Abstract
Background:
Hospital wastes are potentially hazardous and infectious to humans and the environment; therefore, hospitals must manage and dispose of their waste properly.Objectives:
The aim of this study was to determine the composition and management of waste in the north of Iran.Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on the status and composition of hospital wastes generated in three hospitals in Amol City (located in the north of Iran). During the study a total of three samples (a sample per month) were selected and analyzed for waste ingredients in each hospital. Some of the data was gathered by hospital personnel who completed questionnaire.Results:
Based on this study’s findings the average rate of hospital waste generation was 3.1 kg/bed per day, of this 48.5% was non-hazardous and 51.5% was hazardous waste. In our study, the minimum and maximum component percentage of hospital wastes was for metal (1.07%) and paper (17.9%), respectively.Conclusions:
Based on the findings obtained, the rate of total waste generation in the Amol Hospital is similar in range to that of other Iranian hospitals, however, the hazardous fraction of this waste was high in comparison to other previous studies, and this is probably due to improper separation and management of the waste materials.Keywords
1. Background
A hospital is a medical system which has been created in order to provide diagnostic, therapeutic and hygienic facilities for the recovery of outpatients and inpatients from various diseases. Nowadays, hospitals and medical institutions have experienced remarkable growth which has resulted in the generation of increased amounts of medical wastes (1). Medical wastes are potentially hazardous, infectious and toxic, and due to their harmful nature, improper handling and disposal may destroy the natural environment and disturb the balance of the ecosystem (2).Studies show that currently 450000 kg of medical waste is produced daily in Iran, and that they have infectivity potential for living creatures (1, 3). Increasing the size of hospitals and the widespread use of disposable items, will increase the amount of medical wastes generated (4). In France, medical waste is divided into three categories according to the generation source, these include; special medical wastes, kitchen and semi-household wastes, and other kinds of medical wastes. In another classification system, medical waste is divided into six categories which consist of biological, human pathological wastes, human blood and blood products, sharps, unused sharps, and animal wastes (5). The most common classification of medical waste according to the World Health Organization (WHO)consists of seven categories including; ordinary wastes, pathological wastes, radioactive wastes, chemical wastes, infectious wastes, kitchen and semi-household wastes and other kinds of medical wastes(4). Inadequate medical waste control and inattention to its collection, maintenance, transport and correct disposal, can result in specific problems which may threaten society and environment health(6). Medical waste, may contain vast quantities of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aurous, tuberculosis and tetanus bacilli, hepatitis A and B and AIDS viruses, etc. these are significant infectious organisms and dangerous to human health (7).
In recent years hospital infections and the contamination of health center personnel with microorganisms, such as hepatitis B and AIDS viruses, has been one of the most important concerns of international organizations, especially WHO. According to researchers approximately 40% to 50% of medical wastes are hazardous and this can result in the transmission of hepatitis and AIDS viruses(8-10). Precise scientific investigations have shown that large numbers of infectious diseases have been engendered as a result of carelessness and indifference in the maintenance, transport and disposal of medical wastes (8). For example, the probability of being infected with AIDS and hepatitis viruses was 0.1% and 10%, respectively, as the result of contact with contaminated syringes (11). In addition to microbial contamination of hospital waste, researchers estimate that there are approximately 630 different types of chemical materials used in hospitals, and about 300 of these are toxic and hazardous to people's health. A significant amount of medical waste is found in the shape of residues and non-control of their disposal, resulting in water, soil and air pollution. These toxins can result in the growth of vermin and dangerous microorganisms, which can develop into other potential sanitary hazards(6). In addition, the formation of toxic dioxin and furan gases from medical waste incineration can cause damage to human nervous and reproduction systems over a long period of time, and disposal of these wastes can result in soil, water and air pollution, because the leachate of medical waste is much more polluting than household waste leachate. (7, 12). Due to the dangerous potential of hospital wastes, they should be treated before disposal. There are many ways to treat hospital wastes. Common clinical waste treatment systems are; incineration, steam autoclave, microwave, mechanical/chemical treatment, pyrolysis and plasma incineration (5). A great deal of research has been conducted in Iran and other countries on the management and physical composition of hospital wastes. Amol's hospitals which are covered by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, with 480 beds and several departments, make a significant contribution to medical waste generation, and if these medical wastes are not managed correctly, they can create irrecoverable hazards to hospital personnel, society and the environment.
2. Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the management status and physical composition of hospital waste in Amol City.
3. Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional, descriptive study has been conducted on the management status and physical composition of hospital wastes in Amol hospitals, which are covered by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, for a three month period during 2011.The three hospitals studied included; Imam Reza, 17Shahrivar and Imam Ali, which are called hospital A, B and C in the text, respectively. During the study period, one sample per month from each hospital (a total of nine samples from three hospitals) were randomly selected and analyzed to determine their composition. For the physical analysis, the weight of each hospital waste sample was 120 kg. Remaining data were gathered by filling a questionnaire that was designed and confirmed by the Iranian Heath and Treatment Ministry, through interviews with the hospital's environmental health personnel, during the study period. The parameters considered in this questionnaire included; hospital waste generation per bed per day, total daily amount of hospital waste generation, and type and disposal method of hospital waste. Finally SPSS software (Version 11.5, SPSS Inc. Corporation, and Chicago) and statistical indexes were used for analysis of the data obtained.
4. Results
In Table 1the data for the number of beds and waste generation weight for the three hospitals are shown. As reported in this table, the mean number of beds and occupancy rates in the studied hospitals were; 160 beds and 81.8%, respectively. The mean weight of hospital waste generation in hospital A, B and C were; 500 kg, 475 kg and 240 kg per day, respectively. In addition, the percentage of the hazardous fraction of hospital waste in hospitals A, B and C were; 47.7%, 56.63% and 49.2%, respectively. The mean rate of waste generation were; 2.6 (hospital A), 4.2 (hospital B) and 2.5 (hospital C) kg/bed per day. The results of physical analysis of the individual components in the hospital waste at the three hospitals are reported in Table 2.The results obtained in this study showed that the mean individual components of generated waste in the studied hospitals were; plastic 30.2%, glass 4.8%, textiles13.4%, paper 17.9 %, metal 1.07%, food waste17.8% and other materials 14.7%. Regarding the above data, the maximum and minimum percentages of the components are related to paper and metal, respectively.
Characteristics of Hospital Wastes Generated in Studied Hospitals
| Number of Beds | Number of Active Beds | Bed Occupancy Factor | Total Generated Wastes, kg/d (%) | Non-Hazardous Fraction, kg/d (%) | Hazardous Fraction, kg/d (%) | Amputated Organs and Bodies, kg/d (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital A (n = 3) | 205 | 192 | 93.65 | 500 ± 117 (100) | 261.5 ± 36 (52.3±5.8) | 238.5 ± 23 (47.7 ± 4.60 | 0 (0) |
| Hospital B (n = 3) | 145 | 113 | 77.93 | 475 ± 97 (100) | 205 ± 21 (43.2 ± 4.4) | 269 ± 31 (56.6 ± 6.5) | 1 ± 0.6 (0.2 ± 0.11) |
| Hospital C (n = 3) | 130 | 96 | 73.84 | 240 ± 98 (100) | 122 ± 25 (50.8 ± 10.4) | 118 ± 26 (49.2 ± 10.8) | 0 (0) |
| Hospital Mean (n = 9) | 160 ± 39.7 | 133.7 ± 51.2 | 81.8 ± 10.5 | 405 ± 143.4 (100) | 196.2 ± 70.2 (48.4 ± 17.2) | 208.5 ± 79.8 (51.5 ± 14.80 | 0.33 ± 0.6 (0.1 ± 0.03) |
Physical Composition of Hospital Waste as Weighted Percentage in Studied Hospitals
| Hospital A (n = 3), Mean ± SD | Hospital B (n = 3) , Mean ± SD | Hospital C (n = 3) , Mean ± SD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic | 30 ± 6.1 | 28.5 ± 4.5 | 32 ± 4.7 |
| Glass | 4 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 0.9 |
| Textiles | 13.5 ± 4.6 | 14 ± 3.7 | 12.5 ± 0.3 |
| Paper and cartons | 18.5 ± 4.1 | 16.8 ± 3.7 | 19.2 ± 3.2 |
| Metal | 1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.15 | 0.8 ± 0.09 |
| Food waste | 18 ± 2.1 | 18.5 ± 2.7 | 17 ± 1.8 |
| Other | 15 ± 2.2 | 16 ± 2.7 | 13 ± 1.7 |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
5. Discussion
