1. Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a member of the family Hepeviridae, is believed to be a major pathogen responsible for endemic infections as well as large epidemics of acute clinical hepatitis (1). Infection caused by Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been a significant global health concern and has been identified and described as a zoonotic infection by earlier researchers (2). Epidemics of HEV infection has been reported in many developing countries of Asia and Africa, however specific sporadic cases of HEV infection have also been reported in industrialized countries (3). Among the known subtypes, genotype 4 hepatitis E virus has been a predominant pathogen infringing the Chinese, especially since the last decade or so (4, 5). The genome of HEV is a single-strand RNA of 7.2 kbs that is positive-sense with 5’-methylgunine cap and 3’ ploy (A) stretch and contains three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORF), called ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3 (6, 7). ORF3 encodes around 120 amino acids of phosphoprotein that can associate with the cytoskeleton using one of its hydrophobic domains and can homodimerize through a 43-amino-acid interaction domain (6). Previous researches have suggested that the pORF3 can promote cell survival and proliferation and dampen innate host response through an attenuated acute phase response (8). Meanwhile, the pORF3 is important to virion egress from infected cells and the PSAP motif has a justified role as a functional domain for HEV budding (9, 10).
2. Objectives
The major objectives of the current study were to screen HEV-pORF3 interacting proteins from hepatocytes cDNA library using yeast two-hybrid systems, and to further confirm the interactions by Co-IP and western-blotting assays. These novel research findings will hopefully bring new descriptions to better understand the specific function of pORF3.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
Preservation of genotype 4 hepatitis E virus was carried out at our laboratory. The Cyto-Trap two-hybrid system used in the current study including pMyr and pSos vectors, CDC25H cells and corresponding control plasmids were purchased from Stratagene. The pcDNA3.1-His-Flag-tag (pcDNA3.1 HF), a mammalian expression vector derived from pcDNA3.1 was purchased from Life Technologies and modifications for purification were carried out through His-tag and Co-IP with Flag-tag. The vector M51 (Genecopoeia, America) was used to explore the coordinated co-expression of two genes with the same vector and the Green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence, which allowed for direct observation of expression results.
3.2. Plasmid Construction
To construct the pSos-bait ORF3 for Cyto-Trap two-hybrid system assay, the ORF3 cDNA of HEV was amplified using the primers listed in Table 1 and cloned into pSos vector by BamH I and Sal I restriction sites. To generate an N-terminal with HF-tagged ORF3 expression construct for Co-IP, the cDNA of ORF3 was amplified using the primers listed in Table 1 and the PCR product was cloned into the pcDNA3.1-His-Flag vector via the Hind III and EcoR I restriction sites to create pcDNA3.1-HF-ORF3. The gene of hepsin (HPN) of a transmembrane serine protease corresponding to bases from 132 bp to 1250 bp was amplified through primers presented in Table 1 and the resulting amplification product was then sub-cloned into the M51 vector for Co-IP.
Table 1. Primers Applied in This Research
| Target | Primers Sequence (5’-3’) | |
|---|---|---|
| Forward | Reverse | |
| pSos-bait-ORF3 | caggatccggatccgatgccacc | cagtcgacacgcgttcaacggcgaag |
| pcDNA3.1-HF-ORF3 | atcgcagccaagcttatggagat-accaccatccatgcgct | attcgcccggaattctc - aacggcgccccag |
| M51-HPN | agaccaccaagcttaggcgcaaggagggt | agtcgaccgaattctcagagctgggtcaccatgcc |
3.3. Screening of Interacting Proteins by Yeast Two-Hybrid System
During this study, cytoplasm-based yeast two-hybrid systems were adopted, to dissect the proteins interacting with pORF3 from human hepatocytes cDNA library. All experiments were carried out strictly according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the plasmids of pSos-ORF3 as baits and that of human hepatcytes cDNA library were co-transformed into CDC25H cells maintained in the absence of leucine and uracil in plates containing glucose but not galactose at 25°C. Co-transformation of CDC25H was performed with pSos/pMyr functioning as a negative control, whereas pSos-MafB/pMyr-MafB was regarded as a positive control. However, screening of putative clones was carried out on the basis of their ability to grow on minimal synthetic medium in short of leucine and uracil on plates containing galatose but not glucose at 37°C. Further, the assumed positive clones were re-transformed into the same CDC25H cells with pSos to confirm the interactions. The extracted positive plasmids were sent for sequencing by the recommended primers Cyto-Trap two-hybrid system and the sequencing outcomes were then blasted in GenBank.
