Abstract
Background:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been classified into ten genotypes (A-J) based on genome sequence divergence, which is very important for etiological and clinical investigations. HBV genotypes have distinct geographical distributions worldwide.Objectives:
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of HBV genotypes among Azerbaijani patients with chronic hepatitis B, came from the Republic of Azerbaijan country to Iran to receive medical care.Patients and Methods:
One hundred and three patients with chronic HBV infection, referred to hospitals related to Iran University of Medical Sciences and Tehran Hepatitis Center from August 2011 to July 2014, were enrolled in this cross sectional study. About 3-milliliter of peripheral blood was taken from each patient. After viral DNA extraction, HBV genotypes were tested using the INNO-LiPA™ HBV kit (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium). HBV genotyping was confirmed using sequencing of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and polymerase (pol) regions of HBV.Results:
The mean age of patients was 35.9 ± 11.7 years (19-66). Of 103 patients, 72 (69.9%) were male. In the present study, the predominant HBV genotype was D (93.2%) followed by genotype A (5.8%) and concurrent infection with A and D genotypes (0.97%).Conclusions:
The main and frequent HBV genotype among Azerbaijani patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection was genotype D followed by genotype A.Keywords
1. Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthohepadnavirus and the family Hepadnaviridae (1). Its genome is a small, circular partially double-stranded DNA molecule of approximately 3,200 nucleotides in length (2) including four overlapping open reading frames that code three hepatitis B surface proteins (HBsAg), two core proteins (HBc/HBeAg), the viral polymerase and X protein (HBx) (3). Hepatitis B virus infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease and estimated to affect 400 million people worldwide (4). Hepatitis B virus infection is an important cause of chronic liver disease in the Republic of Azerbaijan country and about 8% of Azerbaijani people have this infection.
Hepatitis B virus has a high degree of genetic heterogeneity (inter-type differences) due to a high error rate of reverse transcriptase that this virus uses for viral replication (1). According to the sequence similarity, HBV is classified into eight genetic groups and named by capital alphabet letters (A to H), which differ genetically of about 8% in complete nucleotide sequence (5). Recently, two genotypes (I and J) were proposed for HBV strains (6, 7). HBV genotypes have been further divided into subgenotypes with inter-type differences greater than 4% (8). Hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotypes have distinct ethno-geographical distribution (9); genotype A is the most prevalent one in the USA and Northern, Middle and Western Europe, South and Central Africa; genotype B in Asia; genotype C in East Asia and countries of the Pacific rim; genotype D predominant in the Mediterranean as well as the Middle East, India and North America (10, 11); genotype E in Africa; genotype F mainly detected in Central and South America as well as Alaska (12-14); genotype H in North and Central America and Mexico (15); genotype G in North America and Europe (16-18). Some studies revealed that the incidence of liver disease and the degree of disease progression may differ for each HBV genotypes (9). HBV genotype D is predominantly found in Iran (19), Turkey (20), Iraq (21), Pakistan (22), Afghanistan (23), Russia (24), Belarus (25), Estonia (26), Latvia (27) and Uzbekistan (28).
2. Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of HBV genotypes among Azerbaijani patients with chronic hepatitis B came from the Republic of Azerbaijan country to Iran to receive medical treatment.
3. Patinets and Methods
3.1. Study Population
From August 2011 to July 2014, one hundred and three Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis B (HBsAg and HBV DNA positive), came from the Republic of Azerbaijan country (one of the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union) to Iran for medical care, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The patients were referred to hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences and Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. The present study was approved by the local ethics committee of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GIDRC) of Iran University of Medical Sciences.
3.2. Collection and DNA Extraction of Specimens
About 3-milliliter of peripheral blood was drawn from all enrolled participants into EDTA-containing vacationer tubes. Plasma was taken and stored at -80°C for later detection. HBV DNA was extracted from 200 μL of plasma samples using DNA extraction kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) according to the kit instructions. The quality and quantity of extracted DNA was determined with a nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, USA) after DNA extraction.
3.3. Hepatitis B Virus Genotyping
Hepatitis B virus genotypes were analyzed in extracted viral DNA specimens using the INNO-LiPA™ HBV kit (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, HBV-DNA was amplified by nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) method. PCR products were hybridized to HBV genotype-specific probes attached to nitrocellulose strips and then the hybrids were revealed with chromogen substrates. The results of HBV genotyping were interpreted using the kit interpretation chart. To confirm the INNO-LiPA HBV genotyping, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and polymerase (Pol) regions of HBV from four randomly selected plasma samples were amplified with Ex Taq DNA polymerase [TaKaRa Biotechnology (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan], then PCR products were sequenced.
