1. Background
Rugby is a team contact sport that is popular in many countries. In France, there were more than 390,000 licensed players at the French Rugby Union in 2010 including 4.5% women, with an increase in membership of 40% in the last five years. Called the ‘‘hidden epidemic’’ (1), brain concussion is a poorly understood entity, which is frequent but under-reported, serious and costly for society. This type of head trauma, which is considered to be slight, is secondary to a shock which results in a blow-counterblow of the brain against the skull, whatever the point of impact, but the biomechanical causes are more complex. It results in an immediate and transitory change in higher brain functions which may range from simple confusion to loss of consciousness (LOC) or knock-out (KO) (2). Less than 10% of sports induced concussions result in LOC (3). Because of this, many traumas may not be diagnosed, and may be hidden by the player who does not wish to be taken out of play. All sports are implicated (4). In rugby, tackling is the most frequent mechanism of concussions (5, 6) while in soccer it frequently occurs in athletes when they are fighting in the air to head the ball (head to head) (7).
In the literature the incidence of concussions in rugby varies from 0.62-9.05 per 1,000 hours of play (8-10), with a higher risk in professional players. Women also seem to be at greater risk than their male colleagues (11) and take longer to recover (12). The incidence has increased significantly in the last twenty years (13) possibly because of better identification of concussions thanks to information campaigns to players and other participants in the field as well as an increase in the physical strength of athletes (14).
Although the initial prognosis of brain concussion is reassuring, significant short and long term complications may occur (15-20). Several expert consensus conferences have been held on this subject (21, 22). Recently the ‘‘declaration of the Zurich consensus on brain concussion in sports ’’ (2) provided updated guidelines for doctors on the initial diagnosis of concussion, immediate management of patients and management of the decision to return to sports.
2. Objectives
A standardized protocol based on the Zurich international guidelines was developed including a consult with a neurologist, so that patients could return to sports under optimal conditions to prevent recurrent concussion. The main aim of this study was to evaluate our protocol in a group of rugby players. The study hypothesis was that no recurrence of concussion would occur if patients are compliant with this protocol.
3. Patients and Methods
From September 2009 to June 2012 a prospective non-randomized non-comparative study was performed in the neurology unit based on a specialized “sports concussion” hospital consultation. Concussed athletes were fully informed and the study was approved by the ethics committee as a non-interventional study.
3.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
All rugby players, both professional and amateur, who suffered a suspected brain concussion while playing rugby and confirmed by our consultation with one neurologist, were included. Among 14 professional and high level national rugby clubs, 3 clubs participated in the study. Concussion was suggested on the playing field by the club physician in the presence of confusion or memory disturbances (23) following a direct, violent shock such as a collision or tackling associated or without loss of consciousness. These symptoms were investigated using the 5 Maddocks (24) questions with one wrong answer justifying removal from the field. The exclusion criteria were patients who refuse to participate in the study and age under 18 years. No patient has refused to participate in the study.
3.2. Management Protocol
The protocol was developed in collaboration with the medical staff of the rugby clubs that participated in the study. In case of suspected concussion, the protocol was the following:
- Immediate removal from the field, and total rest for the patient with concussion;
- Computed tomography (CT) Scan or brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to exclude any structural brain lesions (25);
{"type":["paragraph","list"],"content":["A rapid initial consultation with the same neurologist no more than three days after the trauma for:",{"type":"paragraph","content":"Clinical confirmation of the diagnosis and an estimation of symptoms in the patient on the SCAT2 scale (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool) (<a href=\"#A24042R2\">2</a>);"},{"type":"paragraph","content":"Evaluation of the severity of the concussion according to the Cantu classification (<a href=\"#A24042R23\">23</a>);"},{"type":"paragraph","content":"Evaluation of cognitive symptoms with the Trail Making Test (<a href=\"#A24042R26\">26</a>) (TMT-part A and TMT-part B);"}],"list_type":"alpha-lower"}
- Return to exercising in stages managed by the club physician once post-concussive symptoms at rest have disappeared: first walking or biking then individual running, then training without contact;
- In the absence of recurrent symptoms during exercising, a second specialized consultation confirming recovery based on the disappearance of cognitive disturbances on TMT tests. The neurologist could then approve a return to competitive sports.
Table 1.
Evidence-Based Cantu Grading System for Concussion (23)
| Grade | Evidence |
|---|---|
| Grade 1 (mild) | No loss of consciousness; posttraumatic amnesia a or postconcussion signs or symptoms lasting less than 30 minutes |
| Grade 2 (moderate) | Loss of consciousness lasting less than 1 minute; posttraumatic amnesia a or postconcussion signs or symptoms lasting longer than 30 minutes but less than 24 hours |
| Grade 3 (severe) | Loss of consciousness lasting more than 1 minute or posttraumatic amnesia a lasting longer than 24 hours; postconcussion signs or symptoms lasting longer than 7 days |
a Retrograde and anterograde.
