Abstract
Context:
Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) and the pain caused by it are the main cause of loss of work ability, which causes people to leave their jobs and reduce their financial security.Objectives:
This meta-analysis study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of back and neck pain in Iranian dentists.Data Sources:
This meta-analysis study was conducted based on the PARISMA checklist. All articles published in Farsi and English that were conducted in the group of dentists and were published between the years 2000 and 2024 were included in the study. Also, articles that were published in the group of students or assistants or had incomplete data were excluded from the study. Two of the authors of the article reviewed all the searched articles and extracted the related data. It should be noted that all the data were checked and confirmed by the third author of the articles. After entering the data into the researcher-made checklist, data analysis was performed using CMA software.Results:
Results showed, to begin with, 992 articles had been extracted, of which 46 had been removed in the preliminary search. Also, after extra reviews and evaluation of articles, forty-six articles were analyzed. Also, results showed, prevalence of neck pain in Iranian dentists was to 53.3 [CI = 48.5 - 57.9], prevalence of back pain it was to 45.2 [CI = 39.4 - 51.2], prevalence of upper back pain (UBP) in the last 12 months is equal to 39.5 [CI = 31.5 - 48.1] percent, and the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) was equal to 34.4 [CI = 27.8 - 41.6] percent.Conclusions:
Considering the high prevalence of neck pain and back pain among dentists in Iran, it is necessary to take preventive measures to reduce neck and back pain among dentists.Keywords
1. Context
Pain may be due to functional disorders or anatomical disorders. One of the causes of functional disorders is musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries caused during work and activity. Musculoskeletal disorders are caused by physical activity that affects muscles, tendons, bones, and joints (1, 2). Musculoskeletal disorders differ in severity and include a wide range of disorders and complications, from mild to severe, chronic, and debilitating conditions (3).
Musculoskeletal diseases and the pain caused by it are the main cause of loss of work ability, which causes people to leave their jobs and reduce their financial security. So that the reduction of work ability, employment of a new employee, hospitalization of a person, and the need to perform diagnostic and treatment measures are among the economic pressures created on dentists. On the other hand, if there is Pain in dentists, it becomes difficult to provide proper service to patients, and as a result, satisfaction with dentists also decreases (4-6).
One of the medical professions that experience MSDs is dentists. The dental profession requires high concentration and accuracy for a long time and creates continuous and significant pressures on the body's organs (7). In fact, these complications are caused by the long-term and continuous use of dental devices in a limited environment, performing delicate tasks, and being in unfavorable body positions for long hours, which lead to the experience of pain in dentists (8, 9). Dentists experience pain in most parts of the body, including pain related to the spine (10).
Having information about spine injuries and conducting necessary investigations in this field can be effective in preventing chronic diseases (11). The cervical spine has a structure that is responsible for supporting and orienting the head in space and transmitting the force arising from the trunk (4, 12, 13). As a result of injuries caused to the spine, neck and back, it suffers damage (13, 14).
Back pain and neck pain are among the pain experienced by dentists that are caused by MSDs (15, 16). Back pain is one of the common health problems across all ages, which is the main cause of disability and absenteeism from work. Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the main reasons for patients to visit doctors, reasons for hospitalization, patient referrals, and the use of physiotherapy services for patients (5, 17, 18). Chronic neck pain has a prevalence between 16.7% and 75.1% and is considered one of the common causes of disability. On the other hand, due to the increase in the elderly population in Iran, the prevalence of neck and back pain is expected to rise (19).
2. Objectives
Considering the significance of identifying pain in patients, this meta-analysis study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of back and neck pain in Iranian dentists.
3. Data Sources
This meta-analysis study was conducted based on the PARISMA checklist (20).
3.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
All articles published in Farsi and English that were conducted in the group of dentists and were published between the years 2000 and 2024 were included in the study. Articles that were published in the group of students or assistants or had incomplete data were excluded from the study.
3.2. Information Sources and Study Selection
In this meta-analysis study, which aimed to determine the prevalence of back and neck pain among dentists in Iran, all articles in the international and domestic databases of Iran, including Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO, ISI, SID, Magiran, ScienceDirect, and Iranmedx, were reviewed. The search was performed using keywords such as LBP, back pain, neck pain, pain, dentists, Iran, upper back pain (UBP), and low back pain.
