Abstract
Objectives:
The current study aimed at investigating the effect of neurofeedback (NF) therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on reduction of anxiety symptoms in females with social anxiety disorders.Methods:
The current pseudo-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group was conducted on a population of patients with social anxiety disorder referring to a psychology clinic in Kurdistan Province, Iran. The sample size comprised of 30 females selected by random sampling method and assigned to groups of NF and CBT. Data elicited from the Libowitz social anxiety questionnaire to detect the subjects with social anxiety and the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI III) in order to exclude subjects with personality disorder. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Covariance analysis test and dependent t test were performed on CBT and NF groups.Results:
The current study findings showed that both CBT and NF groups were impressive in reducing the level of social anxiety in the study subjects. Also, based on the results of the current study the therapy methods had no significant differences between the two groups.Conclusions:
Both treatments were significantly effective, and therefore both NF and CBT can be applied as choice therapies to treat social anxiety.Keywords
Social Anxiety Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Neurofeedback Patients
1. Background
Social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a clinical pattern of the self-protective social behavior that concerns about provoking negative reactions such as criticism, being ridiculed, and treat others inappropriately (1). Social phobia is an anxiety disorder; it is a marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which people are exposed to possible scrutiny by others (2). SAD can debilitate social relations and progress. People with this disorder always feel the symptoms associated with anxiety (palpitations, trembling, perspiration, gastric-intestinal parasites, nausea, diarrhea, muscular tension and blushing) when they face social situations (3). Studies are conducted to provide effective treatments for social anxiety (4).
Due to lack of treatment, social phobia can cause complex health challenges. People with SAD are debilitated in different situations that can disrupt many aspects of life (5).
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the treatments with clear impacts on SAD (6). CBT is a multi-dimensional treatment that targets behavioral and cognitive factors resulting anxiety. Studies showed that the close cognition, including cognitive factors, plays an important role in complex skill occurrence. Therefore, the cognitive procedures are regarded as an active schema, which process self, world, and future. The research reviews show that this method can have long lasting effects on the subject recognition against confronting the disturbing event.
According to some studies, another method with clinical benefits to treat anxiety disorders is neurofeedback (NF) training (7-9). This method can help to regulate waves. The amount of deviation from the normal pattern of waves is determined through quantitative electroencephalography (10). Based on the severity of the disease, electrodes are connected to different parts of the head and ears. These electrodes send waves to the computer. The computer processes the signals, waves, and images, and then it shows them to the therapist and the patient (11, 12).
Therefore, in order to address this research gap and the need to improve and reduce anxiety in such patients, it is necessary to conduct such a study. Consequently, the theoretical and research principles and information on the impact of CBT and NF on patients with SAD are sparse.
2. Objectives
The current study aimed at investigating the effect of NF therapy and CBT on the reduction of anxiety symptoms in the females with SAD.
3. Methods
The current pseudo-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and the control group was conducted on a population of patients with SDA referring to Kurdistan Psychology Clinic. A total of 15 participants were set to each group based on the results of a pilot study (13). Then, using clinical interviews and diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), the inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined (Table 1) and evaluated. In case of meeting the inclusion criteria, the subjects were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. Participants were evaluated in terms of effectiveness of CBT and NF in reducing anxiety among patients with SAD, based on the pretest-posttest results.
A Summary of the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
| Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
|---|---|
| - Signing the informed consent form and willingness to participate in the study | - Unwillingness or inability to participate in meetings and unwillingness to do the exercises |
| - Ability to participate in meetings and collaborate on homework | - Absence of more than 2 sessions in the treatment process |
| - Diagnosis of social anxiety | - Receiving treatment or having infections due to other physical or psychological disorders intervening with the results of the study |
| - Age range of 18-30 yrs | - Personality disorders |
| - Minimum educational level of high school | - Substance abuse |
| - Symptoms of acute diseases in such an extent that make participation difficult or almost impossible |
First, 30 eligible subjects were selected among patients referring to a psychological clinic in Kurdistan Province to receive medication on specific dates at the mental health unit. During the pretest, using the Libowitz social anxiety questionnaire and the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI III), 30 sheets were prepared and distributed between the groups (15 A4 paper sheets per group) and the participants were asked to choose one of the sheets. All the patients were randomly assigned into CBT and NF groups.
The CBT intervention included eight sessions (one 90-minute session per week) and NF treatment included 12 sessions over six weeks, two sessions per week. In the current way, a person was in a relaxed position with his eyes closed.
3.1. The Leibowitz Social Anxiety Questionnaire
This scale was first developed by Leibowitz in 1987 (14). Heimberg et al., (14) reported the appropriate psychometric features of this scale and named it as one of the most precise existing scales in the measurement of social anxiety. This questionnaire consists of 48 items and two main micro-scales. Validity of this scale is 95% and its reliability 87%, while the validity of micro-scale was reported as allowable. The cutoff point of this questionnaire is 65 (14).