3.3. Evaluation Criteria
The main judgment criterion was another concussion within 3 months after returning to rugby. Secondary criteria were the delay before returning to rugby and the risk factors of a delayed return.
3.4. Statistical Method
Normal distribution was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. If distribution was normal, parametric tests were used: the Student t test for independent or paired groups for quantitative variables and the Chi2 or the MacNemar test for qualitative variables. If distributions were not normal, non-parametric tests were used: the Mann-Whitney test or the Wilcoxon test for continuous variables and the Fisher exact or the MacNemar exact test for binary variables. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare the delay between Cantu severity groups. The risk factors for a delayed return to rugby were investigated by univariate then multivariate logistic regression. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
4. Results
The series included 35 patients, 30 men and 5 women, mean age 23.1 ± 5.5 years old. All patients were competitive athletes, 29 high level and 23 professionals; 19/35 (54.3%) played ‘‘Back player’’ positions and 16/35 (45.7%) patients were ‘‘Forward players’’. This difference was not significant. In 13/35 (37.1%) patients, this concussion was the first while 7/35 (20%) had a history of 1 or 2 other concussions and 15/35 (42.9%) patients had had 3 concussions or more. The median number of previous concussions was 2 episodes (range, 0-30). The diagnosis was usually suggested in the field by anterograde amnesia (Table 2). Brain imaging was strictly normal in all patients. The most frequent symptoms of post-concussive syndrome were headache and fatigue (Table 3).
Overall, this syndrome lasted a median of 6 days (range, 0.5-270), 15 days (range, 10-210) in women and 4 (range, 0.5-270) in men P = 0.04. According to the Cantu severity classification, 3 patients were grade 1, 12 were grade 2 and 20 were grade 3. The initial mean TMTA was 30.8 ± 25.4 (range, 13-126.6) seconds and 19.7 ± 7.2 (range, 12-29) seconds before returning to sports, which was not significant. The mean initial TMTB was 50.3 ± 22.7 (range, 20-102) seconds and 44.4 ± 17.5 (range, 22-87) seconds before returning to sports P = 0.01. All patients consulted the neurologist before returning to sports and were followed up at least 3 months after returning to rugby. The rate of recurrent brain concussion within 3 months was 2/33 (6.1%) in the 33/35 (94.3%) patients who returned to rugby. The median delay before returning to sports was 21 days (range, 7-45) and varied according to Cantu severity classification (Table 4).
This delay was longer in women (30, range 18-35) than in men (21, range 7-45) but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.19). Thirteen of thirty three patients (39.4%) returned to rugby in less than 21 days including 1 against the advice of the doctor, and 20/33 patients (60.6%) returned to rugby in 21 days or more after the concussion. With univariate analysis the risk factors of a delayed return to rugby (more than 21 days) were young age (20.7 ± 5.3 vs. 26.1 ± 4.9, P = 0.01), initial loss of consciousness (P = 0.03), Cantu grade 3 (P = 0.02) concussion and a post-concussive syndrome of more than 5 days (P = 0.03). With multivariate analysis only a Cantu grade 3 concussion was significant (P = 0.01). Analysis of the two failures showed that the initial concussion was grade 3 in these professional athletes who both had a history of concussion (Table 5).
Moreover, one of these patients who had already had 30 concussions returned to rugby after 7 days against the advice of the physician. The neurologist advised two other patients to discontinue rugby permanently, 1 man and 1 woman, respectively aged 24 and 27 years old who were high level professionals; one was a Forward player and the other a Back player (center). Both had a history of multiple concussions (3 and 10). The concussion that was managed in this study was grade 3. This decision was based on persistent headaches after the slightest contact in one, and dizziness and balance disturbances in the other.
Table 2.
Clinical Signs of Brain Concussion at the Initial Examination
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Anterograde Amnesia a | 29/35 (82.9%) |
| Median Duration, min | 60 (5-600) |
| Loss of Consciousness a | 17/35 (48.6%) |
| Retrograde Amnesia a | 8/35 (22.9%) |
| Median Duration, min | 37.5 (5-2000) |
a Data are presented as No. (%).
Table 3.
Post-Concussive Syndrome a
| Symptoms | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Headache | 29/35 (82.9%) |
| Fatigue | 20/35 (57.1%) |
| Sensitivity to light | 10/35 (28.6%) |
| Balance disturbances | 10/35 (28.6%) |
| Memory disturbances | 10/35 (28.6%) |
| Sensitivity to noise | 8/35 (22.9%) |
| Hypersomnia | 8/35 (22.9%) |
| Mood disturbances b | 6/35 (17.1%) |
| Insomnia | 5/35 (14.3%) |
| Visual disturbances | 5/35 (14.3%) |
| Cervicalgia | 4/35 (11.4%) |
| Malaise | 2/35 (5.7%) |
| Neurotic disorders c | 1/35 (2.9%) |
a Data are presented as ratio (%).
b Anxiety, irritability or sadness.
c Walking phobia.
Table 4.
