https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.35826

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disorders Among Iranian Elite Athletes

authors:

avatar Shahin Salehi 1 , avatar Farhad Moradi Shahpar ORCID 2 , 3 , * , avatar Gholamreza Norouzi 3 , avatar Farshad Ghazalian 4 , avatar Mehrshad Poursaid Esfehani 5 , avatar Amir Hosein Abedi Yekta 5

Imam Hossein Medical and Educational Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Physical Education Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR Iran
Iran Sports Medicine Federation, Tehran, IR Iran
Department of Physical Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Asian Journal of Sports Medicine: Vol.7, issue 2; e35826
published online: May 11, 2016
article type: Research Article
received: December 27, 2015
revised: February 7, 2016
accepted: March 6, 2016

how to cite: Salehi S, Moradi Shahpar F, Norouzi G, Ghazalian F, Poursaid Esfehani M, et al. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disorders Among Iranian Elite Athletes. Asian J Sports Med. 2016;7(2):e35826. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.35826.

Abstract

Background:

Athletes’ health is an important issue and for promoting it, pre-participation examination (PPE) is widely performed by responsible bodies around the world.

Objectives:

This study was to determine prevalence of cardiovascular disorders among athletes participating in the Asian games and answering the question whether the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a necessary part of pre-participation examination (PPE) for prevention of sudden cardiac death.

Materials and Methods:

All athletes participated at Asian games came to sports medicine federation for a PPE including a comprehensive questionnaire, physical examination and ECG. In this retrospective study all profiles of 338 athletes have been studied as well as their electrocardiograms. Multiple logistic regressions as well as Firth’s bias reduction were used with R statistical software and SPSS. For predicting the changes in ECG, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve has done.

Results:

Among 388 athletes, 80 (20.6%) were female and 308 (79.4%) male with mean age of 23.2 + 8 years. Nine athletes (2.3%) were smokers, 28 of them (7.2%) experienced chest pain and discomfort, 45 of them (13.3%) had palpitations and 28 (7.2%) had history of anemia. Study of their electrocardiograms showed that long Q-T interval was not seen for anyone, but evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy was seen in 12 (3.1%), inverted T wave in 6 (1.5%), and right bundle branch block in 45 (13.3%).

Conclusions:

PPE provides very important information of athletes’ health. This study has shown that there was not any significant relation between current examination and electrocardiogram changes but regarding the ECG changes we recommend it as a routine part of PPE.

1. Background

Athletes’ health is an important issue and for promoting it, pre-participation examination (PPE) is widely performed by responsible bodies around the world. While the sudden cardiac death (SCD) incidence in sports is rare (1:50,000 to 1:200,000 annually) (1, 2), it must be considered as an important cause of death among athletes, so early diagnosis of any fatal disorder could prevent sudden death. Sudden cardiac death has been defined by world health organization (WHO) as a fatal condition that happens within 24h after onset of symptoms (3). At the 26th Bethesda conference “athletes’ SCD” was defined as: “non-traumatic, nonviolent, unexpected death due to cardiac causes within one hour of the onset of symptoms. Sports-related SCD are defined as those with symptoms occurring within one hour of sports participation” (4).

Most of the deaths reported in sports are related to cardiovascular conditions (5-11) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause among them. The other fatal cardiovascular conditions which result in SCD include major Vascular anomalies, valvular disorders, coronary ischemic heart disease, Wolf Parkinson white syndrome, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, long Q-T interval, aortic aneurysm, cardiac conduction disorders, myocarditis, and the other congenital heart diseases (12). That is obviously clear that most of SCD causes could be diagnosed by electrocardiogram (ECG), and it should be considered that under the age of 35, genetic and congenital disorders are more common and for people above 35 years old, coronary artery disease is the most common causes of SCD (13). The risk of SCD increases by rising of age and exercise intensity (11, 12). The other non-cardiac causes of sudden death among athletes are head, chest and abdominal traumas (9-11, 14). It has estimated that sudden death cases are 2 times more common among athletes comparing to non-athlete people (3). Therefore it could be concluded that early diagnosis of cardiac disorders has an important preventive role in sudden death. On the other hand many of the above mentioned causes are hereditary, so in case of any SCD the other family members should be examined for screening (15). It is a critical issue to find a reliable and specific approach to diagnose people exposed to SCD (4). Many countries have their own attitude to PPE for detecting possible causes of sudden death such as Spain (16), USA (17-24), Sweden (25), Denmark (26, 27), Norway (28), Italy (26, 29, 30), Switzerland (31), Germany (32), France (33), Netherland (34), China (35), Japan (36, 37), and UAE (38). These examinations are also routinely performed for all athletes participating at major sports events like Asian games and Olympic games by Iran’s Sports medicine federation. The examination consists of a comprehensive questionnaire, full physical examination (by cardiologist as well as orthopedic surgeon, sports medicine specialist, optometrist and internist), a 12 lead 2-dimensional electrocardiogram (ECG), routine blood and urine laboratory examinations (such as blood cell count, hemoglobin, serum iron, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, liver function tests, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and urine analysis). In recent years an echocardiography has been added to these examinations. Supplementary exams and para-clinicals such as radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are also done upon request of physicians.