3.3. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
Two of the authors of the article (associate professor of periodontology and assistant professor of restorative dentistry) reviewed all the searched articles and extracted the related data. It should be noted that all the data were checked and confirmed by the third author of the articles (FF). After entering the data into the researcher-made checklist, data analysis was performed using CMA software.
4. Results
Results showed that initially 992 articles were extracted, of which 46 were removed during the preliminary search (Figure 1). After additional reviews and evaluations, 46 articles were analyzed (Table 1).
Articles included in the study
Specifications of the Articles
| Authors | Years | Place | Age | Questionnaire | N | Back | Upper Back | Lower Back | Neck |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pur Abbas et al. (21) | 2004 | Tabriz | - | VAS | 97 | 12 | - | - | 42.2 |
| Ezoddini et al. (22) | 2005 | Yazd | 36.61 (9.57) | VAS | 70 | - | - | - | 47.1 |
| Nasl Saraji et al. (23) | 2005 | Birjand | 36.70 | NMQ & REBA | 35 | 60 | - | - | 54 |
| Sarami et al. (24) | 2007 | Tehran | 36 (5.56) | NMQ & REBA | 47 | 46.8 | 51.1 | - | 83 |
| Kardani et al. (25) | 2007 | Ahvaz | - | Self-administered | 172 | - | - | - | 70 |
| Pargali and Jowkar (26) | 2010 | Shiraz | 37.70 (7.65) | Self-administered | 82 | 33 | - | - | 28 |
| Ahmadi Motemayel et al. (27) | 2012 | Hamedan | 39.02 (7.22) | NMQ | 71 | - | 23.9 | 16.9 | 49.7 |
| Chamani et al. (28) | 2012 | NMQ | 38.2 (7.5) | Kerman | 110 | - | 34 | 35 | 59 |
| Choobineh et al. (29) | 2012 | Shiraz | 39.01 (7.75) | NMQ | 160 | - | 49.2 | 45.8 | 55.9 |
| Rabiei et al. (30) | 2012 | Rasht | 39.1 (8.73) | NMQ & RULA | 92 | 35.8 | - | - | 43 |
| Varmazyar et al. (31) | 2012 | Qazvin | 28.38 (7.37) | NMQ & REBA | 63 | 42.9 | - | - | 50.8 |
| Aminian et al. (32) | 2012 | Tehran | 35.75 (8.35) | 210 | - | 51.3 | 55.5 | 66 | |
| Asgaripoor et al. (33) | 2013 | Semnan | 38.40 (7.1) | NMQ & REBA | 48 | 77.2 | - | - | 52.9 |
| Eyvazi et al. (34) | 2013 | Tabriz | 42.12 (8.99) | NMQ | 100 | 38 | - | - | 48 |
| Memarpour et al. (35) | 2013 | Shiraz | - | Painful disorders | 272 | - | 30.7 | 29.9 | 31.8 |
| Aminian et al. (36) | 2013 | Tehran | 43.19 (9.88) | Nordic | 261 | 54.8 | - | - | - |
| Rahmani et al. (37) | 2013 | Tehran | 41.30 (8.43) | VAS | 300 | - | - | - | 34.7 |
| Ebrahimian et al. (38) | 2014 | North-Khorasan | 41.17 | NMQ & REBA | 60 | 46.7 | - | - | 27 |
| Baroonizade et al. (39) | 2014 | Hamedan | 28.74 (2.74) | NMQ & LUBA | 30 | 43.3 | - | - | 63.3 |
| Ilbeigi et al. (40) | 2014 | Mashhad | 39.90 (9.7) | NMQ & RULA | 80 | 50 | 56.3 | ||
