Abstract
Background:
Since November 2014, pentavalent vaccine is available in Iran. This vaccine should be injected into all Iranian children at two, four, and six months after birth.Objectives:
There is little information on the immunogenicity of this vaccine against hepatitis B (HB) in Iranian children; therefore, the current study aimed at investigating the vaccine efficacy six months after administration of the last dose.Methods:
A total of 400 blood samples were collected from one-year-old children referred to Karaj healthcare centers, Alborz province, Iran. After sampling, checklists of demographic information were completed. Blood samples were sent to the laboratory to determine antibody titer by CMIA (chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay). Statistical analysis was conducted by Stata and SVY software.Results:
Overall, 393 (98.3%) children (95% confidence interval (CI): 96.03% - 99.57%) had a protective IgG titer of > 10 mIU/mL, while it was < 10 mIU/mL in seven (95% CI: 0.5% - 3.1%) subjects. Geometric mean titer was 419.66 mIU/mL (95% CI: 380.52 - 462.82). Anti-HBsAb titer was not associated with gender and the type of milk feeding.Conclusions:
The seroprotection of HB vaccine in a pentavalent combination vaccine in Iran, six months after three doses of vaccination, was acceptable.Keywords
1. Background
Hepatitis B (HB) vaccine prevents acquisition of hepatitis B infection (HBI) that is a serious health issue worldwide. HBI may cause serious complications such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chronic liver failure, and cirrhosis (1). In 2015, about 887,000 people across the world died of cirrhosis and HCC (2). HbsAg (HB surface antigen) seroprevalence studies in 161 countries from 1965 to 2013 indicated that 3.6% of the world population had chronic HB virus (HBV) infection (3). In Iran, the prevalence of HBsAg positivity is 2% - 7%. Iran is located in the intermediate zone of global prevalence of HBI (4). In a systematic review of 46 articles on the effect of HB vaccination by Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, on a total of 28,329 individuals with anti-HBsAb titers of ≥ 10 mIU/mL, 5-20 years after primary immunization, showed that vaccination might cause 90% long-term protection in 17-year-old adolescents born to non-carrier mothers (5).
Numerous surveys demonstrated the positive health outcomes of HB vaccine in different age groups in Iran. A meta-analysis in Iran on 9356 subjects estimated the cumulative incidence of HBV breakthrough infection at 0.007 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.005 - 0.010) after 5 - 20 years of primary vaccination series (6). Kabir et al. reported that HBsAb positivity rate in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers was 21.8% in group 1 (children with no history of HB vaccine and HB immune globulin (HBIG), 68.8% in group 2 (children with history of HB vaccination alone), and 85.7% in group 3 (children with both HB vaccination history and HBIG) (7). Intramuscular (10 µg) and intradermal (2 µg) administration of HB vaccine to neonates was compared in a study in Shiraz, Iran by HBsAb titer above 10 mIU/mL six and 18 months after routine HB vaccination in which HBsAb positivity was reported in 98.1% and 96.2% of neonates, respectively (8). The HB vaccination schedule in Iran led to acceptable immunogenicity before introduction of the pentavalent vaccine (7-12). The national immunization program was implemented in Iran on 21st March 1993. It was a recombinant vaccine produced by Karaj Pasteur Institute, Research Industrial Complex, Karaj, Iran (13). The HB vaccination schedule was turned to pentavalent as a combination vaccine from 18 November 2014.
2. Objectives
Since there was little information on the immunogenicity of pentavalent HB in Iranian children, the current study aimed at estimating the serologic response rate to HB vaccine after administration of the third dose of pentavalent vaccine to 12-month-old children in Karaj, Iran in 2016.
3. Methods
The current cross sectional study was conducted on healthy children referred for routine vaccination to Karaj healthcare centers in Alborz province, Iran. Hosting a population of about 1.97 million, as recorded in the 2017 National Population and Housing Census, Karaj is the 4th largest urban area in Iran. HBsAb titer ≥ 10 mIU/mL was considered immune and other titers non-immune with a clear cutoff point. To investigate vaccine response rate, HBsAb titer ≥ 10 mIU/mM was considered as protective cutoff level, and thus the levels below this cutoff point were considered as non-responder (non-protective). Prevalence (P) of immune titer was estimated 80% (9) and clinically worthwhile error 4% (d); therefore, the sample size was 400 according to the formula P (1 - P) Z2 (1 - α/2)/d2. The vaccine used since 2014 in Iran is Pentavac (DTP/HB/Hib) in which SiiHibPRO (Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine I.P.) is reconstructed with diphtheria, pertussis, and HB vaccine adsorbed (SII Q-VAC) (DTP-HB vaccine), supplied by Serum Institute of India Ltd., and is a pentavalent vaccine consisting of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, killed Bordetella pertussis, and HBsAg adsorbed on aluminum gel, and suspended in isotonic sodium chloride solution. Each dose of vaccine (0.5 mL) contains diphtheria toxoid 20 - 30 Lf (flocculation units of toxoid), tetanus toxoid 5 - 25 Lf, B. pertussis (whole cell) 4 IU; HBsAg (ribosomal DNA) 10 µg/mL, purified polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsular polysaccharide of Hib 10 µg, and tetanus toxoid (carrier protein) 19 - 33 µg adsorbed on aluminum phosphate, Al 1.25 mg preservative: Thimerosal 0.005% (Serum Institute of India vaccination brochure).
