1. Background
The newest member of the coronavirus family (2019-nCoV) has been recently identified that results in acute and severe respiratory syndrome in humans (1). The first infected patient who had clinical manifestations such as fever, cough, and dyspnea (2) was reported on 12 December 2019 in Wuhan, China (1). Since then, 2019-nCoV has spread rapidly to other countries via different ways such as airline traveling and now, COVID-19 is the world’s pandemic problem (3). Low pathogenicity and high transmissibility (4) are the two unique features of this new virus that distinguish it from other members of the coronavirus family such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV; this subsequently makes it difficult to control so that after passing more than three months of identifying the first infected human, the rate of infection and mortality is still high and COVID-19 has become a great public health concern in the world. No antiviral agents have been recommended so far (5) and prevention is the best way to limit the infection.
It seems that the current widespread outbreak has been partly associated with a delay in diagnosis and poor infection control procedures (6). As transmission within hospitals and protection of healthcare workers are important steps in the epidemic, the understanding or having enough information regarding sources, clinical manifestations, transmission routes, and prevention ways among healthcare workers can play roles for this gal assessment. Since nurses are in close contact with infected people, they are the main part of the infection transmission chain and their knowledge of 2019-nCoV prevention and protection procedures can help prevent the transmission chain. Iran is one of the most epidemic countries for COVID-19 and there is no information regarding the awareness and attitude of Iranian nurses about this infectious disease.
2. Objectives
The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the nurses concerning COVID-19 that is a helpful approach to upgrade the prevention and control procedures in similar situations using past preventive efforts.
3. Methods
3.1. Study Design and Data Collection
To prevent the 2019-nCoV outbreak through droplets and contact, we used online software to design an electronic web-based questionnaire for collecting data over 80 hours (March 4, 2020, to March 8, 2020). The questionnaire was available to the participants through social media (WhatsApp and Instagram). Our study participants included nurses working in the hospitals dedicated to the admission and hospitalization of COVID-19 patients. Participation in this study was voluntary and the identification information of participants was not recorded anywhere on the questionnaire.
3.2. Questionnaire and Data Processing
The questionnaire was divided into three different parts. The first part included demographic data of the participants (sex, age, education level, and work experience). The second part evaluated the nurses’ anxiety regarding their or their family infection with 2019-nCoV. The third part of the survey evaluated the knowledge of participants about COVID-19. In this part of the questionnaire, according to the information and recommendations of the WHO about the virus, we asked for the knowledge of participants towards 2019-nCoV sources, transmission, symptoms, signs, prognosis, treatment, and mortality rate (four Yes/No or I don’t know questions and eight multiple-choice questions). Our questionnaire had two questions about the role of nurses in reducing the prevalence of COVID-19. The knowledge scores ranged from 7 to 24 and a score of less than cutoff (< 16) was designated as acceptable knowledge and more than cutoff (≥ 16) was regarded as good knowledge.
3.3. Data Analysis
The coded data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and the forms with considerable missing data were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the quantitative and categorical variables. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and the t test at the 0.05 significance level was used to compare different factors between different groups.
4. Results
4.1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants
Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the participants. Out of 85 respondents, 73 (85.9 %) were female. More than 75% (64 persons) of the respondents were in the group of less than 40-years-old and 22% (19 persons) were aged more than 40 years. Concerning the education level, 11 out of 85 (56.3%) participants had a high school diploma or less, more than half of them (67%) had associate’s or bachelor’s degrees, and 20% had master degrees.
Table 1.Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N = 85)
| Variables | Number of Respondents (%) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 12 (14.1) |
| Female | 73 (85.9) |
| Age | |
| Less than 40 years | 46 (75.3) |
| More than 40 years | 19 (22.4) |
| Education level | |
| High school diploma or less | 11 (12.9) |
| Associate’s or bachelor’s degrees | 57 (67.1) |
| Master’s degree or above | 17 (20.0) |
| Work experience | |
| Less than 5 years | 35 (41.2) |
| 5 - 15 years | 26 (30.6) |
| 15 - 25 years | 24.7 (2.15) |
| More than 25 years | 3 (3.5) |
Table 1 provides data regarding work experience; 41.2% of the participants had less than five years’ work experience, 30.6% between 5 and 15 years, 2.5% between 15 and 25 years, and 3.5% of them had more than 25 years’ work experience. None of the participants had COVID-19 or have had diagnostic tests and only one (1.17%) person knew some people in her/his family who were infected with 2019-nCoV (Table 2).
Table 2.Number and Percentage of Corona Distribution (N = 85)
| Yes, No. (%) | No, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Being affected by the virus | 0 (0) | 85 (100) |
| Having done diagnostic tests | 0 (0) | 85 (100) |
| Knowing someone affected by the virus | 1 (17.1) | 84 (83.98) |
4.2. Anxiety Level of Participants
Figure 1 shows the data of the participants’ self-report of anxiety about the infection. The mean anxiety score was 6.02 ± 2.6 and their score of anxiety about their family infection was 6.87 ± 2.8.
Figure 1.
