IL-17 Producing T cells as Predictors of Primary Immunodeficiencies in Patients with Candida Infections

authors:

avatar Mehrdad Amirmoeini 1 , avatar Zahra Chavoshzadeh ORCID 1 , 2 , avatar Arezou Rahimi 3 , avatar Mohammad Nabavi ORCID 4 , avatar Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani ORCID 5 , avatar Shahnaz Armin 2 , avatar Sepideh Darougar ORCID 6 , * , avatar Mehrnaz Mesdaghi 1 , 7

Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mofid’s Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

how to cite: Amirmoeini M, Chavoshzadeh Z, Rahimi A, Nabavi M, Mahdaviani S A, et al. IL-17 Producing T cells as Predictors of Primary Immunodeficiencies in Patients with Candida Infections. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2022;10(3):e113894. https://doi.org/10.5812/pedinfect-113894.

Abstract

Background:

IL-17 producing T cells are a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells, which are recognized to have an essential role in protection against certain fungi and extracellular pathogens.

Objectives:

This study aims to evaluate the number of IL-17 producing T cells as a predictor of primary immunodeficiency disorders in patients with Candida infections and low numbers of IL-17 producing T cells.

Methods:

Seven newly diagnosed patients with documented Candida infections aged between 4 and 35 years were included in this study. Before establishing the diagnosis of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, a thorough immunodeficiency workup, including complete blood count, serum Ig levels and antibody responses, flow-cytometry evaluation, and LTT, was completed for all the patients, and other immunodeficiency disorders, including combined and phagocytic deficiencies, were ruled out. Then, IL-17 producing T cells were detected using antiCD3 and anti-IL-17 antibodies through flow-cytometry evaluation.

Results:

The IL-17 producing T cells significantly decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with PID and candida infections. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Conclusions:

To conclude, in cases of recurrent candida infections, initial assessment of IL-17 producing T cells may act as a predictor of an underlying primary immunodeficiency. In patients with low counts of IL-17 producing T cells, selecting a targeted panel of genetic tests may become more helpful in the detection of certain immunodeficiency disorders than performing whole-exome sequence analysis.

1. Background

IL-17 producing T cells, initially identified in 2005 (1-3), are a CD4+ T cell lineage characterized by the production of IL-17A (4). IL-17 producing cells not only secrete IL-17A and IL-17F but also produce IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-9, IL-26, CXCL8, and CCL20 (4). In humans, the reputation of IL-17 producing T cells was due to their increase at the sites of inflammation (5). While IL-17 producing T cells were initially considered a destructive element in many disorders such as psoriasis and multiple sclerosis (6), some data have suggested them as a unique effector T cell subset critical in protective immunity against fungi (eg, Candida albicans) and extracellular bacteria (eg, S. aureus) (7, 8). Specific defects in the IL-17 pathway have been described, each representative of a clinical phenotype attributable to a primary immunodeficiency syndrome. In hyper-IgE syndrome caused by mutations in STAT3, the underlying cellular basis for the characteristic phenotype is the lack of IL-17 producing T cells in the peripheral blood (9) due to low expression levels of RORC2, which is essential for the differentiation of naïve TH cells into IL-17 producing T cells. In chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, chronic or persistent infections with C. albicans and S. aureus were found to occur due to IL-17RA autosomal recessive deficiency or IL-17F autosomal dominant deficiency and low numbers of peripheral IL-17 producing T cells (10). Low numbers of IL-17 producing T cells have also been detected in patients with CARD9 deficiency, which is essential for the signaling of dectin-1 (11).

2. Objectives

In this study, we sought the number of IL-17 producing T cells in patients with candida infections suspected to have an underlying primary immunodeficiency to evaluate any decrements in the number of IL-17 producing T cells as a predictor of an underlying primary immunodeficiency and as an indication for further complicated investigations including genetic studies.