The study was conducted from April to September 2016. Sampling was conducted by multistage cluster sampling. First, a list of 12 districts of Karaj city was prepared, six districts were randomly selected, and then three healthcare centers were randomly selected from each. From each center, 22 samples were selected by random sampling. Inclusion criterion was: healthy children aged one year with complete vaccination and normal growth. Exclusion criteria were: transfusion of blood and receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the past three months, history of congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, and HBI history in infants and HBsAg positivity in parents according to medical records. Blood samples of infants were collected and centrifuged, and then the separated serum samples were stored at -70°C until the measurement of antibody titer for all samples. A checklist including information on gender and exclusively breastfeeding status was filled for each infant by a trained colleague. The antibody titer of infants was measured six months after the final dose of HB vaccine at six months after birth. The study protocol was approved by the Research Committee of Clinical Research Center on 25 July 2016 (approval code: Abzums.Rec.1395.44). Participation in the study was conditioned by parental consent and the parents were ensured that withdrawal of their infants from the study would not affect delivery of healthcare services to them. Antibody titer was estimated by CMIA (chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay) by ARCHITECT Anti-HBs Reagent Kit (No. B7C180). Vaccine efficacy was expressed as percentage and estimated with 95% CI. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). In order to estimate the effect of demographic variables on vaccine efficacy, logistic regression method was used. The impact of cluster sampling method employed in the study was also considered. Statistical analysis was conducted by Stata and SVY software.
4. Results
A total of 400 children aged one year referred to the healthcare centers across Karaj city for vaccination were enrolled, 51% of them were female; 84.4% of the children were exclusively breastfed in the first six months of life, seven children (1.8%) (95% CI: 0.5%-3.1%) had HBsAb titer < 10 mIU/mL and the rest (98.35%) (95% CI: 96, 03% - 99, 57%) had HBsAb titer > 10 mIU/mL. Geometric mean titer was 419.66 mIU/mL (95% CI: 380, 52 - 462, 82). There was no significant relationship between vaccine response, gender, and the type of milk feeding (P > 0.05) (Table 1); 328 children (82%) (95% CI: 77.94% - 85.45%) had antibody level > 200 mIU/mL.
Relationship Between Reactive and Nonreactive HBsAb, and Gender and Breast Feeding Statea
| Variable | Nonreactive < 10 mIU/mL | Reactive ≥ 10 mIU/mL | Total | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.25 | |||
| Male | 2 (1.0) | 198 (99.0) | 200 | |
| Female | 5 (2.5) | 195 (97.5) | 200 | |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 0.6 | |||
| Yes | 7 (2.0) | 335 (98.0) | 342 | |
| No | 0 | 58 (100.0) | 58 | |
| Brestfeeding | 0.51 | |||
| Yes | 7 (1.9) | 370 (98.1) | 377 | |
| No | 0 | 23 (100.0) | 23 |
5. Discussion
The Iran’s immunization schedule with pentavalent vaccine started from 2014. Four doses of HB vaccine are used in this schedule. Three doses, in combination with DTP and H. influenza, are administered at two, four, and six months after birth as the pentavalent vaccine and another dose is injected at birth. It is therefore hypothesized that higher antibody response may occur due to another extra dose in the Iran’s immunization schedule.
In the studies in Iran and other countries, the immunogenicity of HB vaccine was high and acceptable; there were fewer studies on HB vaccine immunogenicity in combined vaccines such as pentavalent and hexavalent and there was no study in this field in Iran.
Saffar investigated the HBsAb titer in young adults among the first vaccinated children in 1993 Iran’s Immunization Schedule, i. e., 20 years after their vaccination, and found that 205 of them had acceptable antibody titers. The types of vaccines used were not mentioned (14). In a study on 536 children from different age groups after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd vaccinations at 0, 45, and 270 days after birth (Heber, Biotec, Havana, Cuba), 305 (56.7%) were good-responders (antibody titer > 100 mIU/mL), 149 (27.7%) hypo-responders (antibody titer > 10 to < 100 mIU/mL), and 84 (15.6%) non-responders (antibody titer < 10 mIU/mL). The number of male and female subjects in all groups was approximately equal (15).