| Khayati et al. (41) | 2014 | Tehran | 41.65 (6.23) | VAS | 70 | - | - | - | 66.6 |
| Shadmehr et al. (42) | 2014 | Tehran | - | Nordic | 446 | - | 57 | 48.2 | 64.4 |
| Rafie et al. (43) | 2015 | Kerman | - | NMQ | 130 | 32.5 | - | - | 55.9 |
| Nadri et al. (44) | 2015 | Tehran | 38.2 (7.1) | VAS | 150 | - | - | 34.5 | 50 |
| Rahnamaye Tamrooiy et al. (45) | 2015 | Tehran | - | NMQ & RULA | 92 | 55.4 | -- | 78.3 | |
| Tirgar et al. (46) | 2015 | - | 43.85 (6.64) | NMQ & RULA | 60 | - | 40 | - | 83.3 |
| Jalili Nasab et al. (47) | 2016 | Qazvin | 38.8 (7.9) | Nordic | 50 | - | 10 | 16 | 24 |
| Seifi et al. (48) | 2016 | Babol | 38.16 (7.43) | NMQ | 64 | - | - | - | 41 |
| Nokhostin and Zafarmand (49) | 2016 | - | 42.18 (9.59) | Self-administered | 600 | - | - | - | 51.87 |
| Zahedpasha et al. (50) | 2016 | Isfahan | 37.8 (8.3) | Nordic | 116 | 43.1 | - | - | 56.9 |
| Koosha et al. (51) | 2016 | Tehran | 38.28 (6.76) | NMQ & RULA | 100 | 58 | - | - | 60 |
| Mohseni-Bandpei et al. (52) | 2017 | Tehran | 41.30 (8.43) | VAS | 300 | 31.4 | - | - | - |
| Aliakbari et al. (53) | 2018 | Bojnourd | - | Nordic | 63 | 50.8 | - | - | 47.6 |
| Shirinbak et al. (54) | 2018 | Zanjan | 37.1 | Nordic | 120 | 24.2 | - | - | 20.8 |
| Yazdanian et al. (55) | 2018 | Tehran | 40.83 (8.2) | Nordic | 66 | - | 49 | 44 | 66 |
| Hosseini et al. (56) | 2019 | Shiraz | 35.6 (8.7) | NMQ | 136 | - | 61.6 | 35.3 | 37.5 |
| Nadri et al. (44) | 2019 | Tehran | 38.7 (6.6) | VAS | 84 | 44.9 | - | - | - |
| Khandan et al. (57) | 2020 | Qom | 40.06 (9.53) | BPAI | 51 | - | 45.5 | 34.1 | 72.7 |
| Karampor et al. (58) | 2020 | Ilam | 39.22 (5.53) | Nordic | 18 | 77.8 | - | - | 66.7 |
| Shahraki Ebrahimi et al. (59) | 2021 | Zahedan | 37.6 (8.9) | Nordic | 102 | 72.5 | - | - | 77.5 |
| Hadadi et al. (60) | 2021 | Bojnourd | 38.32 (6.32) | Nordic | 28 | 50 | - | - | 71.4 |
| Koochak Dezfouli et al. (61) | 2022 | Sari | 43.47 (7.78) | Nordic | 90 | - | 22.2 | 24.4 | 43.3 |
| Hosseini and Roshani (62) | 2023 | Urmia | 41.6 (28.51) | Nordic | 76 | 35 | - | - | 53 |
| Roozegar et al. (63) | 2023 | Ilam | 26.36 (10.77) | Nordic | 53 | 43.4 | - | - | 52.8 |
| Rahbar et al. (64) | 2023 | Ahwaz | 30.41 (6.22) | Nordic | 152 | - | 59.2 | 53.3 | 71.1 |
| Nasiri et al. (65) | 2015 | Rasht | - | Nordic | 99 | - | - | - | 98.8 |
The results indicated that the prevalence of neck pain in Iranian dentists was 53.3% [CI = 48.5 - 57.9], the Prevalence of back pain was 45.2% [CI = 39.4 - 51.2], the prevalence of UBP in the last 12 months was 39.5% [CI = 31.5 - 48.1], and the prevalence of LBP was 34.4% [CI = 27.8 - 41.6] (Figures 2 - 9).
