https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.97499

A Brief Review on Biting/Stinging of Animals and Its Risk of Infection

authors:

avatar Rouhullah Dehghani ORCID 1 , avatar Hamid Kassiri ORCID 2 , * , avatar Mousa Dehghani 3

Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases: Vol.15, issue 1; e97499
published online: March 1, 2020
article type: Letter
received: August 26, 2019
revised: January 15, 2020
accepted: February 1, 2020

how to cite: Dehghani R, Kassiri H, Dehghani M . A Brief Review on Biting/Stinging of Animals and Its Risk of Infection. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2020;15(1):e97499. https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.97499.

Dear Editor,

Bites of animals and their problems in humans and livestock cause significant health and economic losses in countries (1). Bites and stings of animals usually occur in the defense of their survival. In other cases, biting and stinging may be done in an attempt to obtain food (2). The cases of humans bitten by animals, in particular during poisonous occasions, are often due to animals’ sense of fear and risk caused by the known instinctive behavior of most animals, including snakes and scorpions (Figure 1) (3, 4).

Left, Macrovipera lebetina; Right, Odontobuthus doriae (photoes prepared by R. Dehghani)
Left, Macrovipera lebetina; Right, Odontobuthus doriae (photoes prepared by R. Dehghani)
Figure 1.

Left, Macrovipera lebetina; Right, Odontobuthus doriae (photoes prepared by R. Dehghani)

Bites of animals, in addition to local injury, will cause the risk of poisoning and infection. Considering the importance of local or systemic infections due to bites and stinging of some venomous animals, it is necessary to raise the awareness of physicians and medical staff about this issue, therefore, this article was presented.

Most snakes cause infection due to oral microbial flora (5-7). Snake bites are especially important in the rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific. It is estimated that at least 421000 bites and 20000 deaths worldwide occur every year due to snake bites (8). More than 10 million people are being treated annually in different regions around the world due to bites. Animal bites and diseases caused by it are of the economic health problems in Iran, and almost all regions have this problem. According to the statistics published by the Center for Disease Management, the distribution of animal bite cases in the country has been reported to be 100 - 450 per 100000 people (9). On this basis, it can be estimated that there are 800000 to 3600000 animal bites in Iran, annually. Bites of animals can cause local to systemic damages. In some cases, secondary infections have been observed due to venomous and non-venomous snake bites. Wound and necrosis is created at the site of the bite of some poisonous snakes, especially vipers, which increases the risk of secondary fungal and bacterial infections (10, 11). The snakes’ mouth flora varies between different species as well as different geographic regions. Even some researchers find seasonal changes effective in snakes’ mouth flora (12, 13). Bacterial species have been widely identified from the mouth of snakes, the most important of which are Pseudomonas aeromonas, staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Clostridium, Enterococcus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, klebsiella, and Shigella (14, 15).

Arachnida is one of the most important poisonous arthropods, among which scorpions and spiders are more important than others (Figure 2) (16). Some Arachnida species, such as Solpugids are hunter beasts larger than spiders, but they have no poison unlike spiders. They cause fear because of aggressive behavior. The Solpugids bite to defend themselves, which may lead to wounds. The contamination of these wounds with soil microbial agents may cause infection (17). Scorpions cause stings more than other poisonous animals in Iran; they are more abundant in tropical areas. Due to the type of climate, Iran is very rich in scorpions, so far, scorpions from three families have been reported in Iran. Iran is among the countries where many species of scorpions, especially dangerous ones, have been reported (18). A scorpion sting causes infection as well as poisoning. Topical complications, most commonly cellulitis, sepsis, abscess, and systemic such as infection and endocarditis have been reported (19-21).

Erythema and necrosis after brown widow spider bite in the medial elbow (photo prepared by R. Dehghani)
Erythema and necrosis after brown widow spider bite in the medial elbow (photo prepared by R. Dehghani)
Figure 2.

Erythema and necrosis after brown widow spider bite in the medial elbow (photo prepared by R. Dehghani)

A large part of the bites is due to poisonous animals that are usually more considered in the therapeutic area because of fear of the dangers of poison. In the problem of animal bites, in addition to the effects of poison and local injuries such as wounds and trauma, other aspects must be considered; one of these aspects is the risk of infection, which is a major issue for people with immune system deficiency or those taking immunosuppressive drugs (22, 23). Therefore, physicians and the treatment team should be aware of the possibility of infection in these patients when faced with bites and stings of poisonous animals. Given the high animal bite rate in Iran, all aspects of this inclusive problem, including the effects of poison, the risk of infection, and the prevention and reduction of animal stings and bites, should be addressed through the implementation of a coherent national and regional program (24-26).

In Iran, biting and stinging of venomous animals such as Viperidae family snakes, brown widow spider, and Hemiscorpius leptrus scorpion, can cause tissue necrosis, which is due to the fact that they have cytotoxic and hemolytic agents in their venom, and may result in local or systemic infection. Therefore, physicians and medical staff have to have sufficient knowledge of the animal venom properties in their own workplace.

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