3. Methods

Seven newly diagnosed patients with documented candida infections (two males and five females) were included in this study, with their ages ranging from 4 to 35 years (mean = 15.71). All patients with fungal infections were referred to the immunodeficiency clinic of Mofid Children's Hospital for further evaluation from 2014 to 2015. Recurrent fungal infections were detected in the course of the disease of these patients and were finally confirmed by fungal culture. A thorough laboratory workup consisting of immunodeficiency screening tests including complete blood count, serum immunoglobulin levels and antibody responses, flow-cytometry evaluation, and Lymphocyte Transformation Test were completed for all the patients, which accordingly, combined immunodeficiencies and neutrophil defects were excluded. Meanwhile, seven age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were asked to participate in the study as the control group. After taking informed consent from all the participants, the percentage of IL-17 producing T cells was detected in the peripheral blood of all the patients and the healthy controls.

The patients' information, including demographic data, parental consanguinity, clinical manifestations, the time and site of the initiating symptoms, the duration of the fungal infection, and the natural course of the disease, were recorded by a single researcher with personal clinical experience in this field to confirm the eligibility of the patients to participate in the study. Fresh venous blood was drawn in 10 ml EDTA tubes from the patients, and the healthy controls Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells were isolated from the patients’ venous blood via Ficoll 1.077 (Biowest, Austria) gradient centrifugation. A total number of 6 × 106 PBMCs were stimulated with ionomycin (10-5 molar) and PMA (40 ng/ML) (both from Sigma-Aldrich, US) at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 12 hours. One hour after stimulation with ionomycin and PMA, Golgiplug (BD biosciences, US) was added to prevent cytokine release. After incubation, the cells were surface stained with anti CD3-PE-CY5 (BD biosciences, US). Then, they were fixed and permeabilized using BD cytofix/cytoperm solutions (BD biosciences, US). Afterward, intracellular IL-17 was stained using an anti-Il-17A-PE antibody (BD Biosciences, US). IL-17 producing T cells were identified as CD3+IL-17A+ lymphocytes.

The patients’ data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. The Mann-Whitney test was used to detect differences between healthy controls and patients. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Mofid’s Children Hospital.

4. Results

We analyzed the quantity of circulating IL-17 producing T cells in patients with Candida infections associated with underlying primary immunodeficiency. One of the patients had a genetic diagnosis for CARD9 deficiency, and another patient fulfilled the clinical criteria for Job's syndrome.

Tables 1 and 2 are summaries of clinical and laboratory data of the patients, respectively.

Table 1.

A Summary of Clinical Data of the Patients

No.Age (y)GenderConsanguinityDiagnosisSigns & Symptoms
118Male+CARD9Abdominal candidiasis
235Female-CMCCCandida vulvovginitis
317Female-CMCCCandida vulvovginitis
44Male-CMCCNail candidiasis
512Female-APECEDRecurrent fungal sinusitis and skin infections, Joint involvements, bronchiectasis, renal involvement, and adrenal insufficiencies
614Female+CMCCNail candidiasis, nephritis
710Female+HIESMouth & nail candidiasis, eczema, clubbing
Table 2.

A Summary of Laboratory Data of the Patients

No.IgGmg/dLIgM mg/dLIgAmg/dLIgEmg/dLAb ResponseLTTCD3 (%)CD4 (%)CD16 (%)CD 19 (%)CD 16 (%)WBC (Cells/ mcL)ANC
1180073160164NLNDNDNDNDNDND43502200
2150214012034NLNLNDNDNDNDND54003300
3996807826NLNDNDNDNDNDND48002200
468274406NLCandidaNDNDNDNDND63203400
517301741034NDND70472.912.674798003900
63901389643NL75.75112.6105172403800
72019732208420NLCandida42.939.415.947.63.49107005300

Table 3 demonstrates the percentage of IL-17 producing T lymphocytes in patients with candidiasis and healthy controls.

Table 3.

A Comparison of the Percentage of IL-17 Producing Lymphocytes in Immunodeficient Patients with Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis and Healthy Controls

Number of Cases/ControlsPercentage of IL-17 Producing Lymphocytes in PBMCs of Immunodeficient Patients with CandidiasisPercentage of IL-17 Producing Lymphocytes in PBMCs of Healthy Controls
10.2453.08
20.5273.53
30.6214.42
40.4954.26
50.3263.14
60.4823.58
70.3274.01
Mean ± SD0.431857 ± 0.134443.707143 ± 0.504107

As shown, IL-17 producing T cells decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with primary immunodeficiencies associated with candida infections.