Prevalence of upper back pain (UBP) in Iranian dentists
Upper back pain (LBP) funnel plot
Prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) in Iranian dentists
Lower back pain (LBP) funnel plot
Prevalence of back pain in Iranian dentists
Back pain funnel plot
Prevalence of neck pain in Iranian dentists
Neck pain funnel plot
7. Discussion
Pain causes various complications, including disability and reduced life expectancy for patients. For this reason, it is important to identify the prevalence of pain (5, 17, 18, 66). In this study, the prevalence of neck pain in Iranian dentists was 53.3% [CI = 48.5 - 57.9]. In the study of Ohlendorf et al., the prevalence of neck pain related to the last 12 months in 204 Brazilian dentists was 55.4% (67). In the study of Rehan et al. in 270 Pakistani dentists, it was 23% (68), and in Shekhawat's study et al., neck pain was reported as 5.6% "always" and 55% "sometimes" (69). Paying attention to the prevalence of neck pain in dentists and implementing preventive and therapeutic interventions to address it is very important and necessary (70, 71).
Results showed that the prevalence of back pain was 45.2% [CI = 39.4 - 51.2]. In the study of Al-Mohrej et al., conducted on 204 Saudi Arabian dentists (103 men and 101 women), the Prevalence of LBP was 68.1% (72). In the study of Gaowgzeh et al., involving 60 dentists with an average age of 25.7 years, the prevalence of LBP was 70%, with 9.5% of dentists reporting it at an extreme level (73). Similarly, in the study by Ohlendorf et al. on qualified dental assistants, results showed that 86.9% of the surveyed individuals reported back pain (74).
Results showed that the prevalence of UBP in the last 12 months was 39.5% [CI = 31.5 - 48.1], and the prevalence of LBP was 34.4% [CI = 27.8 - 41.6]. In the study of Ohlendorf et al., conducted on 450 German dentists (163 men and 287 women), the prevalence of UBP was 33.3%, and the prevalence of LBP was 45.8% (67). In the study by Akesson et al., among dentists, the prevalence of UBP was 53%, and the prevalence of LBP was 49% (75). In the study by Kumar et al., involving 646 dentists in India, the prevalence of UBP was 18.65%, and the Prevalence of LBP was 72.01% (76).
The strengths of this study include its novelty and the reporting of the status of back pain and neck pain in dentists in Iran. One of the weaknesses of this study is the failure to report all types of pain in dentists. For this reason, it is recommended that another study be conducted to investigate the prevalence of other musculoskeletal pain in dentists.
5.1. Conclusions
Considering the high prevalence of neck pain and back pain among dentists in Iran, it is necessary to implement preventive measures to reduce neck and back pain in this professional group.
Acknowledgements
References
-
1.
Marcum J, Adams D. Work-related musculoskeletal disorder surveillance using the Washington state workers' compensation system: Recent declines and patterns by industry, 1999-2013. Am J Ind Med. 2017;60(5):457-71. [PubMed ID: 28295479]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22708.
-
2.
Khalaji H, Yalfani A, Gandomi F. [Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Effect of Ergonomic Interventions on Pain Alleviation and Work Satisfaction among Food Factory Workers]. J Occupational Hygiene Engin. 2020;7(3):18-26. FA. https://doi.org/10.52547/johe.7.3.18.
-
3.
Parno A, Sayehmiri K, Nabi Amjad R, Ivanbagha R, Hosseini Ahagh MM, Hosseini Foladi S, et al. Meta-analysis Study of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Iran. J Rehabil. 2020;21(2):182-205. https://doi.org/10.32598/rj.21.2.2444.4.
-
4.
Maroufi N, Ahmadi A, Mousavi Khatir SR. [Comparison of Neck Muscle Activity between Healthy & Chronic Neck Pain Patients Using Electromyography]. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2011;21(85):38-46. FA.
-
5.
Fatoye F, Gebrye T, Ryan CG, Useh U, Mbada C. Global and regional estimates of clinical and economic burden of low back pain in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1098100. [PubMed ID: 37383269]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10298167]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1098100.
-
6.
Gorasso V, Van der Heyden J, De Pauw R, Pelgrims I, De Clercq EM, De Ridder K, et al. The health and economic burden of musculoskeletal disorders in Belgium from 2013 to 2018. Popul Health Metr. 2023;21(1):4. [PubMed ID: 37085871]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10122398]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-023-00303-z.
-
7.
Kawtharani AA, Chemeisani A, Salman F, Haj Younes A, Msheik A. Neck and Musculoskeletal Pain Among Dentists: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023;15(1). e33609.
-
8.