Corona-induced anxiety data; A, level of anxiety for self-infection; B, level of anxiety for family infection
4.3. Knowledge Level of Participants
The overall knowledge score of nurses was 16.35 ± 3.3. About 18.82% of the respondents knew the coronavirus family before the 2019-nCoV infection begins. Figure 2A shows the percentage of different information resources about this family of viruses. Social applications were the first resources (52.94%), followed by the Ministry of Health, the World Health Organization, and the media (51.72%). The important point is that the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health were the most common sources of information about 2019-nCoV (55.29%), followed by social applications (48.23%), and media (42.35%). The majority of the respondents (94.11%) regarded COVID-19 as contagious and 47.05% knew initial related symptoms such as fever and cough, and 12.94% of them knew advanced symptoms such as dyspnea. Moreover, 85.88% of the nurses had correct information about the source of infection, while 14.12% did not have the correct information. Besides, 68.23% of the participants had the best awareness of prevention methods and 31.77% had lower responses. In addition, 20% of the respondents were aware that the period of incubation for COVID-19 is about 2 - 28 days, while 58% answered 2 - 18 days.
Assessing the scores of questions showed that the mean score of knowledge was 16.35 ± 3.3 (out of 24); 56.5% of them had satisfactory knowledge (score 17.87 ± 1.98; more than the cutoff point) and 43.5% had a knowledge score of lower than the cutoff point (score 11.88 ± 2.5) (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Results of Corona information; A, information resources; B, knowledge score
Table 3 shows the correlation between stress and knowledge of Corona and demographic characteristics. The stress level (on a 1 - 10 scale) did not have a significant correlation with both sex and work experience. Also, we found no significant correlation between knowledge, work experience, and education level. Finally, 75.29% agreed that healthcare workers should be more involved and 92.94% agreed that their information should be updated to reduce the prevalence of the infection, while others did not.
Table 3.Correlation Between Stress and Knowledge of Corona and Demographic Characteristics
| Anxiety | |
|---|---|
| Work experience | |
| Less than 5 years | 5.77 ± 2.9 |
| 5 - 15 years | 6.19 ± 2.4 |
| 15 - 25 years | 5.90 ± 2.3 |
| More than 25 years | 8.33 ± 2.8 |
| Sex | |
| Male | 5.83 ± 3.0 |
| Female | 6.05 ± 2.5 |
| Knowledge | 5.32 ± 1.8 |
| Knowledge | |
| Work experience | |
| Less than 5 years | 6.28 ± 1.9 |
| 5 - 15 years | 5.96 ± 1.6 |
| 15 - 25 years | 5.95 ± 2.1 |
| More than 25 years | 7.00 ± 2.6 |
| Education level | |
| High school diploma or less | 7.27 ± 1.6 |
| Associate’s or bachelor’s degrees | 5.96 ± 1.8 |
| Master’s degree or above | 5.94 ± 1.8 |
5. Discussion
Nowadays, COVID-19 is a life-threatening agent with the worldwide spread and it has become an international concern. This disease was first reported on 12 December 2019 from Wuhan (1). Due to the virus outbreak (4), more than 150 countries are currently infected and this virus’s pandemic is a global emergency (7). Health workers, especially nurses, have close contact with infected patients and have a decisive role in infection control (8). In our country, Iran, as one of the top 10 countries that have the highest incidence of infection, assessing the level of nurses’ information about COVID-19 can be an effective step in controlling the disease. The current study of 85 nurses showed their anxiety for themselves and their family affliction with COVID-19. Haung and Zhao in a study conducted at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak in China found high levels of anxiety among healthcare workers compared to others (9). In another study in Saudi Arabia, a high level of anxiety about MERS infectious disease was shown in medical students (10). The probable reasons for almost high anxiety may be the worry about being infected, the difficulty in the control of the epidemic, and the shortage of medical facilities across the country.
This study showed that the awareness of this sample of Iranian nurses was good regarding COVID-19 infection during the current outbreak so that more than half of (56.5%) the nurses had good knowledge (more than the cutoff point) about the disease and interestingly, most of them rated their information as high as 6.12 (range of 1 - 10). Having sufficient knowledge may reflect the successful distribution of information about COVID-19 by different media. These results are in line with a study that revealed good knowledge and positive attitude among healthcare workers towards MERS (11) and also consistent with another study by Alqahtani (12) among 418 health college students in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Our results showed that nurses obtained their information through various media such as credible websites, WhatsApp, and TV. The widespread use of the internet and its availability to wider sectors of society have made it a major source of information for the population and nurses as a member of the population use this information source as others do. Similar to our findings, other studies reported that participants usually obtained their information about infectious diseases through the internet and watching TV (13-15). The total knowledge score was not affected by age and education level and it was not significantly different between nurses with less or more work experience. In line with our study, the results of Saudi Arabian research on students from different majors and different educational backgrounds did not show the significant effect of age and education level on their information (7). In this regard, the generalized overbreak and high rate transmission of COVID-19 in the world might have increased the nurse’s attention and knowledge of this pandemic disease.
5.1. Conclusions
Nurses had almost good knowledge about COVID-19. However, more information still must be provided by the WHO and the Ministry of Health for medical staff to mediate the better control of the infectious disease.