Figure 1 demonstrates a comparison of the percent of IL-17 producing T cells in normal healthy controls and immunodeficient patients with Candida infections.

A comparison of the percent of IL-17 producing T cells in normal healthy controls (left column) and immunodeficient patients with Candida infections (right column).
A comparison of the percent of IL-17 producing T cells in normal healthy controls (left column) and immunodeficient patients with Candida infections (right column).

Figure 2 represents the flowcytometric graph of one of the patients.

Representative flowcytometric graphs of a patient; (A) A dot plot of forwarding scatter (FSC), and side scatter (SSC) to gate lymphocytes, and (B) A dot plot of CD3-PE-CY5 and IL-17A-PE; Double positive cells are considered Th17 lymphocytes.
Representative flowcytometric graphs of a patient; (A) A dot plot of forwarding scatter (FSC), and side scatter (SSC) to gate lymphocytes, and (B) A dot plot of CD3-PE-CY5 and IL-17A-PE; Double positive cells are considered Th17 lymphocytes.

5. Discussion

This study aimed to evaluate the number of IL-17 producing T cells in patients with Candida infections and underlying primary immunodeficiency. A significant decrease in the number of IL-17 producing T cells compared to normal healthy controls was found in patients with specific Candida infections.

Recurrent mucocutaneous candidiasis has been known as a characteristic feature of several immunodeficiency syndromes, which implicate IL-17 producing T cells in immunity to candida, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hyper IgE syndrome (HIES), chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), and CARD9 deficiency (12). Hernandez-Santos et al. found strong Candida-dependent recall responses generated in the CD4+ T-cell compartment. They showed that the development of IL-17 producing T cells in recall infections promoted accelerated fungal clearance (13). In another study, Delsing et al. showed that a deficiency in fungal induced IL-17 producing T cells’ responses caused Aspergillus osteomyelitis and attributed this event to the role of IL-17 producing T cells, which are crucial for neutrophil recruitment and controlling fungal invasion at the level of mucosae and skin (14, 15). These cells are part of the adaptive immune system, regulating innate immune responses. Therefore, it appears that in humans, IL-17 producing T cells have an essential role in protection against C. albicans since decreased IL-17 producing T lymphocyte population increases the susceptibility to candida infections (16, 17). However, our findings indicate a substantial decrease of IL-17 producing T cells in candida infections of patients with particular primary immunodeficiencies. A well-balanced response to C. albicans is initiated by IL-17 producing T cells dominating innate and adaptive mechanisms. Therefore, it is reasonable for extensive mucocutaneous candida infection to occur due to a decreased number of IL-17 producing T cells. As a cell population related to immunity and infection, IL-17 producing T cells are critical components of the protective response against candidiasis despite their detrimental pro-inflammatory effect on autoimmune disorders. Another consideration is the co-secretion of cytokines in the micro-environment, which determines their potential action in various diseases.

Here are some limitations to this study. The first limitation of the study was the small size of the patients studied. Immunodeficiency disorders are rare disorders, among which CMCs are few in frequency, and therefore, a low number of these patients were anticipated at the beginning. The other limitation was that the studied patients had initially undergone immunologic screening evaluations by other physicians. Therefore, both phagocytic and combined immunodeficiencies were excluded according to lab findings. There were also no recurrent systemic and/or opportunistic infections in the clinical course of the disease. Hence, the patients were referred to us with an already established diagnosis of CMC. The results of the first evaluations were not available at the time of reporting the study (marked as NA in Table 2).

To conclude, in cases of recurrent candida infections, the initial assessment of IL-17 producing T cells may act as a predictor of an underlying primary immunodeficiency. In patients with low counts of IL-17 producing T cells, selecting a targeted panel of genetic tests may be more helpful in identifying the specific immunodeficiency disorder at an early stage than performing whole-exome sequence analysis.

References

  • 1.