Aljanakh M. Musculoskeletal disorders among dental assistants: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):64. [PubMed ID: 38218812]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10787391]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-024-07178-7.
-
9.
Mane V, Rajhans N. Assessment of ergonomic risk of work related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Kolhapur region. Work. 2024;79(4):2087-101. [PubMed ID: 38905078]. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-240184.
-
10.
Pambudi ST, Adiningrat A, Prastyo AN. The Effect of Physical Activity Level on the Low Back Pain Incidence Among Dentists in Yogyakarta City. Formosa J Sustainable Res. 2024;3(1):145-56. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjsr.v3i1.7751.
-
11.
Mohammadi HR, Asadoola Y, Erfani A, Ghoreishi Amin N, Karimiyarandi H, Sadeghi S, et al. Effectiveness of Pulse Intravenous Infusion of Methylprednisolone on Pain in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiol Pain Med. 2024;14(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/aapm-149442.
-
12.
Grieve GP, Boyling JD, Jull GA. Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2004.
-
13.
Erfani A, Aghamiri SH, Karimi R. Investigating the Role of Hyper Density Signal Length in the Middle Cerebral Artery on the Degree of Disability of Arterial Ischemic Stroke Patients. Arch Neuroscience. 2024;11(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/ans-150888.
-
14.
Mohammadi H, Erfani A, Sadeghi S, Komlakh K, Otaghi M. Investigating Factors Affecting Mortality Due to Spinal Cord Trauma in Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Bulletin of Emergency And Trauma. 2024;12(3). https://doi.org/10.30476/beat.2024.103079.1517.
-
15.
Alzahrani AH, Alhusayni AI, Alqahtani B, Alzahrani HG, Almalki HA, Alkhathami KM. Prevalence of Low Back Pain, Disability Among Dentists In Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study. J Pioneering Med Sci. 2024;13(2):170-4. https://doi.org/10.61091/jpms202413225.
-
16.
Benfaida S, Hachami I, Chafik R, Hamza M, Bennani A. Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists in the Private Sector. Europ J Med Health Sci. 2024;6(1):41-4. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2024.6.1.2041.
-
17.
Botelho J, Machado V, Leira Y, Proenca L, Chambrone L, Mendes JJ. Economic burden of periodontitis in the United States and Europe: An updated estimation. J Periodontol. 2022;93(3):373-9. [PubMed ID: 34053082]. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.21-0111.
-
18.
Fatoye F, Gebrye T, Mbada CE, Useh U. Clinical and economic burden of low back pain in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023;13(4). e064119. [PubMed ID: 37185180]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10151982]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064119.
-
19.
Fejer R, Kyvik KO, Hartvigsen J. The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):834-48. [PubMed ID: 15999284]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3489448]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-004-0864-4.
-
20.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. [PubMed ID: 33782057]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8005924]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.
-
21.
Pur Abbas R, Shakuri K, Haji Dizaji R. [Assessment of musculoskeletal pains prevalence and their risk factors in Tabriz dentists]. Med J Tabriz Univ Med Sci. 2005;38:34000000. FA.
-
22.
Ezoddini Ardakani F, Haerian Ardakani A, AkhavanKarbasi MH, Dehghan Tezerjani K. [Assessment of musculoskeletal disorders prevalence among dentists]. J Dent Med. 2005;17(4):52-60. FA.
-
23.
Nasl Saraji J, Hosseini MH, Shahtaheri SJ, Golbabaei F, Ghasemkhani M. [Evaluation of ergonomic postures of dental professions by Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), in Birjand, Iran]. J Dent Med. 2005;18(1):61-7. FA.
-
24.
Sarami M, Lahmi M, Faghihzadeh S. [Ergonomic intervention effect on musculoskeletal disorders Dentists]. Med Daneshvar. 2006;13:5.5E+63. FA.
-
25.
Kardani M, Elahi N, Rezaei M. [Assessment of Relationship Between Ergonomic Factors And Neck Pain Among Dentist]. Sci Med J. 2007;6(1). FA.
-
26.
Pargali N, Jowkar N. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among dentists in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2010;1(2):69-74. [PubMed ID: 23022788].
-
27.
Ahmadi Motemayel F, Abdolsamadi H, Roshanaei G, Jalilian S. [Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Hamadan General Dental Practitioners]. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2012;19(3):61-6. FA.
