Unusual Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Lower Lip Ulcer

1. Introduction

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a protozoan-induced disease, caused by numerous leishmania porotozoa species, which are responsible for its clinical diversity (1). Most lesions are typical for leishmaniasis and present as papules, plaques or ulcers located at uncovered areas, particularly at the face and limbs. The common clinical types present no diagnostic difficulties. At times, unusual presentations may cause diagnostic challenges. These include erysipeloid, annular, paronychyal, palmoplantar, sporotrichoid, zosteriform and lip leishmaniasis (2). Lip leishmaniasis, as cutaneous type of leishmaniasis not as part of mucocutaneous type, has been infrequently mentioned in the medical literature. In 1997 only 17 cases of lip leishmaniasis of 2861 patients (0.59%) were reported from southwest of Iran (3). Although cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs widely throughout Africa, Asia, South America, the Middle East and Mediterranean region, the number of leishmaniasis cases are increasing in the United State and Western Europe due to infection in returning military personnel and international travelers (1). It is therefore important, when a physician encounters an unusual lesion on the lip suspected of leishmaniasis to be able to confirm the diagnosis and manage it properly.

2. Case Presentation

A ten-year-old boy presented to the dermatology service with complaint of painless wound on his lower lip. The lesion started 5 months prior as a small nodule in the center of the lip which slowly extended over a few weeks and then spontaneously ulcerated. It was covered by dried crust. Treatment with antibiotics had not caused any improvement. The patient reported no prior trauma. Examination of the patient showed a 2 × 3 centimeter indurated necrotic ulcer on the lower lip, extending to the vermilion. There was purulent discharge from the lesion. No palpable lymph nodes were noted. No cutaneous lesion elsewhere was observed. Systemic examination revealed no abnormality (Figure 1).

Clinical Presentation of the Lesion on the Lower Lip

Figure 1.

Clinical Presentation of the Lesion on the Lower Lip

With clinical suspicion to cutaneous leishmaniasis, smear was extracted from the margin of ulcerated areaalthough other differential diagnoses like cutaneous tuberculosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, foreign body reaction and fungal infection were also available. In skin smear, leishman bodies were demonstrated (Figure 2).

Ulcer Smear Shows Numerous Intra and Extracellular Leishmania Amastigotes (Gimsa Stain × 1000)

Figure 2.

Ulcer Smear Shows Numerous Intra and Extracellular Leishmania Amastigotes (Gimsa Stain × 1000)

Intramuscular injection of Glucantim (10mg/kg) pentavalent antimonial was started for 10 days.

3. Conclusions

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan-induced disease that is transmitted through the bite of an infected female sand fly. Notably, more than 20 leishmaniasis porotozoa species are responsible for diseases in humans (1). The disease affects people in areas of southern Europe, South America, Africa and Asia. There has been a marked increase in cases in non-endemic regions as the consequence of increased travel both for tourism and for military personnel returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, where the incidence is high (1). Three clinical forms have been described for leishmaniasis: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by leishmania donovani spp. The earliest lesion is the cutaneous nodule at the site of initial sand fly inoculation, then after parasite attacks the reticuloendothelial system. Clinical symptoms include intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, agranulocytosis, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Susceptibility to secondary infection may produce pulmonary and gastrointestinal infection, leading to death in untreated individuals (4). Mucosal leishmaniasis, characterized by nasooropharangeal mucosal involvement is caused by leishmania Braziliensis spp. It is metastatic complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mucosal disease usually becomes evident several years after original cutaneous lesions are healed; cutaneous and mucosal lesions can coexist decades apart from one another. It leads to painful destructive ulcer which destroys nasal septum, mouth floor and tonsilar areas; resulting in marked disfigurement (Espundia) (5). Cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by one or multiple small erythematous papules, may appear immediately after sand fly bite, but usually 2 to 4 weeks later. Papule slowly enlarges to 2 cm over a period of several weeks and assumes a dusky violaceous hue. Eventually, the lesion becomes crusted in center with a shallow ulcer and raised indurated border (volcano sign). Small satellite papules at periphery of the lesion and occasionally subcutaneous nodules along the course of proximal lymphatic may develop. Ulcer persists for 3 to 6 months or longer. Then the lesion heals slowly with a slightly depressed scar. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by L. tropica, L. Major and L. aethupica in old world (Asia, Africa, the Middle East,). In new world (Latin America) L. Mexician and L. Brasilian are involved.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran is predominantly caused by Leishmania Tropica. Leishmaniatropica, in contrast to L. Brazilian rarely, involves the mucous membranes. Few cases of mucosal involvement of L. Tropica due to local spread from a skin lesion near the mouth or the nose have been reported (6). The lip is one of the atypical sites for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Reports from Saudi Arabia (16.7%) (7) and Turkey (16.2%) (8) indicate cutaneous leishmaniasis localized to the lip are frequent there; however it is rarely reported in Iran. In 1997, Yaghoobi et al. published a group of 17 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis localized to the lip from 2,861 patients with CL(.59%) (3). This diversity can be explained in different ways, depending on the lip size of inhabitants; larger lips increase chance of being bitten. Identification of leishmania parasites in dermal macrophages by skin biopsy or dermal scraping can confirm the diagnosis. However, in chronic lesions, parasites may be scarce (9). Therefore, failure to visualize amastigotes on histopathology does not exclude the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (1). In this context, the delayed skin reaction test (Montenegro skin test), culture and PCR can be amongst significant diagnostic measurements. These techniques have been proved effective up to 90%, 75%, and more than 90% for patients with cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively (1). When available, PCR appear to be the most sensitive diagnostic test (9). Treatment depends on type and severity of the infection. Infections, according to L. Braziliensis,progress to mucocutaneous disease and therefore require systemic treatment, whereas uncomplicated, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis usually heals spontaneously (9). However, treatment is advocated to not only speed up disease resolution abut also thescar minimization (1).

Pentavalent antimonials (20mg/Kg/day for 14 to 28 days) remains the standard therapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (9), but the exact dose and length of therapy should be determined for each country. In Iran most cases will respond to 10 mg/kg for 10 days. Additional therapies include intralesional antimonials, heat therapy, cryotherapy, pentamidine, itraconazole, amphotripcine B, ketoconazole, allopurinol and attractively photodynamic therapy (10) whose efficacy rate varies significantly due to poor clinical trials. In conclusion, a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis with unusual presentation was described. The diagnostic features as well as treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis were discussed. This atypical clinical presentation of leishmaniasis should be considered in differential diagnosis of recalcitrant lip lesions by physicians practiced both in endemic and non-endemic areas, since cutaneous leishmaniasis is rising in these regions due to increasing rate of traveling - as tourists or military personnel - to endemic regions.