The Relationship Between XRCC1 Arg399Gln Polymorphism, Alcohol Consumption and Colorectal Cancer: One of the Alcohol Forbidding Reasons in Islam

authors:

avatar Sayed Alireza Mirsane 1 , avatar Shima Shafagh 2 , *

Surgical Technologist, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
General Surgery Specialist, Medical School, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
Gene, Cell and Tissue: Vol.3, issue 3; e40607
published online: July 27, 2016
article type: Letter
received: July 3, 2016
revised: July 19, 2016
accepted: July 19, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17795/gct-40607

how to cite: Mirsane S A, Shafagh S. The Relationship Between XRCC1 Arg399Gln Polymorphism, Alcohol Consumption and Colorectal Cancer: One of the Alcohol Forbidding Reasons in Islam. Gene Cell Tissue. 2016;3(3):e40607. https://doi.org/10.17795/gct-40607.

Dear Editor,

Cancers start when cells in the body begin uncontrolled growth. Cancers are one of the major reasons of morbidity and death universally, and can spread to other organs of the body. colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. It has the third rank in occurrence of cancer and mortality in the US (1, 2). It is a very serious and dangerous problem worldwide (3). On the other hand, X-Ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) plays an important role in the repair of DNA damage, and this repair implementation is via base lesions excision repair (BER) pathway (4). Free radical intermediates may generate DNA base lesions that should be removed via the BER. It should be noted that the reduced repair capacity due to XRCC1 polymorphisms is a venturesome factor for body’s health; Lunn et al. showed that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism could cause defective DNA repair (5, 6). XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism can result in lung cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (7-10). Our goal was to detect the relationship between XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and CRC and also to determine the efficacy of alcohol consumption on this relationship. Regarding the relationship between XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and CRC, some studies have shown that XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism could cause CRC occurrence (11, 12). In Wu’s study, it was suggested that this polymorphism has a potential to increase CRC susceptibility (13). Similarly, Chang-Jiang Qin et al. detected the association between the polymorphism of XRCC1 Arg399Gln and CRC (14). Also two meta-analyses confirmed that XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism is a predisposing factor for the development of CRC (15, 16). On the other hand, researchers also evaluated the interaction between three polymorphic sites of XRCC1 gene and drinking habit; the idea was based on the role of reactive oxygen species as relevant genotoxins that might account for the effects of alcohol; and they indicated a higher risk in people with Arg399Gln allele and alcohol drinking. Also, they suggested that chronic alcohol consumption could reduce XRCC1 protein activity (13). In addition, scholars found that the effect of high alcohol intake that increased the risk of CRC was more remarkable in carriers of the XRCC1 codons 194 Trp allele or 399 Gln allele (17-19), and as mentioned above, XRCC1 polymorphisms are repair capacity reducers, so in alcoholism, XRCC1 can’t become involved in the BER of alcohol-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, CRC is seriously and significantly associated with XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism. The findings demonstrate that alcoholic drinks possess adverse effects on the colon and rectum because these drinks are associated with problems linked to XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism in creation and development of CRC. Also, it should be noted that according to the Holy Quran, consumption of anything that causes drunkenness is forbidden such as alcoholic drinks (20). Finally, alcoholic drinks are hazardous factors in relation to CRC and this is one of the detected alcohol forbidding reasons in Islam. So via adherence to preachments of Islam about lack of alcohol consumption, one can promote their social and personal health.

References

  • 1.

    Mirsane SA, Shafagh S. Remedial and beneficial effects of calcium on colorectal cancer. Arvand J Health Med Sci. 2016.

  • 2.

    American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015.

  • 3.

    Mirsane SA, Shafagh S. Effect of heterocyclic amines, vegetables, and fruits on colorectal cancer. Int Electro J Med. 2016;5(2):1-2.

  • 4.