-
28.
Chamani G, Zarei MR, Momenzadeh A, Safizadeh H, Rad M, Alahyari A. Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists in Kerman, Iran. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2012;20(3):202-7. https://doi.org/10.3109/10582452.2012.704138.
-
29.
Choobineh AR, Soleimani E, Daneshmandi H, Mohamadbeigi A, Izadi K. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and posture analysis using RULA method in Shiraz general dentists in 2010. J Islamic Dent Associat Iran. 2012;24(4):244-50.
-
30.
Rabiei M, Shakiba M, Dehgan-Shahreza H, Talebzadeh M. Musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. Int J Occupational Hygiene. 2012;4(1):36-40.
-
31.
Varmazyar S, Amini M, Kiafar M. Ergonomic Evaluation of Work Conditions in Qazvin Dentists and its Association with Musculoskeletal Disorders Using REBA Method. J Iran Dent Assoc. 2012;24(4):181-6. eng.
-
32.
Aminian O, Alemohammad ZB, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K. Musculoskeletal disorders in female dentists and pharmacists: a cross-sectional study. Acta Medica Iranica. 2012:635-40.
-
33.
Askaripoor T, Kermani A, Jandaghi J, Farivar F. Survey of musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic risk factors among dentists and providing control measures in Semnan. J Health Hygiene. 2013;4(3):241-8. FA.
-
34.
Eyvazi M, Rezaei M, EterafOskoyi M, Zolghadr M, Parandavar H, Sadeghi N, et al. [Risk factors and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists]. Med J Tabriz Univ Med Sci. 2013;34:810000000. FA.
-
35.
Memarpour M, Badakhsh S, Khosroshahi SS, Vossoughi M. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among Iranian dentists. Work. 2013;45(4):465-74. [PubMed ID: 22976156]. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-1468.
-
36.
Aminian O, Banafsheh Alemohammad Z, Sadeghniiat Haghighi K. [Comparative assessment of low back pain and its determinants among Iranian male general dentists and pharmacists]. J Den Med. 2013;26(2):108-14. FA.
-
37.
Rahmani N, Amiri M, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Mohsenifar H, Pourahmadi MR. Work related neck pain in Iranian dentists: an epidemiological study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2013;26(1):9-15. [PubMed ID: 23411643]. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-2012-0343.
-
38.
Ebrahimian H, Hokmabadi R, Shoja E. [Evaluation of ergonomic postures of dental professions by rapid entire body assessment (REBA) in North Khorasan, Iran]. North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2014;5(5):961-7. FA. https://doi.org/10.29252/jnkums.5.5.S5.961.
-
39.
Baroonyzade Z, Motamedzade M, Golmohammdi R, Kasraei S, Faradmal J. [Assessment of Postural Load Index Using LUBA Method and the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Dentists]. J Occupational Hygiene Engin. 2014;1(2):27-36. FA.
-
40.
Ilbeigi S, Biglar A, Sagheb joo M, Farzaneh H. [The investigation of relationship between work-related musculoskeletal disorders and level of physical activity and body posture of dentists in Mashhad city in 2012-2013]. J Torbat Heydariyeh Univ Med Sci. 2015;2(4):37-1. FA.
-
41.
Khayati F, Nasr Esfahani M, Firoozeh M, Kavoosi A, Saremi M. [Predictive factors of neck pain in dentists]. Iran J Ergonomics. 2014;2(3):24-32. FA.
-
42.
Shadmehr A, Haddad O, Azarnia S, Sanamlo Z. Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System among Tehran, Iranian Dentists. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2014;22(3):256-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10582452.2014.883022.
-
43.
Rafie F, Zamani Jam A, Shahravan A, Raoof M, Eskandarizadeh A. Prevalence of Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders in Dentists: Symptoms and Risk Factors. J Environ Public Health. 2015;2015:517346. [PubMed ID: 26064141]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4433686]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/517346.
-
44.
Nadri H, Rohani B, Teimori G, Vosoughi S, Fasih-Ramandi F. Thoracic Kyphosis Angle in Relation to Low Back Pain among Dentists in Iran. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(21):3704-9. [PubMed ID: 32010402]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6986497]. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.578.