2. Objectives

Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities in history, examination and electrocardiography of Iranian elite athletes participating in Asian games.

3. Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, all profiles of athletes participating at Asian games who referred to Iran sports medicine federation during 2012 to 2013 were reviewed. Most of the athletes were at the peak of exercise and physical fitness. All athletes were examined one by one by expert general practitioners and specialists, the setting of examinations was based on station-type which means multiple examiners conducted discrete portions of PPE in sequence. We had two stations for heart examination. In the first station, medical history was taken and also cardiovascular system was examined entirely by a cardiologist. In the second station ECG and blood pressure were recorded by an expert. The 6-channel ECG device (brand name: CONTEC®, Model Number: ECG600G) as well as Richter® mercury sphygmomanometer were used. Then all data were reviewed and evaluated by a sports medicine specialist. All profiles with missing data were omitted. All data related to cardiovascular system including past history, familial history, and physical examination as well as ECG interpretation were extracted and analyzed again. Sokolov-Lyon criteria was used for the detection of cardiac hypertrophy. Electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial hypertrophy was a peaked P wave (P pulmonale) with amplitude bigger than 2.5 mm in the inferior leads (II, III and aVF) or bigger than 1.5 mm in V1 and V2. Diagnostic criteria for right atrial hypertrophy was bifid P wave with more than 40 milliseconds between the two peaks or total P wave duration more than 110 milliseconds in lead II or biphasic P wave with terminal negative portion bigger than 40 milliseconds duration or biphasic P wave with terminal negative portion more than 1mm deep In V1. For long QT syndrome we used from QTc) Corrected QT). QTc is prolonged if it was more than 440 milliseconds in men or more than 460 milliseconds in women. Inverted T was important for us in inferior leads (II, III, aVF), lateral leads (I, aVL, V5-6) and anterior leads (V2-6). Standard for left axis deviation was QRS axis less than -30 degrees and for right axis deviation, QRS axis greater than +90 degrees.

To study single variable impact, IBM SPSS Statistics® software version 21 and multiple logistics regression of R® statistical software were used at the same time. In order to determine any relation between clinical signs and symptoms and ECG changes, Chi-squared (X2) test as well as Fisher exact test were performed. First bias reductions also performed because despite the likelihood function converges, some of the parameters are not convergent. In order to predict ECG changes by taking history and physical examination, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed. Level of significance was set as 0.05.

This study was approved by ethical subcommittee of Iran Sports medicine federation education and research committee.

4. Results

in total, 388 elite athletes including 80 females (20.6%) and 308 males (79.4%) participated in this study. The youngest one was 16 and oldest one 36. Comparing 21 various sports disciplines, dragon boat athletes were 48 persons and team of diving and tennis consisted of of 4 athletes. Baseline characteristics are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1. [Part 1]

Demographic and Descriptive Characteristics

CharacteristicsNo. (%)
Demographic data
Male308 (79.4)
Female80 (20.6)
Sport category
Powera200 (51.5)
Enduranceb7 (1.8)
Team Sportsc151 (46.6)
Sport Discipline
Dragon Boat48 (12.4)
Basketball46 (11.9)
Kabaddi34 (8.8)
Wushu34 (8.8)
Volleyball22 (5.7)
Jujitsu21 (4.4)
Wrestling19 (4.9)
Taekwondo18 (4.6)
Archery16 (4.1)
Karate15 (3.9)
water polo13 (3.4)
shooting12 (3.1)
Others90 (23.19)
Total388 (100)
History findings
Smoking9 (2.3)
Dizziness43 (11.2)
Faint8 (2.09)
Chest wall pain21 (5.6)
Anemiad28 (7.4)
Death of Female Family Member under 6511 (2.8)
Death of Male Family Member under 5523 (6)
Palpation49 (13.1)
Extra sound (described by athlete)8 (2.1)

aWeightlifting, Wrestling, Wushu, Karate, Taekwondo, Boxing, Judo, Jujitsu.

bDragon Boat, Cycling, Distance Running, others.

cVolleyball, Basketball, Kabaddi, Water polo.

dAnemia is a medical condition in which the red blood cell count or hemoglobin is less than normal. For men, anemia is typically defined as hemoglobin level of less than 13.5 g/100 mL and in women as hemoglobin of less than 12.0 g/100 mL.