Rostami et al. studied the HBsAb titer after vaccination in 90 infants 15 months after term and preterm vaccination at 0, 45, and 270 days with 10 µg/0.5 mL of the Cuban recombinant HBsAg Heberbiovac, and reported immunogenicity of 85.7% and 85.4%, respectively, with no association between gender and immune response (16). Moradi et al. in a study on 215 children aged 7 - 12 months, three months after vaccination at two, four, and six months after birth with HB monovalent recombinant vaccine licensed by Pasteur Institute, Iran, observed no relationship between gender and immunogenicity (HBsAb titer > 10 IU/L) of HB vaccine in male and female subjects (89% vs. 84.4%), with the total immunogenicity of 86% (17). In Vietnam, the immunogenicity of HB component of Quinvaxem® in 131 infants showed that 97.7% of cases were responders. To date, Quinvaxem® is used in more than 90 countries, with over 400 million doses of vaccine administered (18).The study results showed the same immunogenicity as the current one. In a review article, to investigate HBsAb titer after vaccination from 1987 to 2011 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States, a total of 43 articles and 9368 infants from different countries were included. Antibody response in 30-day neonates through infancy was studied. Vaccines of different products were used, most of which were Engerix-B, Genhevac-B, Recombivax-HB, Heberbiovac-HB, and Euvax-B. Overall, the median seroprotection was reported 98% (ranged 52% - 100%) (19). Although different kinds of vaccines were used, the serologic response was acceptable in them. Pentavalent DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine (Quinvaxem®) was produced by Crucell in Korea and was co-developed with Chiron Corporation, in March 2006; the Korea Food and Drug Administration approved Quinvaxem®. It was prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 and is considered safe and immunogenic when used in EPI programs in primary and booster vaccination schedules. This vaccine was administered at six, 10, and 14 weeks of age in India, and one month after vaccination, protective HBsAb levels was 98% (20). This vaccine is a part of combined vaccines and according to the current study result, the immunogenicity of vaccination was high.
In a review study by Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education on 28 published articles about HBsAb in children aged six months to 15 years up to 2014, a total of 5991 male and 4571 female subjects were included, 80% of them responded to vaccine; the vaccines used were Heberbiovac, Cuban vaccine, and Recombivax (21). A review article by Najafi et al. included 11 studies from 2000 to 2017 on a total of 3063 under five-year-old children with Heberiovac and Cuban vaccine; it reported the efficacy range of vaccine as 89% (95% CI: 86% - 93%) (22). After introduction of hexavalent vaccines in late 2000 in Germany (23), HBsAb titer ≥ 10 mIU/mL showed that vaccination might cause an acceptable 90% long-term protection of 5 - 20 years after primary immunization (5). Verma et al. studied antibody levels in 218 low birth weight and 265 normal birth weight infants that received pentavalent vaccine at six, ten, and fourteen weeks after birth; six weeks after the third dose of pentavalent vaccine, satisfactory antibody levels were observed in both groups (24). Their study showed more acceptable antibody level in children vaccinated with pentavalent at the lower age than the current study.
Since there was no publication on the immunogenicity of HB component of pentavalent vaccine in Iran, the protective level of 98.3% can be an important finding and seems satisfactory. The results regarding immunogenicity of this vaccine in combined hexa- and pentavalent vaccines in other studies and the current one showed the same results (18, 20). The advantage of the current study was the enrollment of an adequate number of subjects and obtaining reliable results since the measurements were done in a standard laboratory and the limitation of the study was the lack of information on antibody levels throughout the time lapse after vaccination.
5.1. Conclusions
The current study showed an acceptable antibody response to HB component of pentavalent vaccine in Karaj. This vaccine is used as a routine vaccine for children in Iran, but its efficacy in the prevention of HBI depends on many factors. Multicenter studies on antibody level and HBI screening can help to gather more information about the epidemiology of HBI in Iran.
Acknowledgements
References
-
1.
Zanetti AR, Van Damme P, Shouval D. The global impact of vaccination against hepatitis B: A historical overview. Vaccine. 2008;26(49):6266-73. [PubMed ID: 18848855]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.056.
-
2.
World Health Organization. Hepatitis B, Key facts. World Health Organization; 5 july 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b.
-
3.
MacLachlan JH, Locarnini S, Cowie BC. Estimating the global prevalence of hepatitis B. Lancet. 2015;386(10003):1515-7. [PubMed ID: 26231458]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61116-3.
-
4.
World Health Organization. Hepatitis B fact sheet. World Health Organization; 18 july2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b.
-
5.