-
45.
Rahnamaye Tamrooiy F, Javar MA, Salimi S, Mohammadpour H, Avakh A, Faizollahi S. [A survey on Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Dentists of Tehran and their posture assessment by RULA method]. Int Res J Appl Basic Sci. 2015;9(5):666-71. FA.
-
46.
Tirgar A, Javanshir K, Talebian A, Amini F, Parhiz A. Musculoskeletal disorders among a group of Iranian general dental practitioners. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(4):755-9. [PubMed ID: 25547232]. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-140579.
-
47.
Jalili Nasab A, Azmoodeh F, Alipour M, Ansari S, Varmazyar S. [Investigation the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its related factors in general dentists of Qazvin in 2016]. J Res Dent Sci. 2018;14(4):220-7. FA.
-
48.
Seifi S, Eftekharian S, Sarrafan N, Gholinia H. [Ergonomic evaluation of frequency and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorder of specialist dentists of Babol dentistry faculty]. Stud Med Sci. 2016;27(4):330-5. FA.
-
49.
Nokhostin MR, Zafarmand AH. "Musculoskeletal problem": Its prevalence among Iranian dentists. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2016;6(Suppl 1):S41-6. [PubMed ID: 27195226]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4863482]. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.181166.
-
50.
Zahedpasha S, Ebrahimipour S, Sharifzadeh G, Rashed-Mohassel A, Mortaheb A. [Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among Iranian dentists]. J Health Sci Techno. 2017;1(2):70-4. FA.
-
51.
Koosha S, Bidgoli MK, Raouf A, Ezatian R. [Investigation of musculoskeletal disorders and its related factors in dentists by REBA method among dental clinics faculties in Tehran in 2014]. J Dent Med. 2016;29(2):116-28. FA.
-
52.
Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Rahmani N, Halimi F, Farooq MN. The prevalence of low back pain in Iranian dentists: An epidemiological study. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(2):280-4. [PubMed ID: 28523022]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5432689]. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.332.11519.
-
53.
Aliakbari R, Vahedian-Shahroodi M, Tehrani H, Esmaeili H, Hokmabadi R. [Dentists’ ergonomic assessment by RULA method and its relationship with musculoskeletal disorders]. J Dent Med. 2018;31(1):42-8. FA.
-
54.
Shirinbak I, Basir Shabestari S, Sefidi F. [Prevalence of Musculoskeletal pain and its Related Factors among Zanjan dentists]. J Res Dent Sci. 2018;15(1):42-8. FA. https://doi.org/10.29252/jrds.15.1.42.
-
55.
Yazdanian M, Moradi K, Sobhani V, Akbari H, Kazemipour M, Shamsoddini A, et al. Assessing the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Posture Conditions during Work Time of Dentists in a Dentistry Clinic affiliated to a Military College in Tehran in 2017. J Military Med. 2022;20(2):222-30.
-
56.
Hosseini A, Choobineh A, Razeghi M, Pakshir HR, Ghaem H, Vojud M. Ergonomic Assessment of Exposure to Musculoskeletal Disorders Risk Factors among Dentists of Shiraz, Iran. J Dent (Shiraz). 2019;20(1):53-60. [PubMed ID: 30937338]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6421327]. https://doi.org/10.30476/DENTJODS.2019.44564.
-
57.
Khandan M, Koohpaei A, Shahbazi M, Allahdadi Z, Abdi zarin S. Assessment of Individual and Occupational Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders Using BPAI among Dentists in Qom, Iran. Arch Hygiene Sci. 2020;9(3):234-45. https://doi.org/10.29252/ArchHygSci.9.3.234.
-
58.
Karapor AM, Kakaei H, Zargosh Z, Hajizadeh H, Bekri Zadeh H, Hasani AA. [Investigation of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Evaluation of Physical Condition while Working with RULA Method in Dentists of Ilam Health Centers in 2011]. Occupational Hygiene Health Promotion. 2020;4(3). FA. https://doi.org/10.18502/ohhp.v4i3.4661.
-
59.
Shahraki Ebrahimi H, Aghaei Soltani F, Hosseinifar M, Maserat V, Saeedi Robat M, Hojati J. Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pains and Disability among Dentists in Zahedan. J Dentomaxillofacial Radiol, Pathol Surg. 2021;10(2).
