Keywords
Dear editor,
Throughout history, war and epidemics have ravaged humanity. Some epidemics have ominous connotations that no war has caused ever since. During the 20th century, several epidemics have occurred, the most well-known of which is the Spanish flu pandemic caused by the influenza A (H1N1) virus in 1918, which infected 500 million people and claimed 25 million lives. These epidemics remind us that we should be prepared at any time to confront a major pandemic (1). Nevertheless, how we cope with them has always been a fundamental issue all around the world. According to the globally available estimates, the SARS pandemic caused nearly $30 billion economic loss in 2003, and the COVID-19 pandemic represents the largest economic shock to the global economy (2). Since accurate budget forecasts are not available for coping with future pandemics, strengthening infrastructures and implementing prevention measures, including upgrading the health care systems, can have significant benefits in the short and long term (3, 4). In all countries, improving health infrastructures is the most effective strategy to deal with global health crises. Health infrastructures not only include physical structures such as public health facilities, clinics, hospitals, and human resources, but also cover legal frameworks, including laws, policies, and actions of the government and the private sector regarding the public health. It also covers a wide range of preventive measures, including testing and screening, disease reporting, monitoring, quarantine, social restrictions, and vaccination, all of which should be implemented through the formulation of national laws and policies (5, 6).
The World Health Organization (WHO) defined the universal health coverage (UHC) as a basis for ensuring the health and well-being of all people at all ages as well as the ultimate goal for all countries to achieve equitable and sustainable health outcomes. Strengthening the health system is the prerequisite of the UHC, which can be achieved by allocating necessary resources and strengthening health care facilities and institutions, to expand and increase the flexibility in providing healthcare services. A flexible health system can help the society to stay calm and avoid emotional reactions, and provides a timely response to health emergencies through timely identification and prevention of threats. Resilience to health emergencies is one of the basic and cost-effective features of structured health systems (7-9). The countries most affected by the disease, despite having access to adequate financial resources, were those that didn’t strengthen their health systems effectively by investing in the UHC. So that in the face of a new pandemic, they lacked enough inpatient beds, particularly intensive care units bed, medicines, and medical equipment (e.g., ventilator). On the other hand, having access to both basic and complementary health insurance coverage also has a crucial role in the affordability of healthcare services WHO reported that countries with effective and coordinated health coverage (e.g., South Korea, Germany, Singapore, and Japan) had a better performance in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic (8, 10).
According to the WHO statistics, the share of the health sector from gross domestic product (GDP) is on the rise in various countries. However, governmental budgets are not enough to meet the financial needs of health systems. Many countries have resorted to various strategies to address resource shortages, including the capacities of the private sector. In other words, engaging the private sector and shifting towards decentralization is one of the most important reforms of health systems (11). Evidence suggest that inadequate and ongoing monitoring of the private sector may negatively influence the countries’ ability to deal with future epidemics (12). Nevertheless, concerning the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, decentralized systems may be considered as vulnerable (10). The experience of countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and Thailand that have used different models of public-private partnership (PPP) shows that engaging the private sector in providing health care services should begin from non-clinical and para-clinical services with a gradual move towards clinical services (13, 14).
The critical lesson from the 2014-16 West African Ebola crisis is the need for close collaboration of public and private sectors to respond to large-scale epidemics. Hence, in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, the private sector (both for-profit and non-profit actors) role in providing health care services should be increased. In this line, increasing the participation of the private sector should be at the core of national health efforts. Currently, public facilities play the dominant role in diagnosing and treating COVID-19 patients. However, since currently there is no way to end the pandemic, close participation of both sectors is necessary. For example, private hospitals should be equipped to treat patients infected with COVID-19. This process will, of course, have to be steered by the government through a clear policy framework, developing appropriate reporting and referral systems, and having an appropriate payment system (15). The significant impact of COVID-19 on the various health, political, social, and structural dimensions of societies is an important reminder to all countries, regardless of their income, of the need to renew political commitment to improve health as a key component of sustainable development plans (15, 16).
According to the WHO reports, in the early stages of policy-making to prepare for the epidemic, financial barriers should be addressed by the government, and a national mobilization ought to be created, along with the organization of continuous assistance to the public and private sectors. Besides, providing more concessions for private sector participation by the government is also necessary. Regular monitoring of out-of-pocket payments and providing adequate financial support for the lower deciles, as well as using the potentials of non-governmental organizations, are effective methods to strengthen communities and to reduce harm and social pressures caused by health crises. Expanding insurance coverage, raising public awareness, ensuring adequate access to medicines, equipment, and human resources, as well as creating a targeted monitoring structure, are needed to deal with health crises, particularly in developing countries. By allocating a portion of health credits in each country, as unpredictable resources health credits, to unpredicted events and using the pooled resources in a centralized management framework, the financial aspect of addressing public health crises can be addressed.
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