, and a BMI over 30 is obese (5). It’s well-documented that overweight is a causative agent of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cancer, and pulmonary disorders (6-8).
On the other hand, comorbidities have a significant effect on the prognosis of critically ill patients (9). That is the reason why the scoring systems used in the survival assessment of critically ill patients, including the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II and III, simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II, and Mortality Probability models (MPM II), all have emphasized on the underlying comorbidities by dedicating considerable scores (10, 11). Hence, regardless of the effects of obesity on critically ill patients’ prognosis, obesity can worsen the conditions of patients by triggering other serious health issues.
There is substantial controversy regarding the effects of obesity on the mortality, morbidity, and hospital length of stay (LOS) in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (12). Meanwhile, as a merely adjustable risk factor, obesity could come in handy in accurately assessing the prognosis of ICU-admitted patients and preventing a remarkable amount of ICU deaths.
2. Objectives
An important association exists between BMI and almost every category of mortality outcome. In contrast to some previous evidence suggesting that overweight might be protective, some studies showed that the risk began to increase with overweight for most outcomes, including all-cause mortality. So, this study aimed to determine the association between BMI and mortality of critically ill patients admitted to the ICU.
3. Methods
3.1. Study Design and Population
In this cross-sectional study, all patients admitted to two university-affiliated ICUs from November 2017 to March 2019 were included. Exclusion criteria were having a previous history of ICU admission, unwillingness to participate, and lack of complete height and weight records at the time of admission.
Age, gender, BMI, APACHE II score, type of admission (medical, surgical or trauma), comorbidities, history of malignancy or immunodeficiency and diabetes, ICU stay, hospital LoS, organ failure during the admission (based on the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score), the status of respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and central nervous systems and coagulation, mortality rate, duration of mechanical ventilation or vasopressor-therapy, type of nutrition, site of infection (if present), and reintubation/extubation failure were recorded for all patients. Data were collected by observation and reviewing documents and records of patients in the ICU (Nursing handover records, paper-based inpatient medical records, and ward admission discharge records).
3.2. Anthropometric Measurements
The weight of all patients was recorded using a weighbridge during the ICU admission. Waist circumference (WC) was performed after removing clothes around the abdomen and hips, holding the tape measure between the midpoint of the last palpable rib and the iliac crest, while breathing out normally and bringing the tape around the waist. The tape was not held too tight or loose, and WC was measured with a tape straight around the back while the abdomen relaxed, the arms at the side, the feet together, and at the end of a normal expiration, without the tape compressing the skin. Edema, resuscitation, abdominal surgeries, and skill of nurses performing the measurement were considered as confounding factors. As we performed WC measurements on the first day of ICU admission, it seems that the possibility of the first two factors will be less. Having a history of abdominal surgery was an exclusion criterion. Moreover, by training the nurses, we tried to minimize the inter/intraobserver variability.
3.3. Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and reported as mean ± standard deviation for the continuous variables and percentage for discrete variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and descriptive statistics were used to assess the normality of the variables. The chi-square test was used to analyze the differences between categorical variables. To assess the differences between the groups, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for parametric and non-parametric variables, respectively. To investigate the association between WC, BMI, and APACHE II score and the mortality rate, the logistic regression was conducted by considering the age and gender of the patients. The findings are presented as odds ratios (ORs) using a 95% confidence interval (CI). A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3.4. Ethical Considerations
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their relatives. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the university, which is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were ensured about the confidentiality of the information, and the data were analyzed using a coded format. No additional charge was received from participants, and they were informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time.