-
60.
Hadadi J, Taghipour M, Ghorbanpour A. [Evaluation of the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists in Bojnourd, 2018]. J Health Res Commun. 2021;7(2):52-60. FA.
-
61.
Koochak Dezfouli M, Bagheri B, Yazdani Charati J, Zamanzadeh M. [Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and related risk factors among general dentists in Sari in 2019]. J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2021;45(4):395-404. FA.
-
62.
Hosseini N, Roshani S. [Comparison of posture and musculoskeletal disorders of dentists with high and low work experience]. J Dent Med. 2023;36:27-36. FA.
-
63.
Roozegar MA, Shafiee E, Havasian MR. [Evaluation of prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in general dentists in Ilam city in 2020]. Daneshvar Med. 2023;30(6):70-7. FA. https://doi.org/10.22070/daneshmed.2022.16951.1290.
-
64.
Rahbar P, Shirkosh P, Tehrani S. Assessment of ergonomic condition of Iranian dentists using RULA technique and its correlation with musculoskeletal disorders. J Population Therapeutics Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30(9). https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.09.009.
-
65.
Nasiri E, Azarnia S, Shabani S, Kayani P. Examination of musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. Dr. Hakimzadeh's First National Aging Conference. Guilan, Iran. Guilan University of Medical Sciences; 2015.
-
66.
Mohammadi HR, Erfani A, Jamshidbeigi Y, Rahmatian A, Otaghi M. Effect of using rituximab on disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Med Pharmaceutical Chem Res. 2024;6(12):1854-60. https://doi.org/10.48309/jmpcr.2024.450019.1158.
-
67.
Ohlendorf D, Naser A, Haas Y, Haenel J, Fraeulin L, Holzgreve F, et al. Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists and Dental Students in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23). [PubMed ID: 33255491]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7727829]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238740.
-
68.
Rehan F, Leghari MA, Memon MS, Atif M, Masood A, Mohsin F, et al. Frequency of musculoskeletal discomfort among dentists in karachi, pakistan. Pakistan Oral Dent J. 2015;35(4).
-
69.
Shekhawat KS, Chauhan A, Sakthidevi S, Nimbeni B, Golai S, Stephen L. Work-related musculoskeletal pain and its self-reported impact among practicing dentists in Puducherry, India. Indian J Dent Res. 2020;31(3):354-7. [PubMed ID: 32769266]. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_352_18.
-
70.
Letafatkar A, Rabiei P, Alamooti G, Bertozzi L, Farivar N, Afshari M. Effect of therapeutic exercise routine on pain, disability, posture, and health status in dentists with chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2020;93(3):281-90. [PubMed ID: 31654125]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019-01480-x.
-
71.
Kim ES, Jo ED, Han GS. Effects of stretching intervention on musculoskeletal pain in dental professionals. J Occup Health. 2023;65(1). e12413. [PubMed ID: 37347801]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC10287045]. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12413.
-
72.
Al-Mohrej OA, AlShaalan NS, Al-Bani WM, Masuadi EM, Almodaimegh HS. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain of the neck, upper extremities and lower back among dental practitioners working in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(6). e011100. [PubMed ID: 27324712]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4916616]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011100.
-
73.
Gaowgzeh RA, Chevidikunnan MF, Al Saif A, El-Gendy S, Karrouf G, Al Senany S. Prevalence of and risk factors for low back pain among dentists. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(9):2803-6. [PubMed ID: 26504297]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4616098]. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.2803.
-
74.
Ohlendorf D, Haas Y, Naser A, Haenel J, Maltry L, Holzgreve F, et al. Prevalence of Muscular Skeletal Disorders among Qualified Dental Assistants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10). [PubMed ID: 32429484]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7277800]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103490.
-
75.
Akesson I, Balogh I, Hansson GA. Physical workload in neck, shoulders and wrists/hands in dental hygienists during a work-day. Appl Ergon. 2012;43(4):803-11. [PubMed ID: 22208356]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.12.001.
-
76.
Kumar VK, Kumar SP, Baliga MR. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal complaints among dentists in India: a national cross-sectional survey. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24(4):428-38. [PubMed ID: 24047834]. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.118387.