Table 2. [Part 2]

Demographic and Descriptive Characteristics

CharacteristicsNo. (%)
Physical Exam Finding
Murmur11 (3.1)
ECG Findings Axis
NL380 (97.9)
Right Deviation4 (1)
Left Deviation4 (1)
Left Ventricular hypertrophy12 (3.1)
Atrial hypertrophy3 (8)
Heart block
block level 135 (11.6)
Branch block
RBBB38 (9.7)
Sinus Rhythm
Bradycardia124 (32)
Tachycardia5 (1.3)
Arrhythmia
PVC2 (0.5)
WPW1 (0.3)
T change
T invert6 (1.5)
Jpoint elevation17 (4.4)

Two athletes (0.5%) suffered from asthma, and in 8 persons (2%) who didn’t have any other cardiovascular symptom, cardiac murmur was reported. Based on physical examination 11 athletes (2.8%) had heart murmur. Investigation of their ECG showed that there was not any evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy in athletes while 12 sportsmen (3%) had signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. First degree heart block was detected among 45 (11.6%), and there was nobody with second degree heart block. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) was shown in 38 (9.8%) but nobody had left bundle branch block (LBBB). Only 2 (0.5%) of them had arrhythmia which was benign premature ventricular contraction (PVC) according to their ECG. Six sportsmen (1.5%) had inverted T wave in v1 and v2 leads and nobody had long corrected Q-T interval.

Regarding to the distribution of symptoms among various sports disciplines, water polo players had the highest rate of chest wall pain compliant (30.8% of athletes). The highest rate of palpitation was reported among weightlifters with (40%) and after that were shooting (25%) and water polo (23.1%). Regarding the physical examination, highest resting heart rate belonged to soccer players (64.2% of them had heart rate above 75/min) and lowest heart rate was for water polo players (23.3% had heart rate below 50/min) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Quantitative Parameters

Quantitative ParametersMean (SD)Range
Heart rate66 (8.4)48 - 91
Respiratory rate12 (1.07)10 - 15
Blood pressure max11.1 (1.1)9 - 15.6
Blood pressure min7.1 (0.8)5 - 10

There was not any significant relation between ECG changes and variables including sports discipline, history of hypertension, history of lightheadedness, vertigo, unconsciousness, chest pain, history of death below age of 65 in female and 55 in male family members due to cardiovascular causes, metabolic disorders, palpitation, and exhaustion. There was a significant relation between gender and ECG changes (P < 0.0001) that means 58% of male athletes had ECG variations (which most of them were considered normal changes) but these changes are lesser in female sportspersons (13.8%) which have been shown in Tables 4 and 5. The mean age of athletes with and without ECG changes didn’t have any significant correlation (P = 0.201) which were 23 and 23.5 years old respectively.

Table 4.

Electrocardiogram Changes According to Other Variablesa

ECG ChangeTotalP Value
NoYes
Gender< 0.0001b
Male128 (41.7)179 (58.3)307
Female69 (86.3)11 (13.8)80
Sport0.707c
power speed82 (45.8)97 (54.2)179
Endurance4 (57.1)3 (42.9)7
Team70 (49.6)71 (50.4)141
HTN history> 0.99c
Yes1 (100.0)01
No194 (50.7)189 (49.3)383
Dizziness history0.339b
Yes19 (44.2)24 (55.8)43
No176 (51.9)163 (48.1)339
Light headedness0.608b
Yes7 (58.3)5 (41.7)12
No187 (50.8)181 (49.2)368
Faint history> 0.99c
Yes4 (50.0)4 (50.0)8
No191 (51.2)182 (48.8)373
Chest pain0.453b
Yes9 (42.9)12 (57.1)21
No181 (51.3)172 (48.7)353
Dead 55 maled0.446b
Yes10 (43.5)13 (56.5)23
No185 (51.7)173 (48.3)358
Dead 65 femaled0.323b
Yes4 (36.4)7 (63.6)11
No190 (51.5)179 (48.5)369
Metabolic historye0.98b
Yes27 (51.9)25 (48.1)52
No164 (51.7)153 (48.3)317
Tired history0.892b
Yes18 (50.0%)18 (50.0)36
No172 (51.2%)164 (48.8)336
Palpitation0.753b
Yes24 (49.0%)25 (51.0)49
No166 (51.4%)157 (48.6)323
Extra sound history0.007c
Yes8 (100.0)08
No182 (50.0)182 (50.0)364
Age0.201f
Mean (SD)22.96 (4.44)23.54 (4.32)
Median (Range)23 (16 - 36)23 (16 - 36)

aValues are expressed as No. (%).

bMann-Whitney U test.

cKruskal-Wallis Test.

dFamily history of early coronary heart disease (heart attack, stroke percutaneous coronary catheter interventional procedure, CABG, treated angina or SCD) in a first-degree family in a female parent or sibling before age 65 years or a male parent or sibling before age 55 years.

eThe metabolic syndrome refers to the accompaniment of several cardiovascular risk factors, including: atherogenic dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension.

fSpearman’s rho.