Findings of this research showed that the average rate of hospital waste generation in the three studied hospital were between 2.5 kg to 4.2 kg/bed per day, that is similar to the level of waste generation in other countries such as; Brazil, India, Jordan and Turkey (1-5 kg/bed per day) (10, 13-15). According to a study in India the rate of medical waste generation was reported to be 2.31 kg/bed per day (16). On the other hand, waste generation in hospitals in some developed countries such as; the U.S.A, Netherlands, France and Argentina is reported to be 4.5 kg, 2.8 kg, 2.7 kg and 2.7 kg/bed per day, respectively, which in most cases is close to our study findings (17).On the other hand, medical waste generation in some Asian countries has been reported as below this level; Bangladesh 0.8-1.67 kg, Bhutan 0.27 kg, India1-2 kg, Malaysia1.9 kg, Nepal 0.5 kg, Pakistan 1.06 kg, Sri Lanka 0.36 kg, Thailand0.68 kg and Vietnam 2.27 kg/bed per day (18). In comparison the value findings of our study are low and that is probably due to differences in the levels of medical services and waste management in the different hospitals.
In addition, a study on the rate of medical waste generation in other Iranian hospitals has shown that the rate of waste generation were 7.42 kg, 3.43 kg and 3.23 kg/bed per day in Yazd, Shiraz and Mahshahr cities, respectively. Regarding the aforementioned data, in the Yazd City Hospital this rate is very high in comparison to the results of the current study. This is probably due to a lack of knowledge and carelessness by hospital workers, applicants and patient's companions (8, 19). Research on medical waste generation in Semnan, Fars, Khuzestan and Tehran province hospitals showed that the average generation rate of hospital waste was 0.8-1.8 kg, 3.9 kg, 2.3 kg and 2.71 kg/bed per day, respectively, which shows a wide variation in range (20). The amount of hospital and health center wastes in Sabzevar has been reported to be 2.38 kg/bed per day (21). The obtained data revealed that the average fraction of hazardous, non-hazardous waste and amputated organs in Amol's city hospitals was 47.76%, 51.17% and 0.07%, respectively. As reported in Table 2, the fraction of hazardous waste in hospital A, B and C were 47.7%, 56.63% and 49.2%, respectively. The amount of hazardous waste in this current study is greater than the amount of hazardous wastes generated in Bukan, Bushehr, Tehran, Yasuj and Sistan and Baluchestan city hospitals. (1, 6, 22-25). The fraction of hazardous wastes in Sylhet City, Dhanka City In India, USA, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Denmark have been reported to be approximately 22%, 16%, 28%, 5%, 14%, 8% and 27%, respectively (17).
In our study, it was revealed that in Amol's hospitals the rate of hazardous waste generation is high and this necessitates more attention to proper separation of waste sat source generation. The disposal methods of medical waste in the studied hospitals were the application of incinerators in hospitals B and C and the use of a steam autoclave in hospital A. Based on a literature review, the use of a steam autoclave for the decontamination of medical waste is more efficient than incineration. As medical waste has hazardous and infectious properties, thus, they must be disposed of separately from the non-hazardous waste. Workers that handle and collect medical waste should be properly acquainted with the dangers that it poses, as mismanagement of medical waste can result in irreversible environmental health impacts. Finally, the proper separation and collection of hospital wastes (hazardous and non-hazardous) will decrease investment and operation costs of the incineration plant and pollution emissions. The physical composition of waste in the studied hospitals of Amol City were; plastic (30.2%), glass (4.8%), textiles (13.4%), paper (17.9%), metal (1.07%), organic waste (17.8%) and other materials (14.7%). In other Iranian hospitals the physical components of medical waste were; paper (14%), glass (8%), metal (2%), plastic (29%), organic waste (31%) and textiles (16%) (26).
In conclusion, in Amol City hospitals, the average rate of hospital wastes were 3.1 kg/bed-day, of this about 51% is hazardous waste that must be disposed of using proper methods. The physical component analysis of the studied hospital waste showed paper with 17.9% was highest and metals with 1.07% had the lowest components.
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