3.4. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Detection in Plasma Samples and Sequencing of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Region
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) region of HBV was amplified by nested-PCR method. Briefly, A set of nested primers from the HBsAg region of HBV was used, including an outer primer pair of 947-base span: sense primer S1 (5´-CCTGCTGGTGGCTCCAGTTC-3´; 56-75), and antisense primer S2 (5´-CCACAATTCKTTGACATACTTTCCA-3´ K=G/T; 1003-979) and an inner primer pair of 744-base span: sense primer S6 (5´-GCACACGGAATTCCGAGGACTGGGGACCCTG-3´; 113-146) and antisense primer S7 (5´-GACACCAAGCTTGGTTAGGGTTTAAATGTATACC-3´; 857-823) (29). The first and second rounds PCR were performed in a 50 µL mixture reaction containing 2.0 U Ex Taq DNA polymerase [TaKaRa Biotechnology (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan], 5 µL 10X Ex Taq buffer (Mg2+free), 4 µL MgCl2 (25 mM), 4 µL dNTPs Mixture (25 mM each), 20 pmol of each outer primers, and 5 µL viral extracted DNA was used as a template for the first round of PCR and 1 µL of the PCR-amplified product in the first round was used as a template for the second round of PCR. Thermal cycle profiles used for the nested-polymerase chain reaction assay were exactly as described previously (30). PCR products (744 bp) of samples, negative and positive controls and DNA size marker (100 bp) were isolated by 1.5 % agarose gel electrophoresis, stained by ethidium bromide, and then visualized using an ultraviolet (UV) transilluminator. PCR-amplified products in the second round (744 bp) were purified using high pure PCR product purification kit (Roche Diagnostic GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and then subjected to bidirectional sequencing with inner primers by dye termination method using the sequencer ABI version 3730 XL. The nucleotide sequences of HBsAg region of HBV announced in the present study were submitted to GenBank with the accession numbers from KM035536 to KM035539.
3.5. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Detection in Plasma Samples and Sequencing of the Polymerase (Pol) Region
Polymerase region of HBV was amplified using PCR method. Briefly, A set of primers was used for amplification of the polymerase region of HBV, including a primer pair of 454-base span: sense primer P1 (5´-GTATTCCCATCCCATCATCC-3´; 599-619) and antisense primer P2 (5´- CAAGGCAGGATAGCCACATT-3´; 1053-1033) (31). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a 50 µL mixture reaction containing 1.5 U Ex Taq DNA polymerase [TaKaRa Biotechnology (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan], 5 µL 10X Ex Taq buffer (Mg2+free), 3.5 µL MgCl2 (25 mM), 4 µL dNTPs Mixture (25 mM each), and 15 pmol of each outer primers. Five microliters of viral extracted DNA was used as a template. Thermal cycle profiles used for the reaction were described previously (31). PCR products (454 bp) of samples, negative and positive controls and DNA size marker (100 bp) were isolated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, stained by ethidium bromide and then visualized by an UV transilluminator. The PCR-amplified product was purified using high pure PCR product purification kit and then subjected to bidirectional sequencing with inner primers by dye termination method using the sequencer ABI version 3730 XL. The nucleotide sequences pol region of HBV announced in the current study was submitted to the GenBank with accession numbers from KM035540 to KM035543.
3.6. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 16 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive analyses as well as Student’s t-test were used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
4. Results
One hundred and three patients with hepatitis B virus infection were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The mean ± SD age of studied subjects was 35.9 ± 11.7 (range: 19-66 years). Of 103 patients, 72 (69.9%) were male. The demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters and distribution of HBV genotypes in all participants are presented in Table 1. HBV genotypes of the study population were determined as follows: genotype D in 96 (93.2%) patients, genotype A in 6 (5.8%) and mixed HBV infection (A and D) in 1 (0.97%) patient. The frequency of genotype A and D in patients younger than 40 years were 8.1% and 91.8%, respectively, which was not statistically significant. HBV genotypes of subjects' plasma specimen were confirmed via nucleotide sequencing of the HBV HBsAg and pol regions.