3.2. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
The MCMI III is a 175-item two-option self-report questionnaire assessing personality disorder criteria. This inventory has 22 subscales. This inventory was translated into Persian and its validity and reliability were investigated (15). The scale’s test-retest reliability is 0.86. Internal consistency (IC) with Kuder-Richardson 20 is 0.81 - 0.95 (16).
3.3. Exerting the Protocols of Medical Intervention
3.3.1. CBT for Social Anxiety
The cognitive-behavioral therapy was applied in the current study according to the study by Clark and Beck (17) who used therapeutic videos and audios. Based on this method, focusing on social situations can raise the assumption of patients. These assumptions help the subject to understand the social dangers. The physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety and safety behaviors are to avoid desired position. Each session of intervention began with a review of previous meetings and the agenda was reported to the authorities. The duties were taken over, and references and feedback were considered (6). The CBT protocol is presented in Table 2.
Description of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Sessions
| Session | Goals |
|---|---|
| 1 | Introduction, statement of the objectives, processing the sessions, implementation of pretest, discussion on anxiety and its features, providing information about the effects of anxiety on mental and physical health |
| 2 | Defining anxiety, providing statistics and information about anxiety and anxious situations, reviewing concern as the main component of social anxiety |
| 3 | Evaluation of various concerns, and incorrect insights pertaining to anxiety, discussion on automatic thoughts and intermediate thoughts |
| 4 | Describing the concept of conditioning and its role in social anxiety, stimulus control training, providing guidelines to deal with anxiety in some situations, and relaxation training |
| 5 | Teaching relaxation training and troubleshooting |
| 6 | Setting some situations with anxiety and doing sensitization and after doing exposure |
| 7 | Discussion on core beliefs, cognitive errors, and schema |
| 8 | Investigation of problems and implementing the posttest |
3.3.2. Neurofeedback Treatment
Neurofeedback system consists of five steps: the brain signal acquisition, signal processing, mining vision, and producing a feedback signal to adapt to the subject. Previous experiences of objective changes in brain signals are remembered. Then, the symptoms disappear and the patient looks normal and healthy (18). NF therapy sessions usually last 40 minutes and the number of sessions depend on the age of the patient, and the patient's progress. Treatment is done three times a week and normally 20 to 50 sessions per patient are enough. The average period of NF treatment is7 - 15 weeks (18).
In the current study, based on the increase in alpha-theta protocol that works with closed eyes, the experimental groups participated in 12 therapy sessions, held two sessions per week, over six weeks. In this way, the patient is in a relaxed position with closed eyes.
During the treatment (electrode is installed in the PZ) sound waves and calm rivers and ocean waves spread subjects are asked to relax while listening to the sound of water in an ocean while thinking about anxious issues (low to high) and brainwave activity is recorded under such conditions (18, 19). This process creates a feedback loop and is recorded by electroencephalogram (EEG) NF therapy. For NF training, the PROCAMP-2 system (Canada) and Biography Infinity software were used.
3.4. Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed by covariance analysis and dependent t test.
4. Results
Patients` age ranged 18 to 30 years (mean 22.37 ± 2.13). Table 3 shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of social anxiety in patients.
Mean and Standard Deviation of Social Anxiety
| Group | Pretest | Posttest | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| CBT | 73.66 | 20.67 | 54.16 | 36.02 |
| Neurofeedback | 122.90 | 14.69 | 199.60 | 7.74 |
Results of t Test for CBT and Neurofeedback Treatment
| Treatment | Mean Difference | Standard Deviation | T | Df | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBT | 19.50 | 19.85 | 2.40 | 5 | 0.000 |
| Neurofeedback | 22.30 | 10.09 | 6.99 | 9 | 0.001 |
Table 4 shows the result of t test for effectiveness of CBT and NF therpy. The mean difference of pretest-posttest in CBT group was 19.50 and based on the results the difference was significant (P < 0.05, t = 2.40). Therefore, the results showed that behavioral cognitive therapy had significant impact on social anxiety reduction.
The mean difference between pretest-posttest of social anxiety in NF group was 22.30 and based on the results the difference was significant (P < 0.05, t = 6.99). Thus, the obtained results showed that NF therapy caused the reduction of social anxiety in females with social anxiety disorders. Therefore, the results showed that CBT and NF therapy had significant differences in reducing the anxiety symptoms. The null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded with 99% CI that NF therapy was effective to reduce social anxiety in people with social anxiety disorder.
| Source | SS | Df | MS | F | P | 2η |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest | 4139.850 | 1 | 4139.850 | 18.639 | 0.001 | 0.589 |
| Group | 11.589 | 1 | 11.589 | 0.052 | 0.823 | 0.004 |
| Error | 2887.384 | 13 | 222.106 | |||
| Total | 125835.000 | 16 |
5. Discussion
The current study aimed at assessing the efficacy of CBT and NF in individuals with social anxiety disorder. As the results showed, both CBT and NF methods were effective on reducing the social anxiety. But, application of NF treatment compared with CBT did not show significant differences to reduce anxiety.