Schonberger K, Riedel C, Ruckinger S, Mansmann U, Jilg W, Kries RV. Determinants of Long-term protection after hepatitis B vaccination in infancy: A meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(4):307-13. [PubMed ID: 23249904]. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31827bd1b0.
-
6.
Poorolajal J, Mahmoodi M, Majdzadeh R, Nasseri-Moghaddam S, Haghdoost A, Fotouhi A. Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: A meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):623-31. [PubMed ID: 19887132]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.068.
-
7.
Kabir A, Alavian SM, Ahanchi N, Malekzadeh R. Combined passive and active immunoprophylaxis for preventing perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus in infants born to HBsAg positive mothers in comparison with vaccine alone. Hepatol Res. 2006;36(4):265-71. [PubMed ID: 16965939]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2006.08.001.
-
8.
Lankarani KB, Taghavi AR, Agah S, Karimi A. Comparison of intradermal and intramuscular administration of hepatitis B vaccine in neonates. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001;20(3):94-6. [PubMed ID: 11400817].
-
9.
Hassan S, Ziba F. Antibody titer in Iranian children 6 years after hepatitis B vaccine administration. Vaccine. 2007;25(17):3511-4. [PubMed ID: 17400337]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.037.
-
10.
Hadi N, Hadi N. Assessment of anti-HBs antigen in 6- to 9-year-old children routinely vaccinated via vaccination program in Iran. Med Princ Pract. 2007;16(4):306-9. [PubMed ID: 17541297]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000102154.
-
11.
Adibi P, Ghassemian R, Alavian SM, Ranjbar M, Mohammadalizadeh AH, Nematizadeh F, et al. Effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in children of chronic hepatitis B mothers. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(10):1414-8. [PubMed ID: 15494813].
-
12.
Saffar MJ, Rezai MS. Long-term antibody response and immunologic memory in children immunized with hepatitis B vaccine at birth. Indian Pediatr. 2004;41(12):1232-7. [PubMed ID: 15623904].
-
13.
Tazhibi M, Hajivandi A, Tafti AD, Fallahzadeh H. The efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:53. [PubMed ID: 25077146]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4114169]. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.134741.
-
14.
Saffar H, Ajami A, Saffar MJ, Shojaei J, Sotudeh-Anvari M, Shams-Esfandabad K, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus seromarkers in young adults vaccinated at birth; impact on the epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in iran. Hepat Mon. 2014;14(5). e17263. [PubMed ID: 24829589]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4013494]. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.17263.
-
15.
Dahifar H. Immunogenecity of cuban hepatitis B vaccine in Iranian children. Arch Iranian Med. 2004;7(2):89-92.
-
16.
Rostami N, Ghaffari V, Samaie H. Comparison of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine between term and preterm infants at birth. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2006;7(1):11-4.
-
17.
Moradi A, Khodabakhshi B, Ghaemi E, Mansourian AR, Sarikhani A, Saeidi M. [The response rate to hepatitis B vaccine in under one-year children in Gorgan, Iran]. J GorganUni Med Sci. 2008;10(2):50-3. Persian.
-
18.
Huu TN, Phuong NT, Toan NT, Thang HV. Immunogenicity and safety of quinvaxem(R) (diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis, hepatitis B and haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine) given to vietnamese infants at 2 to 4 months of age. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2015;46(4):753-63. [PubMed ID: 26867396].
-
19.
Schillie SF, Murphy TV. Seroprotection after recombinant hepatitis B vaccination among newborn infants: A review. Vaccine. 2013;31(21):2506-16. [PubMed ID: 23257713]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.012.
-
20.
Eregowda A, Lalwani S, Chatterjee S, Vakil H, Ahmed K, Costantini M, et al. A phase III single arm, multicenter, open-label study to assess the immunogenicity and tolerability of a pentavalent DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine in indian infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(9):1903-9. [PubMed ID: 23783081]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3906354]. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.25166.
-
21.
Rezaee R, Aghcheli B, Poortahmasebi V, Qorbani M, Alavian SM, Jazayeri SM. Prevalence of national responsiveness to HBV vaccine after 22 years of Iranian Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI): A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(5). e23618. [PubMed ID: 26045701]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4451270]. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.15(04)2015.23618.
-
22.
Najafi F, Sayehmiri K, Najafi R. Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination in under five-year-old children in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Hepat Mon. 2018;18(6). e65385. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.65385.
-
23.
Von Kriesa R, Kaliesa H, Schmittb HJ. DTPa (+)/Hib combination vaccines: The German experience. Anals De Pediatria. 2003;58(S5.21).
-
24.
Verma C, Faridi MM, Narang M, Kaur IR. Anti-HBs titers following pentavalent immunization (DTwP-HBV-Hib) in term normal weight vs low birthweight infants. Indian Pediatr. 2018;55(5):395-9. [PubMed ID: 29428913].