Demographic Characteristic, Laboratory Parameters and Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes Distribution Among Azerbaijani Patients a,b
| Parameters | Female | Male | Total | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | 31 (30.1) | 72 (69.9) | 103 (100) | |
| Age, Years | 36.1 ± 13.9 (19-66) | 35.9 ± 10.7 (21-64) | 36.0 ± 11.7 (19-66) | 0.885 |
| Laboratory Parameters | ||||
| ALT, IU/L | 87.0 ± 72.6 (29.0-269.0) | 63.5 ± 38.1 (24.0-299.0) | 70.6 ± 52.0 (24.0-299.0) | 0.546 |
| AST, IU/L | 70.7 ± 57.0 (11.0-172.0) | 48.9 ± 35.8 (19.0-182.0) | 55.2 ± 44.1 (11.0-182.0) | 0.269 |
| Viral Load, IU/mL | 5155.0 (122-55024405) | 3785.0 (244-6321290000) | 4350.0 (122-6321290000) | 0.678 |
| Type of HBV Genotypes | 0.362 | |||
| D | 28 (90.3) | 68 (94.4) | 71 (94.2) | |
| A | 3 (9.7) | 3 (4.2) | 6 (5.8) | |
| Mixed HBV Genotype | ||||
| A and D | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (0.97) | 0.449 |
5. Discussion
Hepatitis B virus is a typical example of a virus with various genotypes and different geographic distributions worldwide. A genetic classification based on the comparison of HBV complete genomes defined ten genotypes (from A to J) (5-7). Molecular variation of the virus genome led to the emergence of HBV genotypes (32). The outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus infection is associated to variable viral factors such as HBV viral load, HBV genotypes, HBV variants and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status (33). The current study was performed on 103 Azerbaijani participants with chronic HBV infection, came from the Republic of Azerbaijan country to Iran to receive medical care, to determine the distribution of HBV genotypes in their plasma specimens. According to obtained results, the frequency of HBV genotypes of the study population was found as follows: genotype D was the most dominant (93.2%), followed by genotype A (5.8%) and concurrent infection with HBV genotype A and D in 1 (0.97%) patient. Determination of HBV genotype is important to clarify the virulence, pathogenesis and rout of transmission of the virus (34). The former Soviet Union was considered as an area with high endemicity of hepatitis viruses and the present frequency of these infections are unknown in this region (28). Little is known about the distribution of HBV genotypes in the Republic of Azerbaijan country. This was the preliminary study performed on Azerbaijani patients, so we are unable to compare the results of this study with any other investigation. The most frequent HBV genotype in various areas of the former Soviet Union is genotype D as follows: Armenia (95.5%) (32), Belarus (88.6%) (25), Estonia (81.0 %) (26), Latvia (72.1%) (27), Russia (93.0%) (24), Tajikistan (94.1%) (35), Ukraine (52.4%) (36) and Uzbekistan (87.0%) (28), which are consistent with the frequency of HBV genotype of the current study. Distribution of HBV genotypes and subtypes in some countries of the former Soviet Union (24-28, 32, 35, 36), Non-Arab countries including Afghanistan (35.7%) (23), Iran (100.0%) (19), Pakistan (58.5%) (22), Turkey (100.0%) (20) and Arab countries such as Iraq (100.0%) (21), Jordan (100.0%) (37), Kuwait (78.7%) (38), Oman (76.5%) (39), Saudi Arabia (81.4%) (40) and the United Arab Emirates (79.5%) (41) are shown in Table 2. HBV genotypes have a distinct geographic distribution worldwide. Hepatitis B virus genotype D is found all over the world; it is the most prevalent genotype in the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, north-eastern Europe, northern Africa and the Indian subcontinent, also it has been detected in Oceania (1). Global distribution of HBV genotypes may change over time because of the population migration (32). The origin of HBV D genotype, subgenotypes and their expansion throughout the world is still unknown. Zehender et al. suggested that the Indian subcontinent was the location in which HBV genotype D originated. Their suggestion is supported by the fact that genotype D is the most prevalent in India (1). There are a few data available regarding HBV genotype prevalence in central Asia, but HBV D genotype is the most prevalent genotype in the region (1). In this study, all patients infected by HBV genotype A were younger than 40 years. This is interesting and needs more studies with larger population size. In conclusion, the current study showed that the predominant HBV genotype in Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis B is genotype D (93.2%) followed by genotype A (5.3%). The current research was a preliminary study on HBV genotyping. However, it is suggested to perform further investigations to determine HBV subgenotyping in these patients.
Distribution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in the Former Soviet Union, Non-Arab and Arab Countries
| Region/ Countries | Genotypes and Subgenotypes | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Most Common | Less Common | ||
| The former Soviet Union | |||
| Armenia | D (95.5) | A (4.5) | Ghazinyan et al. (32) |
| Belarus | D (88.6) | A2 (11.6) | Olinger et al. (6) |
| Estonia | D (81.0) | A (18.5) | Tallo et al. (26) |
| Latvia | D (72.1) | A (28.0), E (0.9) | Sominskaya et al. (27) |
| Russia | D (93.0) | - | Deterding et al. (24) |
| Tajikistan | D (94.1) | A (5.8) | Khan et al. (35) |
| Ukraine | D (52.4) | A (14.2), C (4.7) | Stepchenkova et al. (36) |
| Uzbekistan | D (87.0) | A (13.0) | Kato et al. (28) |
| Non-Arab Countries | |||
| Afghanistan | D (35.7) | C (32.2), A (19.3), B (7.0) | Attaullah et al. (23) |
| Iran | D (100.0) | - | Vaezjalali et al. (19) |
| Pakistan | D (58.5) | A (10), Mixed genotypes A and D (31.5) | Hanif et al. (22) |
| Turkey | D (100.0) | - | Ozdemir et al. (20) |
| Arab Countries | |||
| Iraq | D (100.0) | - | Khalid (21) |
| Jordan | D (100.0) | - | Masaadeh et al. (37) |
| Kuwait | D (78.7) | A (5.0), Mixed genotypes D and A (16.3) | Ali et al. (38) |
| Oman | D (76.5) | A (18.3), C (1.2), E (1.2) | Al Baqlani et al. (39) |
| Saudi Arabia | D (81.4) | E (5.7), A (1.4), C (1.4), Mixed genotypes (10.0) | Abdo et al. (40) |
| The United Arab Emirates | D (79.5) | A (18.2), C (2.3) | Alfaresi et al. (41) |
Acknowledgements
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