Previous studies supported the application of NF in patients with social anxiety and found that this treatment can reduce anxiety in such patients (8, 18, 20-23). Therefore, the current study results were consistent with such findings. Studies showed that significant reductions in anxiety were observed after CBT training (24-26), which were consistent with those of the current study. Furthermore, some studies compared the results of NF with CBT (27, 28).
In this regard, Stravinsky et al., (29) suggested that social anxiety disorder included 3s distortion in cognition, attention, memory, judgment and interpretation of their behavior and others, the claimed that mental disorder is a significant recognition for threes problems; CBT was considered as the treatment of choices for social anxiety in their study. The studies by Basak Nezhad et al. (30), and Dadashzade et al., (31) showed the positive effects of CBT on the reduction of social anxiety.
In the current study, NF had long-lasting impacts on social anxiety disorder and equality; this event may represent a new method to treat anxiety disorders, especially the social anxiety type. It can help the people with low concentration to lower their anxiety at the right time. According to the available information, practitioners in various medical settings are increasingly focused on treatments with brain work. EEG NF therapy relies on self-regulation (32), which means brain waves change and improve the performance (10). NF therapy is expected to be instructed to reduce anxiety by affecting the waves. In fact, the use of NF therapy, which can suppress the amplitude of the waves over and below the waves, is intensified. NF therapy makes the human brain learn relaxation techniques. Moore (33, 34) suggested that anxiety scores for the group that received NF therapy significantly decreased in comparison with those of the control group. Moradi et al., (35), demonstrated the effectiveness of Neurofeedback on anxiety and their study reported the effects of beta-increase and alpha- increase EEG feedback training along with alpha-theta biofeedback training in patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder. Dong and Bao (36) in their biofeedback study on 70 students diagnosed with high levels of anxiety reported a significant improvement in reducing anxiety-related symptoms.
There were some limitations to the current study including lack of sufficient participants for the third group or placebo in the research design. Thus, it is suggested to focus more on placebo group or applied intervention in future studies. Besides, small sample size per group and also unwillingness of some patients to participate in the study affect the generalizability of the findings to the studied population. Therefore, it is suggested to motivate the patients to participate in training and psychotherapy sessions by emphasizing the importance of mental health along with medical treatments. Also, further studies with more sessions are recommended. It is also suggested that further studies with more subjects be conducted by the therapist on male subjects.
6. Conclusion
According to the current study findings, positive effects of CBT and NF therapy were not significantly distinguished. It might be due to the fact that each of the therapies had specific therapeutic factors. These factors may differ in the therapies applied in the current study. It is suggested to consider the core therapeutic factors of each therapy in a further study in order to compare the relief of symptoms.
Acknowledgements
References
-
1.
Stravynski A, Bond S, Amado D. Cognitive causes of social phobia: a critical appraisal. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24(4):421-40. [PubMed ID: 15245829]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.01.006.
-
2.
Donovan CL, Cobham V, Waters AM, Occhipinti S. Intensive group-based CBT for child social phobia: a pilot study. Behav Ther. 2015;46(3):350-64. [PubMed ID: 25892171]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.12.005.
-
3.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
-
4.
Tavoli A, Allahyari A, Azadfalah P, Fahi-Ashtiani A, Melyani M. A Comparison of the effectiveness of interpersonal and cognitive behavioral therapies for social anxiety disorder. J Behav Sci. 2013;7(3):3-4.
-
5.
Hollander E, Simeon D. "Textbook of chirtry, anixtydisorder". America, psychiatric, publishing, Inc; 2008.
-
6.
Beck JS. Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Press; 2011.
-
7.
Zilverstand A, Sorger B, Sarkheil P, Goebel R. fMRI neurofeedback facilitates anxiety regulation in females with spider phobia. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:148. [PubMed ID: 26106309]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4458693]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00148.
-
8.
Hammond DC. Neurofeedback with anxiety and affective disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2005;14(1):105-23. vii. [PubMed ID: 15564054]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2004.07.008.
-
9.
Zhao L, Wang E, Zhang X, Karama S, Khundrakpam B, Zhang H, et al. Cortical Structural Connectivity Alterations in Primary Insomnia: Insights from MRI-Based Morphometric Correlation Analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:817595. [PubMed ID: 26539528]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4619857]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/817595.
-
10.
Gruzelier JH, Thompson T, Redding E, Brandt R, Steffert T. Application of alpha/theta neurofeedback and heart rate variability training to young contemporary dancers: state anxiety and creativity. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;93(1):105-11. [PubMed ID: 23684733]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.004.