4. Results
Out of 525 medical records, 23 were excluded due to incompleteness of information. Of 502 eligible patients, 267 (53.2%) were male. The mean age of participants was 59.42 ± 11.48 years. The mean weight was 72.18 ± 13.144 kg, for WC, it was 82.67 ± 8.577 cm, and for the blood level of albumin, it was 3.46 ± 0.26. The median hospital and ICU LoS was seven and four days, respectively. Seventy-six patients had a positive history of diabetes, who 30 of them were type 1 diabetes. The demographic characteristics of patients and the outcomes of the study are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.Demographic Characteristics of Patients (N = 502)a
| Variables | Group (BMI) | Total | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight (< 18.5) | Normal-Weight (18.5 - 25) | Overweight (25 - 30) | Obesity Class I (30 - 35) | Obesity Class II (35 - 40) | |||
| Number of patients | 39 | 256 | 130 | 56 | 21 | 502 | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 7 (17.9) | 107 (41.8) | 75 (57.5) | 32 (57.1) | 14 (66.7) | 235 (46.8%) | |
| Male | 32 (82.1) | 149 (58.2) | 55 (42.3) | 24 (42.9) | 7 (33.3) | 267 (53.2%) | |
| Waist circumference | 74.10 ± 10.285 | 80.61 ± 7.871 | 84.32 ± 6.527 | 89.16±9.299 | 96.29 ± 11.310 | 82.67 ± 8.577 | < 0.001 |
| Mortality | 8 (20.5) | 10 (3.9) | 21 (16.2) | 12 (21.4) | 6 (28.6) | 57 (11.3) | < 0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, median | 6 | 6 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 7 | < 0.001 |
| Duration of stay in the intensive care unit, median | 6 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 4 | < 0.001 |
| APACHE II score | 22.08 ± 6.247 | 18.99 ± 2.919 | 20.94 ± 4.446 | 21.88 ± 5.387 | 21.90 ± 5.567 | 20.18 ± 4.291 | < 0.001 |
| Hospital infection | 18 (46.2) | 63 (24.6) | 36 (27.7) | 19 (33.9) | 6 (28.6) | 142 (28.2) | < 0.05 |
| History of malignancy | 24 (61.5) | 16 (6.3) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (7.1) | 1 (4.8) | 46 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
| Reintubation | 7 (17.9) | 20 (7.8) | 15 (11.5) | 21 (37.5) | 6 (28.6) | 69 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
| Extubation failure | 4 (10.3) | 10 (3.9) | 7 (5.4) | 13 (23.2) | 5 (23.8) | 39 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Type of nutrition | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Parenteral | 24 (61.5) | 20 (7.8) | 10 (7.7) | 4 (7.1) | 10 (47.6) | 68 (13.5) | |
| Enteral | 15 (38.5) | 236 (92.2) | 120 (92.3) | 52 (92.9) | 11 (52.4) | 434 (86.5) | |
| Type of admission | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Medical | 5 (12.8) | 106 (41.4) | 58 (44.6) | 20 (35.7) | 2 (9.5) | 191 (38.0) | |
| Surgical | 31 (79.5) | 81 (31.6) | 40 (30.8) | 19 (33.9) | 18 (85.7) | 189 (37.4) | |
| Trauma | 3 (7.7) | 69 (27.0) | 32 (24.6) | 17 (30.4) | 1 (4.8) | 122 (24.3) | |
aValues are expressed as No. (%) or mean ± SD.
The highest mortality rate (28.6%) was observed among the obesity class II patients (35 < BMI < 40), while the lowest rate (3.9%) was observed in the normal-weight patients (18.5 < BMI < 25) (P value < 0.001). The mean APACHE II score was 20.18 ± 4.291, and for patients with and without mortality, it was 30.21 ± 3.22, and 18.89 ± 2.20, respectively (P value < 0.001). Of 502 patients, 142 (28.2%) developed nosocomial infection. A logistic regression model was constructed, which led to the following results: the mortality rates in patients with abdominal infection, pulmonary infection, and skin infection were, respectively, 5.92, 4.73, and 3.77 times higher and statistically significant (P value < 0.05). The association between the mortality rate and urinary tract infection, catheter infection, and brain infection was not statistically significant. Based on the results of the ANOVA test, patients with a BMI of less than 18.5 and a BMI between 18.5 and 25 had the highest and lowest APACHE II score, respectively (P value < 0.001). Patients with a BMI of less than 18.5 and a BMI between 35 and 40 had the lowest and highest WC, respectively, based on the ANOVA test (P value < 0.001). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the duration of vasopressor-therapy was the highest in patients with a BMI between 35 and 40; while the lowest rate was observed for patients with a BMI between 18.5 and 25 (P value < 0.001). The mechanical ventilation duration was the lowest in patients with a BMI of 35 to 40, with an average of 11.57 days; while the highest value was observed in patients with a BMI of 18.5 to 25 with an average of 2.50 days (P value < 0.001). The results of the logistic regression indicated a statistically significant association between WC and mortality rate, in which for each cm increase in the WC, the patients’ chances of mortality was increasing by 1.15 (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.03 - 1.29, P value = 0.014). Also, the association between APACHE II score and the mortality rate was statistically significant, as per each unit of increase in APACHE II score, the mortality rate was increasing by 2.79 (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.91 - 4.07, P value < 0.001). The impact of BMI on mortality rate was not found statistically significant after adjusting for age and gender.
5. Discussion
In this study, the highest mortality rate was observed in patients with a BMI between 35 and 40 (obesity class II), and the lowest rate was observed in patients with a BMI between 18.5 and 25 (normal-weight patients). Obesity is a major contributor to the development and progression of numerous disorders, many of them may result in patients’ death (13). Notwithstanding, there is a point of conflict, whether BMI is a proper representation of obesity in predicting mortality-related outcomes. The evidence regarding the association between BMI and mortality rate are conflicting, as some studies have shown no significant association, while some reported an increase or decrease in patients’ mortality (14, 15). In a prospective study aimed to evaluate the effect of obesity on the mortality of patients admitted to ICU in Saudi Arabia, the authors reported that the mortality rate in overweight critically ill patients was lower than patients with normal-weight, despite identical severity of the illness (16). A retrospective study conducted in the United States reported that patients with a BMI > 40 and patients with a BMI < 20 had a higher hospital LoS (17). They concluded that a lower BMI is associated with an increased mortality rate and worsened functional status at the time of discharge. A cohort of 699 patients also demonstrated that the obese patients have lower in-hospital mortality, though the findings were not witnessed among the older group of the obese patients, which suggests the need for further studies to elaborate the possible association between age, obesity, and fatal outcomes in ICU patients (18).