Delay Before Returning to Sports According to Cantu Severity Classification
| Cantu 1 (n = 3) | Cantu 2 (n = 12) | Cantu 3 (n = 20) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delay, d | 0.004 | |||
| 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
| 8-14 | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| 15-20 | 0 | 2 | 3 | |
| > 21 | 0 | 6 | 14 | |
| Returned to sports | 3 | 12 | 18 |
Table 5.
Characteristics of Patients With Recurrent Concussion
| Variable | Patient 1 | Patient 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | Male |
| Age, y | 28 | 28 |
| Position | Back (fly half) | Forward (3rd) |
| Level of play | High level professional | High level professional |
| Number of previous concussions | 30 | 2 |
| Signs at the initial examination | Loss of consciousness, Anterograde amnesia | Loss of consciousness |
| Cantu severity grade | 3 | 3 |
| Post concussive syndrome | Headache, Anterograde amnesia | Headache, Asthenia, Balance disturbances, Memory disturbances |
| Duration of post concussive syndrome, d | 2 | 7 |
| Delay before returning to rugby,d | 7 | 28 |
5. Discussion
In this study only two patients presented with another concussion within 3 months after they returned to rugby following the initial injury, including one player who did not respect the stopping delay and began playing rugby again against the advice of the physician. This protocol also identified two at risk patients who the neurologist advised to stop playing rugby altogether. It is important to note that these two patients had not stopped playing rugby after their previous concussions before our consultation. They had had early and multiple recurrent concussions, and developed an increased susceptibility to concussion.
Makdissi et al. (27) analyzed the conditions under which a group of Australian soccer players returned to sports after concussion. After 6-9 days off the field, 127/138 (92%) patients with concussion began playing soccer again, without missing a match, and the remaining 8% missed one match. Cognitive tests showed a clear improvement before returning to sports. There were no recurrent concussions during the first match athletes played when they returned to soccer. In our series with rugby players, more than 94% of the patients returned to rugby. Moreover our judgment criteria included a longer, 3-month follow up period, which seems better adapted to determine recurrent concussion. The known risk factors of recurrence are failure to wear a helmet and a history of concussion (9). The patients in our series who had recurrent concussion within three months after returning to sports also had a history of concussion. In the literature the risk factors for a delayed return to rugby were younger age, initial loss of consciousness, a headache that lasts more than 3 hours and retrograde amnesia (28, 29). Women have been reported to take longer to return to sports (6) but this was not found in all studies (30). Our study showed that the stage of severity and the duration of the post-concussive syndrome were also factors. Women took longer to return to play than men but this was not significant.
There are numerous scales to assess concussions and their severity (31), and we used SCAT2. Neuropsychological tests play an important role in the initial management of concussions but also in the recommendation to return to sports. A battery of computerized tests such as ImPACT (32) is recommended in North America to evaluate ice hockey and American football players. These tests measure response time in milliseconds and have thousands of random combinations. However tests on paper such as the Trail Making Test (26) are also appropriate: initiation is tested by part A of the TMT and flexibility, or the capacity to displace the focus of attention from one class of stimuli to another, by part B of the TMT. In our study a significant improvement in the TMTB was observed before returning to sports. However, Makdissi et al. (33) found a 2-3 day delay in normalization between electronic tests and paper tests, which they feel is a sign of greater sensitivity of computerized tests.
Several studies suggest that the decision recommendation to return to sports should be made by an independent neurologist (34, 35) who has no particular interest in approving a premature return to sports, preventing players or trainers from putting pressure on the club physician. However, most places do not have a neurologist to do consultations on all concussed athletes, especially for amateur clubs. A well-trained sports physician should be able to provide the same level of care according to the same rigorous protocol, only referring the more complex cases to the neurologist.
Although information campaigns in clubs focused on players and their families have helped improve understanding of this entity (36) and increased the number of declarations, in particular by trainers on the field (37), compliance to guidelines is still insufficient (38, 39). Until 2011, for the International Rugby Board (IRB), a player who was removed from the field for concussion had to stop playing rugby for 3 weeks. Early return to play was only possible if a specialist filled out a certificate. This had two consequences: first under-reporting of accidents to avoid being out of play for 3 weeks, and in case of a reported concussion, the necessity of finding medical elements to approve a return to play. Since 2011 other guidelines have been published in France, including in particular, pre-season clinical tests (40) while, the 3-week protection rule was shortened in 2011 by the IRB.
This study has several limitations. One of the main criteria for the decision to return to sports was the resolution of cognitive disturbances but the ideal would have been to compare with preseason cognitive tests. This will be possible from now on the professional rugby players. The rate of recurrent concussion was low, but must be confirmed in a larger study. Risk factors for recurrence could not be statistically determined, because there were very few failures.
Brain concussions are frequent during contact sports and often under-reported. On the other hand, the consequences are potentially serious and may present a health risk or compromise an athlete’s career. This prospective study provides a unique description of management of this entity in a population of high level rugby players. Athletes with a concussion only returned to sports when clinical and paraclinical signs had normalized. Young age, initial grade of concussion and initial loss of consciousness significantly delay a return to sports rugby.
