https://doi.org/10.5812/pedinfect.30478

The Importance of Pyrazinamide in Antimycobacterial Combination Therapy of BCG Disease: Do We Need a Treatment Guideline in The Future?

authors:

avatar Ikhwanuliman Putera 1 , * , avatar Ikrar Syahmar 1

Faculty of Medicine,University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases: Vol.3, issue 4; e30478
published online: September 16, 2015
article type: Letter
received: June 2, 2015
accepted: June 4, 2015

how to cite: Putera I, Syahmar I. The Importance of Pyrazinamide in Antimycobacterial Combination Therapy of BCG Disease: Do We Need a Treatment Guideline in The Future?. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2015;3(4):e30478. https://doi.org/10.5812/pedinfect.30478.

Dear Editor,

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem as The World Health Organization (WHO) raised TB as a global health emergency (1). However, current preventive measures for TB still rely on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. The efficacy of this old vaccine has been questioned and the new TB vaccine candidates have been proposed (2). BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine which is considered to be safe with less than 1% local adverse events in immunocompetent individuals (3). Adverse events following administration of it range from mild local complication to fatal disseminated BCG disease. Nuttall et al. (4) reported that 6% of children under antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection showed local adverse events following BCG vaccination, whereas only 0.3% of them developed disseminated BCG disease. Disseminated BCG disease cases were also reported in children who had congenital primary immunodeficiency (5).

A recent study evaluating the susceptibility pattern of BCG strains by Fahimzad et al. (6) gave insight to the selection and dose estimation of antimycobacterial drugs for treating systemic BCG disease. This study found that most antimycobacterial drugs tested alone were ineffective in limiting BCG growth in vitro; however, increasing the dose of pyrazinamide to a level of 50 μg/mL make Mycobacterium bovis susceptible to other drugs. This finding was rather different with previous larger study identifying several BCG strains in which minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for several drugs were below the current finding. In Ritz et al. (3) study, all BCG strains were resistant to pyrazinamide alone with the dose of as high as 100 μg/mL. Thus, using drug combination with higher dose of pyrazinamide as in Fahimzad et al. (6) study can be a solution for the treatment of disseminated BCG disease.

In the methodology section, Fahimzad et al. (6) stated that M. bovis was isolated from subaxillary adenitis, while axillary adenitis is not sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of disseminated BCG disease. Disseminated BCG disease is defined as finding M. bovis BCG in the distant part from vaccination site with clinical signs consistent with dissemination. M. Bovis can be isolated from distant lymph node, respiratory secretion, blood, bone marrow or cerebrospinal fluid (7). Antimycobacterial drugs had no proven benefit for the treatment of local adverse BCG vaccination events except for disseminated BCG disease (8). As this study purpose was to assess susceptibility pattern of BCG, readers should not be confused in how to diagnose disseminated BCG disease in the clinical practice.

Infants with positive HIV infection are contraindicated for BCG vaccination. As reported previously, disseminated BCG disease incidence increased significantly in infants with HIV, thus the risks outweigh the benefits of BCG vaccination (8). Meanwhile, study in Malawi found no M. bovis isolate in bloodstream from children with HIV infection who had BCG vaccination (9). Several vaccine and host-related factors can be the predisposing factors for adverse BCG vaccination events, including vaccine substrain, dose of vaccine, age of infants at the time of vaccination, and different characteristics of children in various countries (10). The program of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) endorsed by WHO, provides modification to delay BCG vaccination to prevent its serious adverse events. However, in countries without universal implementation of PMTCT program and high number of estimated HIV infection and TB incidence, disseminated BCG disease may be considerably high (8). Results from Fahimzad et al. (6) study gave valuable consideration for treatment regiment in that setting. Further pharmacokinetic and in vivo studies may be necessary to guide disseminated BCG disease treatment.

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