3.4. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)
In this study, the recombinant pcDNA3.1HF-ORF3 and M51-HPN were transformed into 293 T cells according to the Lipofectaminate 2000 (Life Technologies) instructions. After 48 hours of expression, cells were washed twice with PBS and lysed in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCL pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl and 1% Triton X-100 and added 2 µL phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) for 30 minutes at 4°C on a rotator. The anti-Flag M2 affinity gel was prepared in advance and the unbound cell antibody against flag was washed away by TBS buffer (150 mM Tris HCL with 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4). 1 mL of total protein lysates were incubated in 20 µL of beads, overnight at 4°C on a shaker. Beads were then washed 3 times in TBS buffer and precipitates were resolved on an 8% gel by SDS-PAGE and electro-transferred to immoblin-P membrane (Merck Millipore) in 50 mM Tris-boric acid at 4°C for 2 hours at 300 mA. Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk powder in TBS-Tween or TBST (50 mM Tris-HCL pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.4% Tween-20) for 1 hour at room temperature. The anti-Flag were diluted in the TBST buffer and incubation of the membrane on shaker was carried out overnight at 4°C, and then anti-mouse was added to 10 mL of TBST and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Finally, membranes were washed in TBST and detected by chemluminescence.
4. Results
From the above mentioned experiments on interaction between pORF3 and hepsin, the following results were recorded.
4.1. Identification of Interacting Proteins
In order to identify the interacting proteins, the ORF3 was inserted into the pSos vector to construct the pSos-ORF3 recombinant plasmid. The results of sequencing and western blotting techniques exploited that the bait plasmid can be used for subsequent library screening. The pSos-ORF3 and the human hepatocyte cDNA library plasmids were co-transformed to the temperature-sensitive yeast strain cdc25H cells. Transformed yeast cdc25H cells with specific galactose-induced growth at the per-missive temperature (37°C) were selected. 15 putatively positive clones were screened and co-transformed to the same cells once again with pSos for further verification. After re-verification, eight positive clones were confirmed and their cDNAs were further analyzed by means of DNA-sequencing and identified using the GenBank Blastp program (Table 2). The hepsin, a transmembrane protease, was selected to verify the interaction with the pORF3 through Co-IP.
Table 2. The Blast Results of Positive Clone Within in GenBank
| Clone | Name and Location | Homology, % |
|---|---|---|
| 821 | Homo sapiens albumin (ALB), bases: 72 to 1151 | 96 |
| 475 | Homo sapiens mitochondrion genome, bases: 15065 to 15889 | 99 |
| 763 | Homo sapiens chromosome 3 genomic contig, bases: 36379 to 36479 | 96 |
| 194 | Homo sapiens histidine-rich glycol-protein (HRG), bases: 823 to 1679 | 99 |
| 255 | Transmembrane protease, serine1 (HPN), bases:132 to 1250 | 94 |
| 376 | Homo sapiens phosphorinositide-3-kinase (p110δ), bases: 3589 to 4661 | 95 |
| 788 | Complement component 3, bases: 2988 to 3998 | 97 |
| 72 | Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S11 (RPS11), bases: 16 to 613 | 98 |
4.2. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)
For verification of the interaction established by the yeast two-hybrid screening, we used a Co-IP assay. With the Green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence in M51 vector, the fluorescence microscopy detection results of M51-HPN (pCMV-HPN-IRES-GFP) presented green fluorescence, which reflects the success of transformation and construction of recombinant plasmid (Figure 1). Our Co-IP and western blotting results indicated that HPN interacts with pORF3, specifically pORF3 in human cells (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Fluorescence Microscopy Detection Result for Plasmid Transfection Shows the Success of Transformation of Recombinant Plasmids
Figure 2.
The Western Blotting Result of Co-IP Indicates The Interaction Between pORF3 and Hepsin
5. Discussion
The current study was carried out to investigate the interactions between HEV-pORF3 and hepsin. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E, a form of acute viral hepatitis that is endemic in developing countries. It is estimated that about 2 billion, a third of the world’s population, live in areas where they are at risk of HEV infection (3, 4). The pORF3 is definitely an essential element for the establishment of HEV infections in animals but its exact functions are still unclear and obscure. Previous studies have suggested that pORF3 prolongs endomembrane growth factor signaling and also promotes cell survival to contribute positively in viral replication and pathogenesis, and PASP motif in pORF3 is responsible for viron egress from infected cells (8-11).
In the present study, yeast two-hybrid system was employed to select the pORF3 interacting proteins from human hepatacytes cDNA library. Eight selected positive clones and their DNA sequences were analyzed through DNA sequencing and the GenBank Blastp program (Table 2) was used for identification. Hepsin, a type II transmembrane serine protease, was selected for further studies and confirmation of outcomes. Results of Co-IP and western blotting techniques indicated that the hepsin has specific interactions with pORF3.
It has been reported that hepsin, a cell surface protease is associated with growth and progression of cancers, particularly prostate cancer and its over-expression is found in more than 90% of human prostate cancer cases (12-14). Hepsin is also thought to be involved in diverse cellular functions, including blood coagulation and the maintenance of cell morphology (15, 16). Furthermore, the ORF3 protein is likely to cause an imbalance in physiological processes like coagulation and fibrinolysis by interacting with certain host proteins and eventually triggering the corresponding pathological processes (17). Therefore, from novel findings of the current study, it was concluded that pORF3-Hepsin interactions might lead to certain disturbances and imbalances in coagulation; we suggest further detailed and specific studies to unfold the domain of interaction and the real biological significance of pORF3-Hapsin interactions.