-
11.
Harris S. "An Investigation of the Effects of Neurofeedback Training on Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms, Depression, Anxiety, and Academic Self-Efficacy in College Students.". Electronic Theses and Dissertations; 2017.
-
12.
Little BD. Evaluating the Effectiveness of a School-Based Neurofeedback Intervention on Decreasing Anxiety in an Adolescent Female. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing; 2015.
-
13.
Delavar A. Research Methods in psychology and educational Sciences. Tehran: Edited Press; 2007.
-
14.
Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, Safren SA, Brown EJ, Schneier FR, et al. Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychol Med. 1999;29(1):199-212. [PubMed ID: 10077308].
-
15.
Khaje Mogahi N. Basic preparation Persian form for Millon clinical multiaxial inventory in Tehran. [Thesis for Master of clinical psychology]. [Ahvaz, Iran]. Psychiatric Institut Iran Univ. 1995. Persian.
-
16.
Sharifi AA, Karami A. A guide for the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory III. Tehran: Psychometric publication; 2008. Persian.
-
17.
Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2010.
-
18.
Gruzelier J. A theory of alpha/theta neurofeedback, creative performance enhancement, long distance functional connectivity and psychological integration. Cogn Process. 2009;10 Suppl 1:S101-9. [PubMed ID: 19082646]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-008-0248-5.
-
19.
Hammond DC. What is neurofeedback: An update. J Neurotherap. 2011;15(4):305-36.
-
20.
Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M. Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical Applications. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7(2):143-58. [PubMed ID: 27303609]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4892319]. https://doi.org/10.15412/J.BCN.03070208.
-
21.
Masterpasqua F, Healey KN. Neurofeedback in Psychological Practice. Profession Psychol Res Practic. 2003;34(6):652.
-
22.
Egner T, Gruzelier JH. The temporal dynamics of electroencephalo- graphic responses to alpha/theta neurofeedback training in healthy subjects. J Neurother. 2004;8(1):43–58.
-
23.
Raymond J, Varney C, Parkinson LA, Gruzelier JH. The effects of alpha/theta neurofeedback on personality and mood. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005;23(2-3):287-92. [PubMed ID: 15820636]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.10.023.
-
24.
Gregory B, Peters L, Abbott MJ, Gaston JE, Rapee RM. Relationships Between Probability Estimates, Cost Estimates, and Social Anxiety During CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder. Cognitiv Therap Res. 2015;39(5):636-45.
-
25.
Zalta AK, Dowd S, Rosenfield D, Smits JA, Otto MW, Simon NM, et al. Sleep quality predicts treatment outcome in CBT for social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(11):1114-20. [PubMed ID: 24038728]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4043139]. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22170.
-
26.
Weeks JW, Gordon D, Wong J, Heimberg RG. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: The State of the Science. Wiley Blackwell Handbook Soc Anxiet Disorder. 2014.
-
27.
Basiri N, Khayyer Z, Hadianfard H, Ghaderi A. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and neurofeedback: reducing insomnia symptoms. Global J Health Sci. 2017;9(7).
-
28.
Miskovic V, Moscovitch DA, Santesso DL, McCabe RE, Antony MM, Schmidt LA. Changes in EEG cross-frequency coupling during cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Psychol Sci. 2011;22(4):507-16. [PubMed ID: 21378369]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611400914.
-
29.
Stravynski A, Arbel N, Bounader J, Gaudette G, Lachance L, Borgeat F, et al. Social phobia treated as a problem in social functioning: a controlled comparison of two behavioural group approaches. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;102(3):188-98. [PubMed ID: 11008854].
-
30.
Basaknezhad S, Nyazy Z, Davoudi I. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on anxiety Kendall method teenage girls. Behav Sci Res. 2011;9(4).
-
31.
Dadashzadeh H, Yzdandust R, Gharai B, Asghrnezhad AA. Compared the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. J Psychol Univ Tabriz. 2009;4(15):103-31.
-
32.
Gruzelier JH. EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. III: a review of methodological and theoretical considerations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;44:159-82. [PubMed ID: 24690579]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.015.
-
33.
Moore N. A review of EEG biofeedback treatment of anoxiety disorders. Clinical Electroencephol. 2000;31(7):7-6.
-
34.
Moore N. The neure feeback of anxiety disorders. J Adult Develop. 2005;12(2/3):747-154.
-
35.
Moradi A, Pouladi F, Pishva N, Rezaei B, Torshabi M, Alam Mehrjerdi Z. Treatment of anxiety disorder with neurofeedback: case study. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2011;30:103-7.
-
36.
Dong W, Bao F. Effects of biofeedback therapy on the intervention of examination –caused anxiety. Chines J Clinical Rehabilit. 2005;9(17-1).