Table 5.

Variables’ Regression

Regression CoefficientS. E.Chi SquareP ValueOR
Age0.0060.0290.0390.8441.006
Gender
Male1.9750.36937.301< 0.00017.213
Female
Sport
Power-Speed0.3300.2491.8050.1791.391
Endurance-0.3230.7920.1910.6620.724
Team
HTN history
Yes-1.7122.5420.8850.3470.181
No
Dizziness history
Yes-0.1820.3920.230.6320.833
No
Light headedness
Yes-0.0410.8370.0030.9570.959
No
Faint history
Yes-0.5191.0910.2770.5990.595
No
Chest pain
Yes0.0690.5410.0180.8941.072
No
Dead 55 male
Yes0.2070.5110.1790.6721.23
No
Dead 65 female
Yes0.5590.7020.7350.3191.75
No
Metabolic history
Yes0.3970.3540.0130.9091.04
No
Tired
Yes0.3160.4350.5560.4561.372
No
Palpitation
Yes0.1180.3640.110.7401.126
No
Extra sound history
Yes-2.3071.6613.8740.0490.099
No

In accordance to Table 6 and Figure 1, it is shown that clinical signs and symptoms could not be used as predictors for ECG changes (P = 0.863).

Table 6.

Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC)

ParametersResults
Area under the ROC curve (AUC)0.505
Standard Error0.0289
95% Confidence interval0.450 to 0.560
Z statistic0.173
Significance level P (Area = 0.5)0.8627
It is shown That Clinical Signs and Symptoms Could Not be Used as Predictors for ECG Changes (P = 0.863)
It is shown That Clinical Signs and Symptoms Could Not be Used as Predictors for ECG Changes (P = 0.863)
Figure 1.

It is shown That Clinical Signs and Symptoms Could Not be Used as Predictors for ECG Changes (P = 0.863)

5. Discussion

As above mentioned, two purposes were followed in this study; to determine prevalence of cardiovascular disorders among athletes participating at Asian games and answering the question whether an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a necessary part of pre-participation examination (PPE) for prevention of sudden cardiac death. In other words, the current study was to find any correlation between ECG changes and cardiovascular signs and symptoms. In Iran there are diverse standards for pre-participation examination. For example for school level athletes PPE includes of history taking and physical examination but for professional and championship level athletes the PPE consists of ECG and some blood and urine tests in addition to history taking and physical examination. Sometimes in accordance to level and number of athletes, echocardiography is also performed for them. Among various reasons for performing examinations, predicting and prevention of sudden cardiac death is very important due to its incidence. While the incidence of SCD is low and reported only about 90 annually in United States (39) but regarding the importance of athletes’ health, PPE is performed in accordance to 26th Bethesda conference (40, 41) which is emphasized on family history and examination and there is not any clear recommendation for performing ECG (42). Based on American heart association (AHA) guidelines the most effective and cautious method of screening for detecting cardiovascular abnormalities, is history taking and physical examination (43). In Italy taking ECG is required for all athletes prior to participation at sports events (42). In Veneto region of Italy, performing this guideline resulted in 89% decrease of sudden death among athletes (29). European society of cardiology also recommended ECG in European countries for cardiovascular disorder screening (44).

International Olympic committee (IOC) also recommended ECG for athletes participating in Olympic games. For screening of SCD, 42 Diversity of methods and strategies around the world is due to different common causes of sudden cardiac death in various countries. In USA the most common cause of SCD is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but in Italy arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of it (9, 29, 39, 45). Wheeler et al showed that performing ECG is both cost effective and diagnostic for SCD (42). In our current study and regarding to the results we concluded that there is not any correlation between positive signs and symptoms and ECG changes. On the other hand the cost of taking ECG is lesser than 5 US$, therefore ECG could be considered as a mandatory part of PPE. Although there is not any consensus about the PPE (24) and more studies are recommended in accordance to application of different methods, their costs and efficacies (46). Performing echocardiography is still expensive (47), controversial and needs more investigations.

While 2.3% of athletes were smokers and their average age was 4 years more than mean age of all athletes, regarding the increase of cardiovascular disorders’ risk, the educational programs could be conducted for confronting this problem.

Acknowledgements

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