    Harrington LE, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Turner H, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, et al. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol. 2005;6(11):1123-32. [PubMed ID: 16200070]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1254.

  • 2.

    Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med. 2005;201(2):233-40. [PubMed ID: 15657292]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2212798]. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20041257.

  • 3.

    Park H, Li Z, Yang XO, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Wang YH, et al. A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat Immunol. 2005;6(11):1133-41. [PubMed ID: 16200068]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC1618871]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1261.

  • 4.

    Marwaha AK, Leung NJ, McMurchy AN, Levings MK. TH17 Cells in Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency: Protective or Pathogenic? Front Immunol. 2012;3:129. [PubMed ID: 22675324]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3366440]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00129.

  • 5.

    Alyasin S, Karimi MH, Amin R, Babaei M, Darougar S. Interleukin-17 gene expression and serum levels in children with severe asthma. Iran J Immunol. 2013;10(3):177-85.

  • 6.

    Cua DJ, Sherlock J, Chen Y, Murphy CA, Joyce B, Seymour B, et al. Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature. 2003;421(6924):744-8. [PubMed ID: 12610626]. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01355.

  • 7.

    Ochs HD, Oukka M, Torgerson TR. TH17 cells and regulatory T cells in primary immunodeficiency diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(5):977-83. quiz 984-5. [PubMed ID: 19410687]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2708116]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.03.030.

  • 8.

    Zielinski CE, Mele F, Aschenbrenner D, Jarrossay D, Ronchi F, Gattorno M, et al. Pathogen-induced human TH17 cells produce IFN-gamma or IL-10 and are regulated by IL-1beta. Nature. 2012;484(7395):514-8. [PubMed ID: 22466287]. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10957.

  • 9.

    Ma CS, Chew GY, Simpson N, Priyadarshi A, Wong M, Grimbacher B, et al. Deficiency of Th17 cells in hyper IgE syndrome due to mutations in STAT3. J Exp Med. 2008;205(7):1551-7. [PubMed ID: 18591410]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2442632]. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080218.

  • 10.

    Puel A, Cypowyj S, Bustamante J, Wright JF, Liu L, Lim HK, et al. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science. 2011;332(6025):65-8. [PubMed ID: 21350122]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3070042]. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200439.

  • 11.

    Glocker EO, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, Schaffer AA, Woellner C, Salzer U, et al. A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(18):1727-35. [PubMed ID: 19864672]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2793117]. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810719.

  • 12.

    Huppler AR, Bishu S, Gaffen SL. Mucocutaneous candidiasis: the IL-17 pathway and implications for targeted immunotherapy. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(4):1-9. [PubMed ID: 22838497]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3580547]. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3893.

  • 13.

    Hernandez-Santos N, Huppler AR, Peterson AC, Khader SA, McKenna KC, Gaffen SL. Th17 cells confer long-term adaptive immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections. Mucosal Immunol. 2013;6(5):900-10. [PubMed ID: 23250275]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3608691]. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2012.128.

  • 14.

    Delsing CE, Becker KL, Simon A, Kullberg BJ, Bleeker-Rovers CP, van de Veerdonk FL, et al. Th17 cytokine deficiency in patients with Aspergillus skull base osteomyelitis. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:1-6. [PubMed ID: 25888308]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4374583]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0891-2.

  • 15.

    van de Veerdonk FL, Plantinga TS, Hoischen A, Smeekens SP, Joosten LA, Gilissen C, et al. STAT1 mutations in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(1):54-61. [PubMed ID: 21714643]. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100102.

  • 16.

    LeibundGut-Landmann S, Gross O, Robinson MJ, Osorio F, Slack EC, Tsoni SV, et al. Syk- and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17. Nat Immunol. 2007;8(6):630-8. [PubMed ID: 17450144]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1460.

  • 17.

    Acosta-Rodriguez EV, Rivino L, Geginat J, Jarrossay D, Gattorno M, Lanzavecchia A, et al. Surface phenotype and antigenic specificity of human interleukin 17-producing T helper memory cells. Nat Immunol. 2007;8(6):639-46. [PubMed ID: 17486092]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1467.