In a cohort study in the United Kingdom, Nasraway et al. (19) showed that a BMI > 40 was an independent cause of death in ICU-admitted surgery patients. It was concluded that severe obesity is a risk factor for mortality of ICU patients in similar conditions regarding age, sex, and severity of the disease. Although in the present study we didn’t have a group for those with a BMI > 40, the highest mortality rate was still observed in most obese patients.
On the other hand, several studies have reported no association between BMI and mortality of critically ill patients. Supporting this claim, a recent study showed that although obesity decreases the need for intubation and inotropic support, evidence are not sufficient to support the increasing or decreasing mortality of patients (20). Another study on 312 patients with sepsis and acute respiratory failure showed that even though overweight and obese patients had an increased LoS in both hospital and ICU, there was no association between BMI and mortality rate (21). Likewise, a study conducted by Lewis et al. (22) on the patients admitted to an adult medical ICU with more than 24 hours of stay reported that overweight and obesity were not related to ICU mortality. Still, obesity was significantly associated with longer LoS and increased comorbid illness. Recent studies are implemented on larger populations, with different subgroups, and have considered the etiological context (20, 23). A recent dose‐response meta‐analysis on the effect of BMI on the mortality of ICU-admitted patients showed that for each unit of increase in BMI, a 0.6% decrease in mortality rate is expected (24). This study also discussed that while a BMI > 35 is a high risk feature in ICU-admitted patients, a BMI < 35 can play a protective role against mortality. The discrepancy between the results can be attributed to the differences in study designs, ethnicity, classification of BMI, comorbidities, type of ICU admission, and physiological severity of the illness. The present study also showed that per each unit of increase in APACHE II score and WC, the risk of mortality increases by 2.79 and 1.15, respectively, which indicates that WC can better predict this value than BMI. The results of several studies are in line with the findings of the present study. An observational study evaluated the mortality of 403 ICU patients and reported that unlike the BMI, higher WC is a risk factor for mortality of critically ill patients (25). Also, a recent pooled analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies with a total of 650,000 participants with a median of nine-year follow-up, discussing the association between WC and mortality, concluded that higher WC is significantly associated with higher mortality, and even for patients with a normal BMI, WC could still be a prognostic factor for risk assessment (26). Regarding the association of BMI and hospital infection, the present study demonstrated that patients with a BMI < 18.5 had the highest rate of hospital infection, while patients with a normal-BMI had the lowest rate. A retrospective cohort study by Papadimitriou-Olivgeris et al. reported similar findings (27).
A study, with the main focus of investigating the role of obesity in the prognosis of sepsis patients, revealed that obesity had a direct impact on some morbidities, including bloodstream infection and Klebsiella pneumonia colonization, and concluded that obesity affects sepsis in ICU patients. Regarding the association between high BMI and mortality in ARDS patients, studies showed an interesting result, which is known as the obesity paradox, meaning that morbid obese ARDS patients have lower mortality compared to normal patients. In obesity, the high chest wall elastance could redistribute regional transpulmonary pressure, possibly reducing the potential negative effects of mechanical ventilation in an inhomogeneous lung (28).
However, any positive association between obesity and survival may be outweighed by the volume of data linking obesity with a great number of severe illnesses. In cases with uncertainty, physicians should not overlook the clear risk-lowering effects of weight reduction in obese individuals who are at a higher risk of different disorders and complications. Despite the conflicting results about the association between BMI and mortality, recent studies showed that WCs is an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients and reported a significant negative association between WC and mortality (29). The present study also demonstrated that BMI may be associated with mortality, without considering WC and APACHE score, but once these variables were considered as confounding factors, no association was observed between BMI and morbidity.
While the current study benefited from an adequate study duration and proper sample size, the follow-up period was limited. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes, longer follow-up duration, and with the evaluation of long-term outcomes among different BMI groups are recommended. Moreover, conducting studies based on types of admission (medical, surgical, or trauma) and on specific subgroups of age, gender, and ethnicities may result in more explicit and clear findings.
5.1. Conclusions
This study demonstrated that BMI may be associated with mortality, regardless of age and gender. However, after controlling for age and gender, BMI did not have a significant effect on mortality, while the APACHE II score and WC affected the mortality rate.