    Chou WC, Wang HC, Wong FH, Ding SL, Wu PE, Shieh SY, et al. Chk2-dependent phosphorylation of XRCC1 in the DNA damage response promotes base excision repair. EMBO J. 2008;27(23):3140-50. [PubMed ID: 18971944]. https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2008.229.

  • 5.

    Lunn RM, Langlois RG, Hsieh LL, Thompson CL, Bell DA. XRCC1 polymorphisms: effects on aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts and glycophorin A variant frequency. Cancer Res. 1999;59(11):2557-61. [PubMed ID: 10363972].

  • 6.

    Ratnasinghe D, Yao SX, Tangrea JA, Qiao YL, Andersen MR, Barrett MJ, et al. Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(2):119-23. [PubMed ID: 11219768].

  • 7.

    Wang R, Hu X, Zhou Y, Feng Q, Su L, Long J, et al. XRCC1 Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp polymorphisms in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk: a meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(1):153-9. [PubMed ID: 22712837]. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2012.704031.

  • 8.

    Guo S, Mao X, Ming L. XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism is not associated with breast cancer in Chinese. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(7):10429-36. [PubMed ID: 26379833].

  • 9.

    Zhang XL, Lu Y, Yang S, Peng QL, Wang J, Xie L, et al. An updated meta-analysis between the association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(7):3273-8. [PubMed ID: 24815482].

  • 10.

    Yang HY, Yang SY, Shao FY, Wang HY, Wang YD. Updated assessment of the association of the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism with lung cancer risk in the Chinese population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(2):495-500. [PubMed ID: 25684477].

  • 11.

    Huang Y, Li X, He J, Chen L, Huang H, Liang M, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in XRCC1 genes and colorectal cancer susceptibility. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:244. [PubMed ID: 26271249]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-015-0650-2.

  • 12.

    Liu L, Miao L, Ji G, Qiang F, Liu Z, Fan Z. Association between XRCC1 and XRCC3 polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 23 case-control studies. Mol Biol Rep. 2013;40(6):3943-52. [PubMed ID: 23271134]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-2471-5.

  • 13.

    Wu W, Wu Y, Wang M, Zhang D. Meta-analysis of the association between the XRCC1 gene R399Q polymorphism and colorectal cancer: an update. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28(10):1453-4. [PubMed ID: 23233244]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-012-1627-z.

  • 14.

    Wang J, Zhao Y, Jiang J, Gajalakshmi V, Kuriki K, Nakamura S, et al. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes XRCC1, XRCC3 and XPD, and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in an Indian population. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136(10):1517-25. [PubMed ID: 20229274]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-010-0809-8.

  • 15.

    Zeng FR, Ling Y, Yang J, Tian XC, Yang X, Luo RC. X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 Arg399Gln gene polymorphism and susceptibility to colorectal cancer:a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2013;34(1):555-63. [PubMed ID: 23188703]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-012-0581-2.

  • 16.

    Qin CJ, Xu KW, Chen ZH, Zhai ET, He YL, Song XM. XRCC1 R399Q polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk in the Chinese Han population: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(2):461-6. [PubMed ID: 25582318]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3054-6.

  • 17.

    Yin G, Morita M, Ohnaka K, Toyomura K, Hamajima N, Mizoue T, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1, alcohol consumption, and the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2012;22(1):64-71. [PubMed ID: 22186158].

  • 18.

    Hong YC, Lee KH, Kim WC, Choi SK, Woo ZH, Shin SK, et al. Polymorphisms of XRCC1 gene, alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2005;116(3):428-32. [PubMed ID: 15800946]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21019.

  • 19.

    Gao CM, Ding JH, Li SP, Liu YT, Cao HX, Wu JZ, et al. Polymorphisms in XRCC1 gene, alcohol drinking, and risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study in Jiangsu Province of China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;14(11):6613-8. [PubMed ID: 24377576].

  • 20.

    Holy Qur'an ; Al- MAEDA(5); Verse No. 90.